[165] Ex-Chief of General Staff (Ottoman) Ernst Paraquin, in the Berliner Tageblatt, January 24, 1920. For Turkish nationalist activities and attitudes during the war, see further I. D. 1199—A Manual on the Turanians and Pan-Turanianism. Compiled by the Geographical Section of the Naval Intelligence Division, Naval Staff, Admiralty (London, 1919); E. F. Benson, Crescent and Iron Cross (London, 1918); M. A. Czaplicka, The Turks of Central Asia: An Inquiry into the Pan-Turanian Problem (Oxford, 1918); H. Morgenthau, Ambassador Morgenthau's Story (New York, 1918); Dr. Harry Stürmer, Two War-Years in Constantinople (New York, 1917); A. Mandelstam, "The Turkish Spirit," New Europe, April 22, 1920.
[166] For Pan-Arab developments, see A. Musil, Zur Zeitgeschichte von Arabien (Leipzig, 1918); M. Pickthall, "Turkey, England, and the Present Crisis," Asiatic Review, October 1, 1914; A. Servier, Le Nationalisme musulman; Sheick Abd-el-Aziz Schauisch, "Das Machtgebiet der arabischen Sprache," Preussische Jahrbücher, September, 1916.
[167] Literally "House of Islam." All non-Moslem lands are collectively known as "Dar-ul-Harb" or "House of War."
[168] I. e., the organized group of followers of a particular religion.
[169] Mohammed Ali, "Le Mouvement musulman dans l'Inde," Revue Politique Internationale, January, 1914. He headed the so-called "Khilafat Delegation" sent by the Indian Moslems to England in 1919 to protest against the partition of the Ottoman Empire by the peace treaties.
[170] A. Servier, Le Nationalisme musulman, p. 181.
[171] For Pan-Islamic nationalism, besides Servier and Mohammed Ali, quoted above, see A. Le Chatelier, L'Islam au dix-neuvième Siècle (Paris, 1888); same author, "Politique musulmane," Revue du Monde Musulman, September, 1910; Sir T. Morison, "England and Islam," Nineteenth Century and After, July, 1919; G. Démorgny, La Question Persane, pp. 23-31 (Paris, 1916); W. E. D. Allen, "Transcaucasia, Past and Present," Quarterly Review, October, 1920.
[172] Egyptian White Book: Collection of Official Correspondence of the Egyptian Delegation to the Peace Conference (Paris, 1919).
[173] G. Civimini, in the Corriere della Sera, December 30, 1919.
[174] Madame Jehan d'Ivray, "En Égypte," Revue de Paris, September 15, 1920. Madame d'Ivray cites other picturesque incidents of a like character. See also Annexes to Egyptian White Book, previously quoted. These Annexes contain numerous depositions, often accompanied by photographs, alleging severities and atrocities by the British troops.