The Biotic Associations of Cockroaches

by Louis M. Roth; Edwin R. Willis

Experimental prey.—Blattella germanica, U.S.A. (Hobmaier, 1941): Cats were fed cockroaches infested with Physaloptera maxillaris. U.S.A. (Petri and Ameel, 1950): Cockroaches infested with Physaloptera rara were fed to a kitten. France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938a): A young cat was fed cockroaches infested with Prosthenorchis elegans and P. spirula.

Felis pardalis mearnsi J. A. Allen

Natural prey.—Cockroaches, Panama (Dr. H. L. Sweetman, personal communication, 1958): An ocelot was seen collecting and feeding on cockroaches, possibly Blaberus sp. "The ocelot was quite efficient and seemed to relish the roaches."

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[XIV. CHECKLIST OF COCKROACHES AND SYMBIOTIC ASSOCIATES]

Only naturally occurring associations are included in this list. Commensal cockroaches are listed on page 315. Bacteroids are not listed because they undoubtedly occur in all species. The higher plants were excluded because most of the associations may be too casual to constitute symbiosis; however, many of the plant associations were included in the chapter on ecology. The cockroaches and the associates within each category are arranged alphabetically by genus and species. Page references are to citations in the classified sections where details of the associations and/or sources of the records are given.

Aglaopteryx facies
Mite: Undetermined, p. [220].
Reptile: Anolis stratulus, p. [274].
Aglaopteryx diaphana
Nematode: Protrellus manni, p. [200].
Allacta similis
Insects:
Dolichurus stantoni, p. [262].
Solindenia picticornis, p. [247].
Anaplecta sp.
Fungus: Herpomyces anaplectae, p. [134].
Aptera fusca
Protozoan: Gregarina fastidiosa, p. [182].
Arenivaga bolliana
Insect: Sarcophaga omani, p. [229].
Arenivaga roseni
Insects: Undetermined reduviids, p. [227].
Balta patula
Insect: Rhipidioides ableptus, p. [230].
Blaberus atropos
Bacterium: Spirochaeta blattae, p. [125].
Protozoa:
Endolimax nana, p. [180].
Entamoeba coli, p. [178].
Nematodes:
Leidynema appendiculata, p. [197].
Leidynema cranifera, p. [198].
Blaberus craniifer
Bacteria:
Aerobacter aerogenes, p. [111].
Alcaligenes faecalis, p. [111].
Bacillus cereus, p. [120].
Bacillus subtilis, p. [121].
Escherichia coli var. communior, p. [113].
Escherichia freundii, p. [113].
Micrococcus pyogenes var. albus, p. [106].
Micrococcus pyogenes var. aureus, p. [107].
Proteus vulgaris, p. [114].
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, p. [104].
Fungi:
Herpomyces tricuspidatus, p. [138].
Penicillium sp., p. [131].
Rhizopus nigricans, p. [133].
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, p. [133].
Protozoan: Diplocystis (?) sp., pp. [181], [184].
Nematodes:
Leidynema cranifera, p. [198].
Protrelleta floridana, p. [199].
Mite: Iolina nana, p. [219].
Undetermined, p. [220].
Bird: Chicken, p. [278].
Blaberus discoidalis
Mite: Undetermined, p. [220].
Blaberus giganteus
Hair worm: Gordius pilosus, p. [202].
Blaberus sp.
Fungi:
Herpomyces macropus, p. [136].
Herpomyces paranensis, p. [136].
Herpomyces periplanetae, p. [137].
Herpomyces tricuspidatus, p. [138].
Protozoan: Leptomonas blaberae, p. [167].
Blaptica dubia
Protozoan: Pileocephalus blaberae, p. [184]
Blatta (Shelfordella) lateralis
Bacterium: Shigella paradysenteriae, p. [119].
Insect: Ampulex assimilis, p. [257].
Blatta orientalis
Bacteria:
Aerobacter aerogenes, p. [111].
Alcaligenes faecalis, p. [111].
Alcaligenes recti, p. [111].
Arthromitus intestinalis, p. [124].
B. aerobio del pseudoedema maligno, p. [125].
B. alcaligenes beckeri, p. 125.
B. del pseudoedema maligno, p. [125].
Bacillo proteisimile, p. [126].
Bacillo similcarbonchio, p. [126].
Bacillo similtifo (Bacillo tifosimile), p. [126].
Bacillus bütschlii, p. [120].
Bacillus periplanetae, p. [121].
Bacillus stellatus, p. [121].
Bacillus subtilis, p. [122].
Bacillus tritus, p. [122].
Bacteroides uncatus, p. [119].
Clostridium lentoputrescens, p. [122].
Clostridium novyi or Clostridium sporogenes, p. [122].
Enterococcus sp., p. [109].
Escherichia coli, p. [112].
Lactobacillus fermenti, p. [109].
Micrococcus pyogenes var. albus, p. [107].
Micrococcus pyogenes var. aureus, p. [107].
Micrococcus sp., p. [108].
Paracolobactrum sp., p. [113].
Pasteurella pestis, p. [119].
Proteus sp., p. [114].
Proteus vulgaris, p. [114].
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, p. [104].
Pseudomonas eisenbergii, p. [105].
Pseudomonas fluorescens, p. [105].
Salmonella typhosa, p. [117].
Sarcina alba, p. [108].
Sarcina sp., pp. [108], [109].
Sarcina symbiotica (host may have been B. germanica), p. [108].
Sarcina ventriculi, p. [108].
Serratia marcescens, p. [117].
Spirillochaeta blattae, p. [127].
Spirillum α, β and γ, p. [105].
Spirillum sp., p. [105].
Spirochaeta periplanetae, p. [125].
Streptococcus faecalis, p. [109].
Streptococcus liquefaciens, p. [110].
Streptococcus microapoika, p. [110].
Streptococcus pyogenes, p. [110].
Streptococcus sp., p. [110].
Treponema parvum, p. [125].
Treponema stylopygae, p. [125].
Vibrio sp., p. [106].
Fungi:
Aspergillus fumigatus, p. [130].
Blastocystis hominis, p. [133].
Blastocystis sp., p. [133].
Candida zeylanoides, p. [129].
Coccidioides periplanetae, p. [133].
Herpomyces periplanetae, p. [137].
Herpomyces stylopygae, p. [137].
Torula gropengiesseri, p. [132].
Torulopsis sp., p. [130].
Protozoa:
Balantidium praenucleatum, p. [187].
Bodo blattae, p. [167].
Coelosporidium periplanetae, p. [185].
Diplocystis schneideri, p. [181].
Endamoeba blattae, p. [177].
Entamoeba thomsoni, p. [179].
Endolimax blattae, p. [180].
Endolimax sp., p. [180].
Gregarina blattarum, p. [181].
Haplosporidium periplanetae, p. [185].
Hartmannella blattae, p. [177].
Herpetomonas periplanetae, p. [167].
Hexamita periplanetae, p. [171].
Lophomonas blattarum, p. [172].
Lophomonas striata, p. [173].
Monas sp., p. [167].
Monocercomonoides orthopterorum, p. [169].
Nyctotherus ovalis, p. [188].
Oikomonas sp., p. [166].
Peltomyces periplanetae, p. [177].
Plistophora kudoi, p. [185].
Plistophora periplanetae, p. [186].
Plistophora sp., p. [186].
Retortamonas blattae, p. [167].
Stenophora sp., p. [181].
Tetratrichomastix blattidarum, p. [170].
Helminths:
Ascaris sp., p. [209].
Enterobius vermicularis, p. [209].
Gongylonema neoplasticum, p. [206].
Gordius blattae orientalis, p. [202].
Hammerschmidtiella diesingi, p. [195].
Hammerschmidtiella neyrai, p. [196].
Leidynema appendiculata, p. [197].
Spirura gastrophila, p. [207].
Thelastoma pachyjuli, p. [201].
Trichostrongylus sp., p. [210].
Trichuris trichiura, p. [210].
Mite: Undetermined, pp. [220], [222].
Insects:
Dermestes ater, p. [234].
Dermestes sp., p. [234].
Evania appendigaster, p. [236].
Evania dimidiata, p. [239].
Prosevania punctata, p. [240].
Systellogaster ovivora, p. [248].
Tetrastichus hagenowii, p. [250].
Tetrastichus sp., p. [254].
Bird: Chicken, p. [278].
Mammal: Homo sapiens, p. [286].
Blatta sp.
Hair worm: Gordius aquaticus, p. [201].
Insects:
Evania appendigaster, p. [236].
Tetrastichus hagenowii, p. [250].
Blattella germanica and/or Blattella vaga
Viruses: Unspecified strains of poliomyelitis virus, p. [103].
Blattella germanica
Bacteria:
Achromobacter sp., p. [110].
Aerobacter aerogenes, p. [111].
Aerobacter cloacae, p. [112].
Alcaligenes faecalis, p. [111].
Alcaligenes viscosus, p. [111].
Bacillus circulans, p. [120].
Escherichia coli, p. [112].
Escherichia freundii, p. [113].
Micrococcus aurantiacus, p. [106].
Micrococcus epidermidis, p. [106].
Micrococcus pyogenes var. albus, p. [107].
Micrococcus pyogenes var. aureus, p. [107].
Micrococcus ureae, p. [107].
Micrococcus sp., p. [108].
Mycobacterium leprae, p. [123].
Paracolobactrum aerogenoides, p. [113].
Paracolobactrum coliforme, p. [113].
Paracolobactrum sp., p. [113].
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, p. [104].
Sarcina symbiotica (host may have been B. orientalis), p. [108].
Salmonella typhimurium, p. [116].
Serratia marcescens, p. [117].
Streptococcus faecalis, p. [109].
Streptococcus sp., p. [110].
Fungi:
Aspergillus flavus, p. [130].
Aspergillus tamarii, p. [130].
Aspergillus sp., p. [130].
Cordyceps blattae, p. [134].
Herpomyces ectobiae, p. [135].
Memnoniella echinata, p. [132].
Saccharomyces sp., p. [133].
Protozoa:
Bodo sp. (host may have been P. americana), p. [167].
Coelosporidium periplanetae, p. [185].
Dobellina sp. (host may have been P. americana), p. [177].
Endamoeba blattae (host may have been P. americana), p. [177].
Endolimax sp. (host may have been P. americana), p. [180].
Entamoeba coli (host may have been P. americana), p. [178].
Entamoeba histolytica (host may have been P. americana), p. [179].
Entamoeba thomsoni, p. [179].
Eutrichomastix sp. (host may have been P. americana), p. [169].
Gregarina blattarum, p. [182].
Iodamoeba sp. (host may have been P. americana), p. [180].
Lophomonas blattarum, p. [172].
Lophomonas striata, p. [173].
Nyctotherus ovalis, p. [188].
Peltomyces periplanetae, p. [177].
Plistophora periplanetae, p. [186].
Tetratrichomastix blattidarum, p. [170].
Helminths:
Blattelicola blattelicola, p. [193].
Blatticola blattae, p. [193].
Enterobius vermicularis, p. [209].
Galebia aegyptiaca, p. [195].
Gongylonema neoplasticum, p. [206].
Moniliformis kalahariensis, p. [203].
Prosthenorchis elegans, p. [203].
Prosthenorchis spirula, p. [203].
Tetrameres americana, p. [207].
Trichuris trichiura, p. [210].
Mites:
Blattisocius tineivorus, p. [216].
Caloglyphus sp., p. [218].
Undetermined, p. [220].
Insects:
Brachygaster minutus, p. [235].
Eupelmus atriflagellum, p. [247].
Dolichurus corniculus, p. [261].
Ripidius pectinicornis, p. [232].
Mammals:
Callithrix chrysoleucos, p. [285].
Callithrix jacchus, p. [285].
Cebus apella, p. [284].
Lemur coronatus, p. [283].
Lemur fulvus, p. [283].
Leontocebus oedipus, p. [285].
Leontocebus rosalia, p. [285].
Leontocebus ursulus, p. [285].
Macaca sylvanus, p. [286].
Nasua narica, p. [288].
Nasua nasua, p. [288].
Pan sp., p. [286].
Perodicticus potto, p. [284].
Saimiri sciurea, p. [285].
Blattella humbertiana
Fungus: Herpomyces gracilis, p. [135].
Nematode: Protrellus phyllodromi, p. [200].
Mite: Uropoda sp., p. [217].
Blattella lituricollis
Insect: Dolichurus stantoni, p. [262].
Blattella sp.
Reptile: Anolis cristatellus, p. [273].
Cariblatta delicatula
Insect: Hyptia sp., p. [240].
Reptile: Anolis cristatellus, p. [273].
Cariblatta lutea lutea
Plants:
Sarracenia flava, p. [154].
Sarracenia purpurea, p. [154].
Chorisoneura sp.
Insects:
Stylogaster sp., p. [228].
Tachysphex blatticidus, p. [264].
Choristima sp.
Insect: Rhipidioides rubricatus, p. [231].
Choristimodes sp.
Insect: Rhipidioides rubricatus, p. [231].
Cryptocercus punctulatus
Bacterium: Bacillus subtilis, p. [122].
Protozoa:
Adelina cryptocerci, p. [184].
Barbulanympha estaboga, p. [173].
Barbulanympha laurabuda, p. [174].
Barbulanympha ufalula, p. [174].
Barbulanympha wenyoni, p. [174].
Eucomonympha imla, p. [176].
Hexamita cryptocerci, p. [171].
Idionympha perissa, p. [174].
Leptospironympha eupora, p. [172].
Leptospironympha rudis, p. [172].
Leptospironympha wachula, p. [172].
Macrospironympha xylopletha, p. [172].
Monocercomonoides globus, p. [169].
Notila proteus, p. [170].
Oxymonas doroaxostylus, p. [170].
Oxymonas nana, p. [170].
Prolophomonas tocopola, p. [173].
Rhynchonympha tarda, p. [174].
Saccinobaculus ambloaxostylus, p. [170].
Saccinobaculus lata, p. [170].
Trichonympha acuta, p. [174].
Trichonympha algoa, p. [174].
Trichonympha chula, p. [176].
Trichonympha grandis, p. [176].
Trichonympha lata, p. [176].
Trichonympha okolona, p. [176].
Trichonympha parva, p. [176].
Urinympha talea, p. [174].
Undetermined gregarine, p. [184].
Amphibian: Plethodon glutinosus, p. [269].
Cutilia soror
Insects:
Dolichurus stantoni, p. [262].
Evania appendigaster, p. [236].
Szepligetella sericea, p. [242].
Bird: Phasianus sp., p. [277].
Cutilia sp.
Nematode: Undetermined, p. [201].
Insects:
Riekella australis, p. [231].
Undetermined strepsipteron, p. [234].
Diploptera punctata
Bacterium: Serratia marcescens, p. [117].
Fungus: Herpomyces diplopterae, p. [135].
Mites:
Iolina nana, p. [219].
Locustacarus sp., p. [219].
Insect: Nauphoeta cinerea, p. [324].
Amphibian: Bufo marinus, p. [270].
Bird: Phasianus sp., p. [277].
Ectobius lapponicus
Protozoa:
Gamocystis tenax, p. [184].
Monocercomonoides orthopterorum, p. [169].
Nematode: Blatticola blattae, p. [193].
Insects:
Brachygaster minutus, p. [235].
Dolichurus corniculus, p. [261].
Tachysphex lativalvis, p. [264].
Ectobius pallidus
Protozoan: Gamocystis tenax, p. [184].
Helminths:
Blatticola blattae, p. [193].
Undetermined mermithid, p. [192].
Insects:
Ampulex fasciata, p. [259].
Aphaenogaster picea, p. [267].
Dolichurus corniculus, p. [261].
Lasius alienus, p. [268].
Ripidius boissyi (presumptive record), p. [231].
Ripidius denisi (presumptive record), p. [232].
Tachysphex lativalvis, p. [264].
Ectobius panzeri
Centipede: Scolopendra sp., p. [224].
Insects:
Dolichurus corniculus, p. [261].
Tachysphex lativalvis, p. [264].
Ectobius sp.
Insects:
Brachygaster minutus, p. [235].
Dolichurus corniculus, p. [261].
Tachysphex lativalvis, p. [264].
Ellipsidion affine
Insect: Rhipidioides fuscatus, p. [230].
Ellipsidion australe
Insects:
Agamerion metallica, p. [243].
Cheiloneurus viridiscutum, p. [244].
Mestocharomyia oophaga, p. [248].
Epilampra abdomen-nigrum
Insect: Podium flavipenne, p. [265].
Amphibian: Bufo marinus, p. [270].
Epilampra conferta
Insect: Podium sp., p. [266].
Epilampra sp.
Fungus: Herpomyces tricuspidatus, p. [138].
Insect: Podium haematogastrum, p. [266].
Bird: Gymnasio nudipes, p. [279].
Epilampra wheeleri
Reptiles:
Ameiva exsul, p. [275].
Anolis cristatellus, p. [273].
Mammal: Herpestes javanicus auropunctatus, p. [289].
Escala (?) sp.
Insect: Rhipidioides adynatus, p. [230].
Eurycotis floridana
Fungi:
Aspergillus flavus, p. [130].
Aspergillus sydowi, P. [130].
Helminths:
Euryconema paradisa, p. [194].
Leidynema appendiculata(?), p. [198].
Protrelloides paradoxa, p. [200].
Undetermined gordian worm, p. [202].
Insects:
Anastatus floridanus, p. [245].
Undetermined tachinid, p. [228].
Eurycotis improcera
Mammal: Herpestes javanicus auropunctatus, p. [289].
Eurycotis manni
Fungus: Herpomyces zanzibarinus, p. [138].
Graptoblatta notulata
Insect: Tachysphex fanuiensis, p. [264].
Gromphadorhina portentosa
Protozoan: Undetermined gregarine, p. [184].
Mite: Coleolaelaps ? sp., p. [216].
Gyna sp.(?)
Fungus: Herpomyces zanzibarinus, p. [138].
Holocompsa fulva
Insect: Pheidole megacephala, p. [268].
Hololampra punctata
Insect: Dolichurus corniculus, p. [261].
Ischnoptera deropeltiformis
Plant: Sarracenia flava, p. [154]
Amphibian: Hyla cinerea, p. [270].
Mammal: Dasypus novemcinctus, p. [287].
Ischnoptera rufa rufa
Fungus: Spicaria prasina, p. [130].
Mammal: Herpestes javanicus auropunctatus, p. [289].
Ischnoptera sp.
Fungus: Herpomyces arietinus, p. [134].
Insects:
Ampulex canaliculata, p. [257].
Syntomosphyrum ischnopterae, p. [249].
Karnyia discoidalis
Spider: Latrodectus indistinctus, p. [215].
Kuchinga hemerobina
Hair worm: Parachordodes raphaelis, p. [202].

Leucophaea maderae
Bacterium: Serratia marcescens, p. [117].
Fungus: Herpomyces tricuspidatus, p. [138].
Protozoa:
Gregarina rhyparobiae, p. [183].
Hexamita (?) sp., p. [171].
Retortamonas (?) sp., p. [167].
Undetermined gregarine, p. [184].
Nematodes:
Hammerschmidtiella diesingi, p. [195].
Leidynema delatorrei, p. [198].
Protospirura bonnei, p. [206].
Protospirura muricola, p. [206].
Mite: Chaetodactylus sp., p. [218].
Mammals:
Aotes zonalis, p. [284].
Ateles dariensis, p. [284].
Cebus capucinus, p. [284].
Rattus norvegicus, p. [287].
Leucophaea sp.
Nematode: Cephalobellus brevicaudatum, p. [194].
Leurolestes pallidus
Fungus: Herpomyces leurolestis, p. [136].
Loboptera decipiens
Insects:
Dolichurus corniculus, p. [261].
Zeuxevania splendidula, p. [243].
Loboptera sp.
Fungus: Herpomyces lobopterae, p. [136].
Lobopterella dimidiatipes
Insect: Ampulex canaliculata, p. [257].
Bird: Coturnix coturnix japonica, p. [277].
Melanosilpha capensis
Protozoa:
Gregarina impetuosa, p. [183].
Gregarina sandoni, p. [183].
Monastria sp.
Insect: Triatoma arthurneivai, p. [227].
Nauphoeta cinerea
Bacteria:
Salmonella typhimurium, p. [116].
Serratia marcescens, p. [117].
Fungus: Herpomyces tricuspidatus, p. [138].
Mites:
Blattilaelaps nauphoetae, p. [216].
Locustacarus sp., p. [219].
Insect: Pheidole megacephala, p. [268].
Neostylopyga rhombifolia
Bacterium: Serratia marcescens, p. [117].
Insects:
Evania appendigaster, p. [237].
Szepligetella sericea, p. [242].
Tetrastichus hagenowii, p. [250].
Mammal: Homo sapiens, p. 286.
Nyctibora obscura
Fungus: Herpomyces amazonicus, p. [134].
Nyctibora sp.
Fungus: Herpomyces nyctoborae, p. [136].
Nyctibora tomantosa
Fungus: Herpomyces nyctoborae, p. [136].
Oniscosoma granicollis
Insect: Paranephrites xenus, p. [230].
Panchlora exoleta
Protozoan: Gregarina panchlorae, p. [183].
Panchlora nivea
Bacterium: Serratia marcescens, p. [117].
Fungus: Herpomyces panchlorae, p. [136].
Mammal: Herpestes javanicus auropunctatus, p. [289].
Panesthia angustipennis
Protozoa:
Clevelandella constricta, p. [189].
Clevelandella contorta, p. [189].
Clevelandella elongata, p. [189].
Clevelandella hastula, p. [189].
Clevelandella panesthiae, p. [189].
Clevelandella parapanesthiae, p. [189].
Endamoeba javanica, p. [178].
Endamoeba philippinensis, p. [178].
Hexamita cryptocerci, p. [171].
Monocercomonoides panesthiae, p. [170].
Nyctotherus uichancoi, p. [188].
Paraclevelandia brevis, p. [190].
Paraclevelandia simplex, p. [190].
Undetermined amoeba, p. [181].
Nematodes:
Aorurus philippinensis, p. [193].
Blattophila sphaerolaima var. javanica, p. [194].
Leidynema nocalum, p. [198].
Leidynemella fusiformis, p. [198].
Leidynemella paracranifera, p. [198].
Thelastoma palmettum, p. [201].
Panesthia australis
Fungus: Metarrhizium anisopliae, p. [131].
Mite:
Hypoaspis sp., p. [217].
Undetermined diplogyniid, p. [217].
Insect: Undetermined tachinid, p. [228].
Panesthia laevicollis
Nematode: Blattophila sphaerolaima, p. [194].
Panesthia laevicollis (?)
Nematode: Leidynemella fusiformis, p. [198].
Panesthia lobipennis
Fungus: Herpomyces panesthiae, p. [136].
Panesthia spadica
Protozoa:
Clevelandella constricta, p. [189].
Clevelandella contorta, p. [189].
Clevelandella nipponensis, p. [189].
Clevelandella panesthiae, p. [189].
Endamoeba javanica, p. [178].
Nyctotherus uichancoi, p. [188].
Paraclevelandia brevis, p. [190].
Paraclevelandia simplex, p. [190].
Panesthia sp.
Nematode: Leidynemella panesthiae, p. [198].
Parahormetica bilobata
Helminths:
Agamospirura parahormeticae, p. [205].
Undetermined gordian worm, p. [202].
Parcoblatta lata
Plant: Sarracenia flava, p. [154].
Protozoan: Leptomonas sp., p. [167].
Nematode: Protrellus aurifluus, p. [199].
Parcoblatta pensylvanica
Protozoa:
Gregarina blattarum, p. [182].
Gregarina illinensis, p. [183].
Gregarina parcoblattae, p. [183].
Gregarina thomasi, p. [184].
Leptomonas sp., p. [167].
Nyctotherus ovalis, p. [188].
Nematode: Rictularia coloradensis, p. [205].
Scorpion: Centruroides vittatus (?), p. [212].
Insects:
Camponotus pennsylvanicus, p. [267].
Hyptia dorsalis, p. [239].
Hyptia harpyoides, p. [239].
Hyptia reticulata, p. [240].
Hyptia thoracica, p. [240].
Podium carolina, p. [265].
Systellogaster ovivora, p. [248].
Amphibian: Rana (?) sp., p. [272].
Parcoblatta uhleriana
Fungus: Herpomyces arietinus, p. [134].
Protozoan: Gregarina parcoblattae, p. [183].
Nematode: Protrellus aurifluus, p. [199].
Mite: Undetermined, p. [220].
Insect: Hyptia harpyoides, p. [239].
Parcoblatta virginica
Fungus: Herpomyces arietinus, p. [134].
Protozoa:
Gregarina ohioensis, p. [183].
Leptomonas sp., p. [167].
Nematode: Rictularia coloradensis, p. [205].
Insects:
Hyptia harpyoides, p. [239].
Podium luctuosum, p. [266].
Parcoblatta sp.
Fungus: Herpomyces arietinus, p. [134].
Plant: Sarracenia flava, p. [154].
Mite: Pimeliaphilus podapolipophagus, p. [219].
Insects:
Coenosia basalis, p. [229].
Dolichurus greenei, p. [261].
Hyptia sp., p. [240].
Megaselia sp., p. [227].
Syntomosphyrum blattae, p. [248].
Systellogaster ovivora, p. [248].
Tetrastichus hagenowii, p. [250].
Periplaneta americana
Viruses: Unspecified strain(s) of poliomyelitis virus (host may have been P. brunnea), p. [103].
Bacteria:
Achromobacter hyalinum, p. [110].
Aerobacter aerogenes, p. [111].
Aerobacter cloacae, p. [112].
Aerobacter sp., p. [112].
Alcaligenes faecalis, p. [111].
Bacillus cereus, p. [120].
Bacillus megaterium, p. [121].
Bacillus subtilis, p. [122].
Bacterium alkaligenes, p. [119].
Clostridium sp., p. [122].
Eberthella oedematiens, p. [112].
Escherichia coli, p. [112].
Escherichia freundii, p. [113].
Escherichia intermedium, p. [113].
Mycobacterium friedmannii, p. [123].
Mycobacterium lacticola, p. [123].
Mycobacterium leprae, p. [123].
Mycobacterium phlei, p. [123].
Mycobacterium piscium, p. [124].
Mycobacterium sp., p. [124].
Nocardia sp. (?), p. [124].
Paracolobactrum aerogenoides, p. [113].
Paracolobactrum coliforme, p. [113].
Paracolobactrum sp., p. [113].
Proteus mirabilis, p. [114].
Proteus morganii, p. [114].
Proteus rettgeri, p. [114].
Proteus vulgaris, p. [114].
Proteus sp., p. [114].
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, p. [104].
Pseudomonas fluorescens, p. [105].
Salmonella anatis, p. [114].
Salmonella morbificans, p. [115].
Salmonella schottmuelleri, p. [115].
Salmonella sp. (Type Bareilly), p. [115].
Salmonella sp. (Type Bredeny), p. [115].
Salmonella sp. (Type Kentucky), p. [115].
Salmonella sp. (Type Meleagris), p. [116].
Salmonella sp. (Type Newport), p. [116].
Salmonella sp. (Type Oranienburg), p. [116].
Salmonella sp. (Type Panama), p. [116].
Salmonella sp. (Type Rubislaw), p. [116].
Salmonella sp. (Type Tennessee), p. [116].
Sarcina sp., p. [108].
Serratia marcescens, p. [118].
Shigella alkalescens, p. [118].
Spirillum periplaneticum, p. [105].
Streptococcus faecalis, p. [109].
Streptomyces leidynematis, pp. [196], [197].
Tetragenous sp., p. [127].
Veillonella parvula, p. [109].
Fungi:
Aspergillus flavus, p. [130].
Aspergillus niger, p. [130].
Aspergillus sp., p. [131].
Cephalosporium sp., p. [131].
Herpomyces chaetophilus, p. [135].
Herpomyces periplanetae, p. [137].
Metarrhizium anisopliae, p. [131].
Mucor guilliermondii, p. [132].
Mucor sp., p. [132].
Penicillium sp., p. [131].
Rhizopus sp., p. [133].
Syncephalastrum sp., p. [133].
Torula acidophila, p. [132].
Protozoa:
Balantidium blattarum, p. [187].
Balantidium ovatum, p. [187].
Balantidium sp., p. [187].
Bodo sp. (host may have been B. germanica), p. [167].
Coelosporidium periplanetae, p. [185].
Diplocystis schneideri, p. [181].
Diplocystis sp., p. [181].
Dobellina sp. (host may have been B. germanica), p. [177].
Endamoeba blattae, p. [177].
Endolimax blattae, p. [180].
Endolimax sp. (host may have been B. germanica), p. [180].
Entamoeba coli (host may have been B. germanica), p. [178].
Entamoeba histolytica (host may have been B. germanica), p. [179].
Entamoeba sp., p. [179].
Entamoeba thomsoni, p. [179].
Eutrichomastix sp. (host may have been B. germanica), p. [169].
Gregarina blattarum, p. [182].
Gregarina légeri, p. [183].
Gregarina neo-brasiliensis, p. [183].
Hexamita periplanetae, p. [171].
Iodamoeba sp. (host may have been B. germanica) p. [180].
Isotricha caulleryi, p. [187].
Lophomonas blattarum, p. [172].
Lophomonas striata, p. [173].
Monocercomonoides orthopterorum, p. [169].
Nyctotherus ovalis, p. [188].
Plistophora periplanetae, p. [186].
Protomagalhaesia serpentula, p. [184].
Tetratrichomastix blattidarum, p. [170].
Helminths:
Ancylostoma duodenale, p. [209].
Ascaris lumbricoides or Ascaris suum, p. [209].
Binema mirzaia, p. [193].
Gongylonema neoplasticum, p. [206].
Gongylonema sp., p. [206].
Gordius sp., p. [202].
Hammerschmidtiella diesingi,p. [195].
Hymenolepis sp., p. [208].
Leidynema appendiculata, p. [197].
Moniliformis dubius, p. [203].
Moniliformis moniliformis, p. [204].
Necator americanus, p. [210].
Protrellus künckeli, p. [199].
Schwenkiella icemi, p. [200].
Spirura gastrophila, p. [207].
Thelastoma pachyjuli, p. [201].
Trichuris trichiura, p. [210].
Mites:
Caloglyphus sp., p. [218].
Pimeliaphilus podapolipophagus, p. [219].
Rhizoglyphus tarsalus, p. [218].
Tyrophagus noxius, p. [218].
Undetermined, p. [220].
Spiders:
Avicularia avicularia, p. [214].
Avicularia sp., p. [214].
Centipedes: Undetermined, p. [222].
Insects:
Ampulex amoena, p. [256].
Ampulex compressa, p. [259].
Anastatus tenuipes, p. [246].
Calodexia (?) venteris, p. [228].
Evania appendigaster, p. [237].
Melittobia chalybii, p. [248].
Prosevania punctata, p. [241].
Ripidius pectinicornis, p. [232].
Spiniger domesticus, p. [227].
Szepligetella sericea, p. [242].
Tetrastichus hagenowii, p. [250].
Tetrastichus periplanetae, p. [253].
Tetrastichus sp., p. [254].
Trirhogma caerulea, p. [262].
Amphibian:
Hyla cinerea, p. [270].
Reptiles:
Ameiva exsul, p. [275].
Anolis cristatellus, p. [273].
Birds:
Chicken, p. [278].
Sparrow, p. [282].
Mammals:
Felis catus, p. [289].
Herpestea javanicus auropunctatus, p. [289].
Herpestes sp., p. [289].
Homo sapiens, p. [286].
Rattus norvegicus, p. [287].
Rattus rattus, p. [287].
Periplaneta australasiae
Bacteria:
Mycobacterium leprae, p. [123].
Serratia marcescens, p. [118].
Fungus: Herpomyces periplanetae, p. [137].
Plant: Sarracenia minor, p. [154].
Protozoa:
Endamoeba blattae, p. [177].
Endolimax blattae, p. [180].
Nematodes:
Gongylonema neoplasticum, p. [206].
Hammerschmidtiella diesingi, p. [195].
Moniliformis dubius, p. [203].
Protrellus australasiae, p. [199].
Protrellus künckeli, p. [200].
Centipedes: Undetermined, p. [222].
Insects:
Ampulex amoena, p. [256].
Ampulex compressa, p. [259].
Evania appendigaster, p. [237].
Szepligetella sericea, p. [242].
Tetrastichus australasiae, p. [249].
Tetrastichus hagenowii, p. [250].
Tetrastichus, sp., p. [254].
Trirhogma caerulea, p. [262].
Reptiles:
Anolis cristatellus, p. [273].
Chrysemys picta, p. [272].
Bird: Gallus sp., p. [277].
Mammals:
Herpestes sp., p. [289].
Homo sapiens, p. [287].
Periplaneta brunnea
Viruses: Unspecified strain(s) of poliomyelitis virus (host may have been P. americana), p. [103].
Bacterium: Serratia marcescens, p. [118].
Fungus: Herpomyces periplanetae, p. [137].
Nematode: Schwenkiella icemi, p. [200].
Insect: Tetrastichus hagenowii, p. [251].
Periplaneta fuliginosa
Insect: Ampulex amoena, p. [256].
Periplaneta sp.
Bacterium: Serratia marcescens, p. [118].
Fungi:
Herpomyces chaetophilus, p. [135].
Herpomyces periplanetae, p. [137].
Protozoan: Lophomonas blattarum, p. [172].
Helminths: Thelastoma riveroi, p. [201].
Moniliformis moniliformis, p. [204].
Insects:
Ampulex compressa, p. [259].
Evania subspinosa (presumptive record?), p. [239].
Szepligetella sericea, p. [242].
Amphibian: Bufo marinus, p. [270].
Reptiles:
Anolis grahami, p. [274].
Anolis leachi, p. [274].
Bird: Vireo latimeri, p. [281].
"Phyllodromia" sp.
Fungus: Herpomyces phyllodromiae, p. [137].
Insects:
Dicarnosis alfierii, p. [245].
Dolichurus stantoni, p. [262].
Platyzosteria castanea
Insect: Riekella sp., p. [231].
Platyzosteria novae seelandiae
Protozoan: Monocercomonoides melolonthae, p. [169].
Platyzosteria scabra
Fungus: Herpomyces appendiculatus, p. [134].
Platyzosteria sp.
Insect: Riekella nitidioides, p. [231].
Plectoptera sp.
Bird: Todus mexicanus, p. [279].
Polyphaga aegyptiaca
Nematodes:
Blatticola blattae, p. [193].
Galebia aegyptiaca, p. [195].
Hammerschmidtiella diesingi, p. [195].
Oxyuris (?) heterogamiae, p. [199].
Polyphaga saussurei
Helminths:
Hymenolepis sp., p. [208].
Undetermined tapeworm ova, p. [208].
Insects: Undetermined reduviids, p. [227].
Polyzosteria melanaria (?) or Platyzosteria analis
Nematode: Protrellus aureus, p. [199].
Pycnoscelus surinamensis
Bacterium: Serratia marcescens, p. [117].
Fungus: Mucor sp., p. [132].
Protozoa:
Undetermined ciliate, p. [190].
Undetermined flagellate, p. [176].
Undetermined gregarine, p. [184].
Nematodes:
Oxyspirura mansoni, p. [204].
Severianoia severianoi, p. [200].
Mites:
Caloglyphus spinitarsus, p. [217].
Histiostoma feroniarum, p. [217].
Tyrophagus lintneri, p. [218]
Undetermined, p. [220].
Insects:
Pheidole megacephala, p. [268].
Undetermined ants, p. [350].
Amphibian: Bufo marinus, p. [270].
Reptile: Anolis sagrei, p. [274].
Birds:
Acridotheres tristis, p. [281].
Ducks, p. [277].
Melanerpes portoricensis, p. [280].
Meleagris gallopavo, p. [278].
Passer domesticus, p. [282].
Phasianus sp., p. [277].
Streptopelia chinensis, p. [278].
Mammal: Herpestes javanicus auropunctatus, p. [289].
Robshelfordia circumducta or Robshelfordia longiuscula
Insects:
Neorhipidius neoxenus, p. [230].
Rhipidioides helenae, p. [230].
Rhipidioides mollis, p. [231].
Steleopyga (?) sinensis
Nematode: Suifunema caudelli, p. [200].
Supella supellectilium
Viruses: Unspecified strain(s) of poliomyelitis virus, p. [103].
Bacterium: Serratia marcescens, p. [117].
Fungus: Herpomyces supellae, p.

[138].
Nematode: Blattophila supellaima, p. [194].
Insects:
Anastatus tenuipes, p. [246].
Comperia merceti, p. [244].
Symploce flagellata or Symploce ruficollis
Reptile: Anolis cristatellus, p. [273].
Symploce parenthesis
Hair worm: Parachordodes raphaelis, p. [202].
Temnopteryx phalerata
Protozoan: Gregarina gibbsi, p. [182].

Undetermined Cockroaches
Bacteria:
Arthromitus intestinalis, p. [124].
Bacillus subtilis, p. [122].
Clostridium perfringens, p. [122].
Escherichia coli, p. [112].
Fusiformis lophomonadis, p. [119].
Micrococcus citreus, p. [106].
Micrococcus pyogenes var. aureus, p. [107].
Mycobacterium leprae, p. [123].
Paracolon bacilli, p. [113].
Proteus morganii, p. [114].
Proteus vulgaris, p. [114].
Spirillum sp., p. [105].
Spirochaeta periplanetae, p. [125].
Streptococcus sp., p. [110].
Vibrio Types I and II Heiberg, p. [106].
Fungi:
Amphoromorpha blattina, p. [139].
Amphoromorpha sp., p. [139].
Blastocystis sp., p. [133].
Cordyceps amazonica, p. [134].
Herpomyces anaplectae, p. [134].
Herpomyces chilensis, p. [135].
Herpomyces diplopterae, p. [135].
Herpomyces forficularis, p. [135].
Herpomyces grenadinus, p. [136].
Herpomyces macropus, p. [136].
Herpomyces paranensis, p. [136].
Herpomyces periplanetae, p. [137].
Herpomyces platyzosteriae, p. [137].
Herpomyces tricuspidatus, p. [138].
Herpomyces zanzibarinus, p. [138].
Metarrhizium anisopliae, p. [131].
Plants:
Nepenthes ampularia, p. [154].
Nepenthes gracilis, p. [154].
Nepenthes sp., p. [154].
Protozoa:
Diplocystis sp., p. [181].
Endamoeba blattae, p. [177].
Entamoeba histolytica, p. [179].
Giardia sp., p. [172].
Gregarina blattarum, p. [182].
Hexamita periplanetae, p. [171].
Lophomonas blattarum, p. [172].
Lophomonas striata, p. [173].
Monas sp., p. [167].
Monocercomonoides orthopterorum, p. [169].
Nyctotherus buissoni, p. [188].
Nyctotherus ovalis, p. [188].
Nyctotherus viannai, p. [189].
Oikomonas blattarum, p. [166].
Oikomonas sp., p. [166].
Paramecium sp., p. [186].
Trichomonas sp., p. [171].
Helminths:
Cephalobellus magalhãesi, p. [194].
Chordodes morgani, p. [201].
Gordius sp., p. [202].
Hammerschmidtiella diesingi, p. [195].
Leidynema appendiculata, p. [197].
Moniliformis moniliformis, p. [204].
Protrellus galebi, p. [199].
Schwenkiella icemi, p. [200].
Severianoia magna, p. [200].
Severianoia severianoi, p. [200].
Spirura gastrophila, p. [207].
Undetermined gordian worms, p. [202].
Scorpion: Heterometrus longimanus, p. [213].
Spiders:
Ctenid, p. [214].
Heteropoda venatoria, p. [215].
Latrodectus mactans, p. [216].
Mite: Pimeliaphilus podapolipophagus, p. [219].
Centipedes:
Allothereua maculata (circumstantial evidence), p. [223].
Scolopendra morsitans, p. [223].
Scolopendra subspinipes, p. [224].
Scutigera coleoptrata (circumstantial evidence), p. [222].
Insects:
Acanthinevania princeps, p. [235].
Agamerion metallica, p. [243].
Ampulex compressa, p. [259].
Ampulex ruficornis, p. [259].
Ampulex sibirica, p. [260].
Ampulex sonnerati, p. [260].
Anastatus blattidifurax p. [245].
Anastatus tenuipes, p. [246].
Blatticida pulchra, p. [243].
Blatticidella ashmeadi, p. [243].
Calodexia spp., p. [228].
Clerada apicicornis, p. [226].
Dicarnosis alfierii, p. [245].
Diestrammena apicalis, p. [226].
Diestrammena japonica, p. [226].
Dolichurus bicolor, p. [260].
Dolichurus corniculus, p. [261].
Dolichurus gilberti, p. [261].
Dolichurus ignitus, p. [261].
Dolichurus sp., p. [262].
Dorylus nigricans sjöstedi, p. [267].
Dorylus sp., p. [267].
Dorylus wilverthii, p. [267].
Eciton burchelli, p. [268].
Eupelmus sp., p. [247].
Eutrichosomella blattophaga, p. [245].
"Formica omnivora," p. [268].
Iridomyrmex humilis, p. [268].
Neonephrites partiniger, p. [230].
Podium abdominale, p. [265].
Podium dubium, p. [265].
Podium rufipes, p. [266].
Pompilus bracatus, p. [256].
Pompilus sp., p. [256].
Salius verticalis, p. [256].
Ripidius scutellaris, p. [233].
Solindenia picticornis, p. [247].
Stylogaster spp., p. [228].
Stylogaster stylata, p. [228].
Syntomosphyrum blattae, p. [248].
Systellogaster ovivora, p. [248].
Tachysphex blatticidus, p. [264].
Tachysphex coriaceus, p. [264].
Tachysphex fanuiensis, p. [264].
Tetrastichus hagenowii, p. [251].
Tetrastichus periplanetae, p. [253].
Trirhogma sp., p. [264].
Undetermined tachinid, p. [229].
Fish:
Chalceus macrolepidotus, p. [269].
Cyrtocharax magdalenae essequibensis, p. [269].
Potamotrygon humboldti, p. [268].
Rhamdia sebae, p. [268].
Amphibians:
Arthroleptis variabilis, p. [270].
Bufo ictericus, p. [270].
Bufo funereus, p. [270].
Bufo marinus, p. [270].
Hyla cinerea, p. [270].
Hyperolius picturatus, p. [271].
Leptodactylus albilabris, p. [271].
Leptodactylus pentadactylus, p. [271].
Leptopelis calcaratus, p. [271].
Leptopelis rufus, p. [271].
Megalixalus fornasinii, p. [271].
Rana catesbeiana, p. [271].
Rana mascareniensis, p. [271].
Tree frogs, p. [351].
Reptiles:
Ameiva exsul, p. [275].
Ameiva sp., p. [275].
Anolis cristatellus, p. [273].
Anolis grahami, p. [274].
Anolis leachi, p. [274].
Anolis pulchellus, p. [273].
Anolis sp., p. [274].
Anolis stratulus, p. [274].
Cnemidophorus sp., p. [275].
Geckos, p. [273].
Gekko gecko, p. [272].
Hemidactylus frenatus, p. [272].
Leiolopisma laterale, p. [274].
Lizards, p. [275].
Skinks, p. [274].
Sphaerodactylus sp., p. [273].
Thecadactylus sp., p. [273].
Tropidophorus grayi, p. [274].
Birds:
Acridotheres tristis, p. [281].
Agelaius xanthomus, p. [282].
Bambusicola thoracica, p. [277].
Chickens, p. [278].
Coturnix coturnix japonica, p. [277].
Dendrocopus mahrattensis, p. [279].
Ducks, p. [277].
Gymnasio nudipes, p. [279].
Gymnopithys leucaspis, p. [280].
Holoquiscalus brachypterus, p. [282].
Icterus portoricensis, p. [280].
Owl, p. [351].
Partridge, p. [278].
Phasianus sp., p. [277].
Sparrow, p. [282].
Tiaris bicolor omissa, p. [282].
Tockus birostris, p. [279].
Troglodytes aedon, p. [281].
Troglodytes audax, p. [281].
Mammals:
Bassariscus astutus, p. [288].
Callithrix jacchus, p. [285].
Erinaceus sp., p. [283].
Felis catus, p. [289].
Felis paradalis mearnsi, p. [290].
Herpestes javanicus auropunctatus, p. [289]
Herpestes sp., p. [289].
Homo sapiens, p. [287].
Loris tardigradus, p. [284].
Molossus sp., p. [283].
Monodelphis sp., p. [283].
Nasua nasua, p. [288].
Nasua sp., p. [289].
Rattus sp., p. [287].

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