253. In 340, war was declared on account of the aggressions of Philip on the Bosphorus; and the Second Sacred War, which broke out in the following year, gave him a reason for again passing Thermopylæ. He was now appointed general-in-chief of the Amphictyonic forces, and thus gained a position in the very heart of Greece, which he did not fail to use for his own advantage.
Aug. 7, B. C. 338.
254. The Thebans, in alarm, applied to Athens for aid, which was not refused. The armies met in battle at Chæronea, and the victory of Philip gave the death-blow to Grecian independence. All the states except Sparta acknowledged his sovereignty, and he was made generalissimo of the Hellenic forces in the war now projected against Persia. To overawe the hostility of Sparta, he marched through the Peloponnesus to the southern extremity, and returned by the western coast, meeting no serious opposition.
Philip’s death by assassination interrupted the movement against the Persians, and for a moment revived the hopes of the patriots; but the Macedonian party prevailed under the youthful Alexander, who surpassed his father both as general and as king.
RECAPITULATION.
Sparta destroyed the Olynthian confederacy, and seized upon Thebes, which was rescued after three years by Pelopidas and his fellow exiles. Athens regained her dominion both in the eastern and western seas, while Thebes became the head of the new Bœotian League. The treaty of Callias secured peace among all the states, except Thebes and Sparta. The victory of Epaminondas over the Spartans at Leuctra established the Theban supremacy, which was recognized and supported by the Persians during the remaining years of his life. He four times invaded Peloponnesus; organized an Arcadian confederacy, with the new city, Megalopolis, at its head; restored the exiled Messenians to the lands of their ancestors; twice attacked Sparta itself; and, finally, triumphed and fell at Mantinea. Agesilaus died on his return from Egypt, where his aid had secured the throne to Nectanabis. Athens declined from her second period of greatness in consequence of the Social War, B. C. 357-355. The Phocians, with the Delphic treasures which they confiscated, gained ascendency in central Greece, but lost it in war with Philip of Macedon. This king ended the Sacred War (B. C. 357-346) by the destruction of Phocis, assumed her place in the Amphictyonic Council, conquered the Chalcidian peninsulas, led the allied forces in the Second Sacred War, and by his victory at Chæronea established his supremacy over Greece. His son Alexander inherited his civil and military command.
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW.
Book III.
| 1. | By what names has Greece been known? | [§ 8.] |
| 2. | What tribes were included among the Hellenes? | [9.] |
| 3. | What foreigners aided to civilize Greece? | [10.] |
| 4. | Describe three of the Greek heroes. | [11-13.] |
| 5. | What can be said of the siege of Troy? | [14.] |
| 6. | What was the state of the country and people in the Heroic Age? | [11], [17-20]. |
| 7. | Describe the kings. | [15], [16]. |
| 8. | What connections between Greek and Asiatic religions? | [21.] |
| 9. | Name the twelve Olympian deities. | [23.] |
| 10. | What bearing had Greek belief upon human conduct? | [25.] |
| 11. | What foreign ceremonies were borrowed by the Greeks? | [26], [27], [29]. |
| 12. | What is known of the Mysteries? | [28.] |
| 13. | Describe the oracles. | [30-32.] |
| 14. | What migrations in Greece, B. C. 1124-1100? | [33], [34]. |
| 15. | Describe the Asiatic settlements. | [35-37], [85], [86]. |
| 16. | What political changes at the close of the Heroic Age? | [38.] |
| 17. | What were the bonds of union among the Greeks? | [39], [42]. |
| 18. | Describe the games and the rewards of victors. | [40], [41]. |
| 19. | Recount the history of Argos. | [43.] |
| 20. | What were the condition and government of Sparta, B. C. 900? | [44-46.] |
| 21. | Describe the discipline of Lycurgus. | [47-53.] |
| 22. | The wars of Sparta during the Second Period. | [55-61.] |
| 23. | What was the character of Spartan influence in Greece? | [62.] |
| 24. | What difference of character between Athenians and Spartans? | [63.] |
| 25. | What changes in Athenian government within 400 years? | [64], [65]. |
| 26. | Describe the laws of Draco and their results. | [66], [67]. |
| 27. | What political parties in Attica? | [68.] |
| 28. | What were the character and history of Solon? | [69], [70], [74]. |
| 29. | What was the spirit of his laws? | [71-73.] |
| 30. | Describe the rise of Pisistratus. | [75.] |
| 31. | What occurred during his first tyranny? | [76.] |
| 32. | What occasioned his second expulsion? | [77.] |
| 33. | Describe his third reign. | [78.] |
| 34. | The reign and expulsion of Hippias. | [79], [80]. |
| 35. | What changes were introduced by Clisthenes? | [81.] |
| 36. | Who opposed him? | [82.] |
| 37. | What dangers threatened Athens at this time? | [83.] |
| 38. | What ceremonies attended the founding of Greek colonies? | [84.] |
| 39. | Describe the colonies in Italy. | [87-89.] |
| 40. | In Gaul, Sicily, Africa, Thrace. | [91-94.] |
| 41. | Describe the movements of Darius against Greece. | [95-97.] |
| 42. | The battle of Marathon. | [98], [99]. |
| 43. | The fall of Miltiades. | [101], [102]. |
| 44. | The character and history of Aristides. | [103], [104], [116], [117], [130], [132]. |
| 45. | The character and career of Themistocles. | [104-109], [113-117], [130], [136], [138]. |
| 46. | The battle of Thermopylæ. | [111], [112]. |
| 47. | The battle of Salamis. | [117.] |
| 48. | The retreat of Xerxes. | [118.] |
| 49. | The embassy of Alexander. | [119], [120]. |
| 50. | The condition of Athens. | [121.] |
| 51. | Describe the campaign in Bœotia. | [122-126.] |
| 52. | The subsequent operations of the Greeks. | [128], [129]. |
| 53. | What changes in the rank and politics of Athens? | [130.] |
| 54. | Tell the story of Pausanias. | [131.] |
| 55. | Describe the rise of the Delian Confederacy. | [132.] |
| 56. | The career of Cimon. | [133-137], [139-142], [150]. |
| 57. | The causes and events of the Third Messenian War. | [139], [142], [148]. |
| 58. | The history of Pericles. | [140], [143], [145], [152-157], [159], [161-165]. |
| 59. | Tell the story of the First Peloponnesian War. | [143-147.] |
| 60. | What occurred at Delphi, B. C. 448? | [151.] |
| 61. | Describe the battle of Coronæa, and its consequences to Athens. | [152-154.] |
| 62. | The Samian revolt. | [156], [157]. |
| 63. | The war between Corinth and Corcyra. | [158.] |
| 64. | The Theban attack upon Platæa. | [160.] |
| 65. | How was Greece divided in the Peloponnesian War? | [161.] |
| 66. | What was the condition of Athens during the first two years? | [162-164], [166]. |
| 67. | Describe the siege of Platæa. | [167.] |
| 68. | The revolt of Mytilene. | [168-170.] |
| 69. | The revolution in Corcyra. | [171.] |
| 70. | The condition of Greece in the sixth year of the war. | [172.] |
| 71. | Describe the campaign at Pylos and Sphacteria. | [173], [174]. |
| 72. | What massacres occurred in the eighth year? | [175.] |
| 73. | Describe the invasion of Bœotia. | [176.] |
| 74. | The campaign of Brasidas. | [177.] |
| 75. | How long did the Peace of Nicias continue? | [178], [180], [188]. |
| 76. | Describe the career of Alcibiades. | [179-186], [192-194], [198-200], [202]. |
| 77. | The Sicilian expedition. | [179-191.] |
| 78. | What occasioned a revolution in Athens? | [194], [195]. |
| 79. | Describe the maritime movements of 411, 410 B. C. | [197-199.] |
| 80. | What part was taken by Persia in the Peloponnesian War? | [192-194], [198], [201], [204]. |
| 81. | What occurred at Ægos-Potami? | [205], [206]. |
| 82. | What were the results to Athens? | [207-209.] |
| 83. | Describe the reign of the Thirty Tyrants. | [210], [211]. |
| 84. | The reaction under Thrasybulus. | [212], [213]. |
| 85. | The trial and death of Socrates. | [214.] |
| 86. | Describe the war of Sparta against Elis. | [215.] |
| 87. | Agesilaus, and his Asiatic campaign. | [216], [217]. |
| 88. | The death of Lysander, and retirement of Pausanias. | [218.] |
| 89. | The three great battles of 394 B. C. | [219-221.] |
| 90. | Who restored the walls of Athens? | [222.] |
| 91. | Describe the last two years of the Corinthian War. | [223.] |
| 92. | What were the terms of the Peace of Antalcidas? | [226.] |
| 93. | What occurred at Thebes, from 382 to 379 B. C.? | [227], [229], [230]. |
| 94. | Describe the war in Bœotia and the western seas. | [232.] |
| 95. | The treaty of Callias. | [233], [234]. |
| 96. | The character and tactics of Epaminondas. | [229], [235-240], [244-246]. |
| 97. | The consequences to Sparta of the battle of Leuctra. | [236.] |
| 98. | The restoration of the Messenians. | [239.] |
| 99. | The ambition of the Arcadians. | [241.] |
| 100. | The intervention of the Persians. | [242.] |
| 101. | The plunder of Olympia. | [243.] |
| 102. | The last campaign of Agesilaus. | [247.] |
| 103. | The second period of Athenian greatness, and Social War. | [248.] |
| 104. | The Sacred War. | [249.] |
| 105. | The advance of Philip of Macedon. | [250], [251]. |
| 106. | Demosthenes and his Philippics. | [252.] |
| 107. | The results of the battle of Chæronea. | [254.] |
| 108. | Who succeeded Philip as head of the Grecian armies? | [254.] |
| 109. | How long was Athens the leading state of Greece? | |
| 110. | What two periods of Spartan supremacy? | |
| 111. | Length of the Theban supremacy? | |
| 112. | What was an Olympiad? | [40.] |