[Labor]; Molestia; Ærumna. 1. Labor is the toil which requires strength and causes weariness, like πόνος; molestia (from μόλις, μαλερός) the trouble which, by its greatness or unseasonableness, dispirits, like χαλεπότης; ærumna (αἰρομένη) the hardship that almost exceeds human strength, and bows down even the hero, like ταλαιπωρία; an antiquated, half-poetical expression, in Cic. Fin. ii. 35, and Quintil. viii. 3, 26. Cic. Fin. v. 32. Ut ubi virtus sit resque magnæ et summe laudabiles virtute res gestæ, ibi esse miseria et ærumna non possit, tamen labor possit, possit molestia. (iv. 422.) 2. Laborare denotes, as an intransitive verb, to be in a state of trouble and toil; but elaborare, as a transitive verb, to produce something by trouble and toil. (i. 116.)
Labor, see [Opera].
[Lacerare]; Laniare. Lacerare (from λακίς) denotes to tear by mere force, which may be done by the hands, claws, teeth; whereas laniare denotes the effect of a cutting instrument, under which teeth and claws may be included. Appul. Met. iv. p. 84. Morsibus laceratus, ferroque laniatus. Liv. xxii. 51. (v. 176.)
Lacertus, see [Ulna].
[Lacessere]; Irritare; Sollicitare. 1. Lacessere (λακίζειν) means to excite the reason and will of another to resistance; irritare (ἀνερεθίζω) to provoke his feelings or passions to anger. Cic. Mil. 31. Ut vi irritare ferroque lacessere fortissimum virum auderet. 2. Lacessere means to excite, when a man in a coarse manner disturbs the peace of another; sollicitare, when a man disturbs the quiet of another in a refined manner. (v. 176.)
[Lacrimare]; Plorare; Flere; Lamentari; Ejulare; Deflere; Deplorare. 1. Lacrimare (from δάκρυ) denotes the physical consequence of a certain emotion of the mind, whether joyful or sorrowful, like δακρύειν, to shed tears; whereas plorare (from pluere) denotes a passionate expression of grief, like θρηνεῖν, to wail and cry. Between the two stands flere (φλέω) in opp. to ridere, partaking of the passionless feeling denoted by lacrimare, and of the feeling of grief denoted by plorare, like κλαίειν, to weep. Sen. Ep. 63. Nec sicci sint oculi amisso amico, nec fluant; lacrimandum est, non plorandum. 2. Lamentari and ejulare denote a higher degree of ploratus; but lamentatio (from κλαῦμα?) is, like κωκύειν, a longer continued wailing; ejulare (from εἶα) a wailing interrupted by cries and sobs, like ὀλολύζειν. 3. Plorare and flere are intransitive verbs, as to weep; deplorare and deflere transitive, as to deplore.
[Lacuna]; Lacus; Stagnum; Palus; Uligo; Lama; Lustrum. Lacuna denotes, in poetical language, any standing water, from a sea to a pool; lacus and stagnum are collections of standing water kept sound and fresh by their own springs, or by ebbing and flowing; lacus (liquere) is large enough to bring to mind the image of the open sea, in opp. to the main sea, like λίμνη; stagnum, like a pond, not so large as to resemble a lake, in opp. to a stream, like τέναγος; whereas palus and uligo are collections of standing water corrupted and grown foul; palus (πλυδᾶν) is, like a marsh, a district covered with a surface of foul water, like ἕλος; uligo (from ὀλός) like a moor, a district soaked through with foul water. The palus appears as a mass of water made thick by mud and bog-earth, in which a person may be drowned; uligo only as ground thoroughly soaked with water, in which a man may sink down. Lastly, lamæ and lustra denote standing waters of small extent; lama, a mere dirty and filthy puddle on a high road; lustra, an ill-smelling and noisome quagmire in woods, etc. (v. 30.)
[Lædere]; Violare; Offendere. Lædere denotes a physical injury, as to hurt; violare, an injury to a person’s rights, as to offer violence; offendere (from πένθος) an injury to a person’s feelings, as to affront. Lædere refers to whatever object is capable of receiving injury; violare, to one that has a just claim to protection; offendere, to a rational and feeling being. Cic. Off. i. 28, 99. Justitiæ partes sunt non violare homines, verecundiæ non offendere. Fin. iii. 11. Sen. Ir. iii. 18. Pleraque eorum propter quæ irascimur offendunt nos magis quam lædunt. Const. 4. Contumelia tantum delicatis gravis est, qua non læduntur, sed offenduntur. Ovid, Am. iii. 3, 31. Formosa superi metuunt offendere læsi. (iii. 138.)
Lætari, see [Gaudere].
[Lævis]; Glaber; Fricare; Terere. 1. Lævis, levis, (λεῖος) means smooth, in opp. to rough and rugged, and gives a pleasant impression of elegance; whereas glaber (γλαφυρός) in opp. to rough, covered with hair, and grown up, and gives an unpleasant impression of deficiency. 2. Fricare means to rub, and thereby make smooth, like ψήχειν; whereas terere (τείρειν) means to rub, and thereby make less, like τρίβειν.