On Molecular and Microscopic Science, Volume 2 (of 2)

by Mary Somerville

[37]. ‘The Microscope,’ by Dr. Carpenter.

[38]. Mr. C. Spence Bate.

[39]. ‘Histoire naturelle des Crustacés,’ par M. Milne-Edwards.

[40]. ‘Evenings at the Microscope,’ by Mr. Gosse.

[41]. Jeffrey’s ‘British Conchology.’

INDEX.

A

• Abrothallus, organs of reproduction of, i. 307
• Absorption of light and heat, i. 34
  • effects of, i. 35, 36
  • generally independent of colour, i. 36
  • Melloni’s investigations into the laws of, i. 38
  • Prof. Tyndall’s experiments, i. 38
  • amount of radiant heat absorbed by the perfumes of flowers and plants, i. 43-45
  • experiments showing radiation to be equal to absorption, i. 46
  • great absorption of olefiant gas, i. 47
  • absorptive power of aqueous vapour, i. 53
  • dynamic absorption, i. 49
  • absorption a phenomenon irrespective of aggregation, i. 53
  • absorption of invisible rays by solids, liquids, and gases, i. 65
• Absorption bands in the red and green parts of the solar spectrum, i. 131
• Acalepha, the simple hydra a phase in the life of the, ii. [91]
• Acalephæ, Campanograde, characters of, ii. [103]
• Acalephæ, Ciliograde, characters of the, ii. [101]
  • mode of reproduction of, ii. [103]
• Acalephæ, Physograde, characters of, ii. [107]
• Acanthometræ, structure and habitat of, ii. [19]
• Acetic acid, chemical combination forming, i. 97
• Acetic fermentation, fungus producing, i. 288
• Acetylene, formation of, i. 97
• Acetylene, chemical composition of, i. 128
• Achlya prolifera, structure and reproduction of, i. 220
• Acids, their affinity for alkalies, i. 96
• Acineta, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [77], [78]
  • food of, and mode of seizing it, ii. [78]
• Acorn-shell, structure of the, ii. [213]
• Acrocarpi, characters of the group, i. 328
• Acrocladia mamillata, spines of the, ii. [180], [181]
• Acrosticheæ, characters of the, i. 359, 360
• Actinia sulcata, structure of, ii. [132]
• Actinian polype, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [130], [131]
• Actinian zoophytes, characters of, ii. [130], [131]
  • thread-cells, ii. [132]
  • structure of, ii. [134-136]
• Actinism of star-light, i. 55
  • of moon-light, i. 55
  • of sun-light, i. 56
• Actinocyclus undulatus, structure of, i. 199, 200
• Actinomma drymodes, structure of, ii. [21]
• Actinophrys sol, structure and reproduction of, ii. [16-18]
  • certain degree of instinct exhibited by, ii. [18]
  • its enemy, the Amœba, ii. [18]
• Adder’s tongue fern, i. 365
• Adiantieæ, characters of the groups, i. 358
• Adiantum Capillus-Veneris, or maiden’s-hair fern, structure and habitat of, i. 359
• Adriatic sea, Foraminifera in the ooze of the bed of the, ii. [51]
• Adularia, or moonstone, fluorescent property of, i. 66
• Æcidium, characters of, i. 280
• Ægean sea, zones of Algæ in the, i. 259
• Æthalium septicum, structure and habitat of, i. 270-272
  • Amœba-like motions of, i. 270
  • mode of reproduction of, i. 271
• Affinity, chemical, of kind and of degree, i. 95
  • relation between chemical affinity and mechanical force, i. 98
• Agaricini, the order, i. 261
• Agaricus, the genus, i. 261, 263
  • structure of the, i. 263
• Agaricus arvensis, spawn of, i. 262
• Agaricus campestris, or common mushroom, i. 261
  • structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 261
• Agaricus gardneri, luminosity of, i. 264
• Agaricus olearius, luminosity of, i. 264
• Air, a non-conductor of electricity, i. 32
  • amount of force exerted by the sun’s light within the limits of the terrestrial atmosphere, i. 34
  • absorption of radiant heat by, i. 41
  • effect of the rays of the sun falling on the earth through pure dry air, i. 53
  • spectrum analysis of the component parts of the atmosphere, i. 139
• Air-vessel of Nereocystis Lutkeana, i. 249, 250
• Alaria esculenta, fruit of, i. 249
• Alaria Pylaii, fruit of, i. 249
• Albumen, formation and structure of, in vegetable organisms, i. 423
• Alcohol, chemical combination forming, i. 97
• Alcyon zoophytes, characters of, ii. [119], [120]
  • structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [120-123]
• Alcyonidium elegans, structure of, ii. [120]
• Alcyonium digitatum, or dead man’s fingers, structure of, ii. [121], [122]
• Aldebaran, spectrum of, i. 155
• Algæ, i. 179
  • classification of the group, i. 179-181
  • green Algæ, i. 181-220
  • zones or degrees of depth at which different Algæ exist, ii. [221], [258], [259]
  • brackish water often a cause of change in the form of Algæ, i. 245
  • colossal Algæ of the North Pacific, i. 245
  • rings of growth of some of the larger sea-weeds, i. 252
• Alizarine blue, from what obtained, i. 124, 125
• Alkalies, their affinity for acids, i. 96
• Alkaloids, chemical structure of, i. 427
• Allosorus crispus, or parsley fern, structure and habitat of, i. 358
• Allotropism, i. 8
  • of carbon, i. 15
• Alsophileæ, structure of, i. 360
• Alum, a free radiator but a bad conductor of radiant heat, i. 37
  • partial decomposition of, by diffusion, i. 109
  • manufacture of, i. 120
• Alumina, effect of electricity on, i. 32
• Aluminum, i. 4
  • spectrum of, i. 65
• Amalgams of metals, illustrating the relation between chemical affinity and mechanical force, i. 98
• Amansia, structure of, i. 242
• Amaryllidaceæ, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 388
• America, North, enormous quantities of petroleum in, i. 126
• Amidogen combines with other substances and simple atoms as if it were a simple element, i. 106
• Ammonia, amount of absorption of radiant heat by, i. 41
  • characteristics and constituents of, i. 119
  • chemical composition of, i. 128
  • combination forming, i. 107
  • carbonate of, i. 119
  • extent of the manufacture of, i. 120
  • muriate of, i. 120
  • manufacture of, i. 120
  • sulphate of, i. 120
  • how manufactured, i. 120
• Ammonium, sulphide of, i. 119
• Amœba princeps, structure, motions, food, and reproduction of, ii. [13-16]
  • its capture of the Actinophrys, ii. [18]
  • a new species found in dust from Egypt, ii. [65]
• Amorphous substances, conduct of, under magnetic influence, i. 76
• Amphicora, two eye-specks in the tail of, ii. [158]
• Amphidetus, spines of the, ii. [180]
• Amphipoda, characters of the, ii. [201]
• Amphithoæ, structure of, ii. [203]
• Analysis, chemical, electricity and light instruments of, i. 95
  • the most powerful means of, i. 96
• Andræa subulata, leaves of, i. 330
• Andræaceæ, characters of the tribe, i. 328
• Angiocarpei, structure, mode of reproduction, and habitat of, i. 309, 310
• Angiopteris evecta, perfume from, i. 364, 365
• Angræcum sesquipedale, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 402
• Anguillulæ, eel-like entozoa, structure and habitat of, ii. [147], [148]
• Anemone, sea, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [130], [131]
• Aniline, formation of the fulminate of, i. 92
  • combination forming, i. 107
  • how produced, i. 121, 122
  • constituents and characteristics of, i. 122
  • formation of the aniline colours, i. 122, 123
    • mauve, i. 122
    • magenta, i. 122
    • purple, i. 123
    • yellow, i. 124
  • chemical composition of, i. 128
• Aniline, acetate of, i. 123
• Animals, functions of the frame of, ii. [1]
  • sarcode and muscle, ii. [2]
  • blood, ii. [2]
  • waste and repair, ii. [3]
    • food, ii. [3]
  • animal heat, ii. [3]
  • the heart, digestion, heat, and respiration, ii. [4]
  • nerve-force of animals, ii. [4]
  • nervous system, ii. [5]
    • structure and functions of the brain and spinal cord, ii. [8]
  • intelligence, or the mental principle, in animals, ii. [11], [12]
• Anise seed, amount of radiant heat absorbed by the perfume of, i. 44
• Annelida, characters of the, ii. [149]
  • mode of reproduction of, ii. [160]
  • luminosity of, ii. [160]
  • fossil remains of, ii. [161]
• Annulosa, or worms, characters of, ii. [144]
• Anomura, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [197]
• Antennaria Robinsonii, mode of reproduction of, i. 296
• Antennariei, structure of, i. 296
• Anthoxanthum odoratum, or sweet-scented vernal grass, mode of reproduction of, i. 386
• Anthozoa zoophytes, or living flowers, characters of, ii. [119]
• Antiaris toxicaria, causes of the virulence of, i. 426
  • fruit of, innocuous, i. 426
• Antozone, i. 8
• Aphrodita hystrix, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [159]
• Apolemia contorta, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [108], [109]
• Apple, fructification of the, i. 381
• Apus cancriformis, structure of the, ii. [210]
• Aqueous vapour, i. 53
  • absorptive power of, i. 53-55
• Arachnoidiscus Ehrenbergii, structure of, i. 199
• Arcella, structure and mode of formation of the shell of, ii. [21], [22], [23]
• Aregma speciosum, spores of, i. 276
• Arenicola, structure of, ii. [157]
• Arragonite, i. 108
  • external and internal alteration of, by heat, i. 108
• Artemia salina, structure of, ii. [210]
• Artocarpus, or bread-fruit tree, i. 426
• Arum, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 388
  • water secreted by the, at night, i. 429
• Arundo Donax, size of the, i. 386
• Ascaris lumbricoïdes, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [147]
• Asci, or sporidia sacs, of Ascomycetes, i. 290
• Ascidia virginea, structure, food, and habitat of, ii. [224], [225]
• Ascidians, or Tunicata, character of, ii. [222]
  • compound or social gelatinous, ii. [222]
  • star-like, ii. [224]
• Ascomycetes, structure of, i. 290
• Ascophora elegans, fructification of, i. 226
• Ashes, i. 14
• Aspergillus dubius, spores of, i. 286
• Aspergillus glaucus, spores of, i. 286
• Asphalt, sources of, in various parts of the world, i. 126
• Aspidieæ, characters and habitat of the group, i. 346, 348
• Asplenieæ, characters and habitat of the group, i. 351, 352, 353
• Asplenium lanceolatum, structure, fructification, and habitat of, i. 354
• Asplenium marinum, structure and habitat, i. 355, 356
• Asplenium Ruta-muraria, or wall rue, structure, habitat, and reproductive organs of, i. 353, 354
• Asteroïdea, or star-fishes, characters of the, ii. [169]
  • fossil star-fishes, ii. [174]
• Athyrium Filix-fœmina, or lady fern, herbaceous caudex of, i. 340
  • structure and fructification of, i. 352, 353
• Atlantic Ocean, profound depths of, north and south, ii. [49]
  • foraminifera at great depths in the, ii. [49], [50]
• Atmolysis, or method of analysing gases, i. 111
• Atmosphere, effect of the heat radiated by the moon on the higher regions of the, i. 55
  • opalescence of the, and its effect on the chemical power of the sun’s light, i. 55
  • causes of this opalescence, i. 55
  • its permeability to every kind of chemical rays, i. 58
• Atmosphere of the sun, thirteen terrestrial substances in the, i. 59
• Atolls, or coral lagoons, ii. [140]
• Atoms or molecules of matter, power of atoms of matter on the rays of the solar beam, i. 58
  • aggregation of matter by electricity, i. 74
  • effect of the physical forces on molecular arrangement, i. 90, 91
  • proof of the individuality and polarity of the atoms of matter, i. 91
  • effect of motion, i. 91
• Atoms: effect of catalysis, i. 91
  • of matter, i. 2
  • cohesion of, i. 25
  • unit of mechanical force, i. 26
  • the atomic theory, i. 93
  • the law of definite proportions, in combination and resolution of the component parts of substances, i. 94
  • affinity of kind and of degree, i. 95
  • force of chemical combination, i. 97, 98
  • relative atomic weights, i. 99
    • table of atomic weights compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
    • relation between the atomic weights and the specific gravities of substances, i. 100
    • capacities of atoms for heat and electricity, i. 100, 101
  • law of equivalency in weight and volume, i. 102, 103
    • substitution the basis of this law, i. 104
    • sequence of atomic numbers, i. 105
  • groups of substances whose atomic weights are in regular arithmetical series, i. 106
  • groups of combined atoms called compound radicles, i. 106
  • the polyatomic theory, i. 107
  • the force of molecular attraction more powerful than gravitation, i. 109
  • internal movement of molecules of matter in a gaseous state, i. 113
• Aulocantha scolymantha, structure of, ii. [21]
• Avicula margaritacea, or pearl oyster, nacreous lining of shell of, ii. [234]
• Azores, the black mildew of the, i. 297
• Azote in vegetable organisms, i. 423
• Azuline dye, production of, i. 123

B

• Babylon, the asphaltic mortar used in building, i. 126
• Bacillaria cursoria, motion of, i. 203
• Bacillaria paradoxa, motion of, i. 203
• Back, Sir George, his arctic journey, i. 308
• Bacteria, their structure, size and habitat, ii. [64]
• Bæomyces, structure of, i. 306
• Balanidæ, structure of, ii. [213]
• Balanus balanoïdes, development of, ii. [216]
• Balanus culcatus, structure of, ii. [213-215]
• Baldness caused by fungi, i. 275
• Balms, chemical combination forming the principle of the, i. 97
• Bamboo, size and structure of, i. 386
• Bangia, characters of the genus, i. 222
• Bangia ceramicola, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 223
• Bangia ciliaris, structure and reproduction of, i. 223
• Bangia fuscopurpurea, structure and reproduction of, i. 223
• Barium, i. 3
  • one of an isomeric triad with calcium and strontium, i. 105
  • spectrum analysis of the rarefied vapour of, i. 142
  • effect of high temperature, i. 143
  • chloride of, spectrum of, i. 146
• Bark of trees, structure of, i. 406, 407
• Baryta, green coloured light obtained by the combustion of, i. 133
• Batarrea, structure of, i. 267
• Batrachospermeæ, habitat and structure of, i. 210
• Bean, common, fungus of the, i. 280
• Beans, caseine obtained from, i. 125
• Beer, yeast of, i. 287
• Beetles, fungi in the stomachs of, i. 274
• Begonia, structure and mode of reproduction, of, i. 376
• Bengal, Bay of, causes of the scarlet colour of the, ii. [72]
• Benzol, combination forming, i. 118, 127
  • constituents and characteristics of, i. 121
  • chemical composition of, i. 128
• Bergamot, amount of radiant heat absorbed by the perfume of, i. 44
• Beroë Forskalia, structure of the, ii. [102], [103]
• Bhang, whence obtained, i. 427
  • intoxicating effect of, i. 427
• Biddulphia pulchella, structure of, i. 198
• Bignonia, fructification of, i. 381, 382
• Bilin, polishing slate of, of what it consists, i. 206
• Biscay, Bay of, zones of Algæ in the, i. 259
• Bisection, propagation of diatoms by, i. 200, 204
• Bismuth, diamagnetism of, i. 75, 76
  • chloride of, spectrum of, i. 146
• Bittern, i. 18
• Bleaching properties of:—
  • chlorine, i. 19
  • bromine, i. 20
  • iodine, i. 21
• Blechnum Spicant, structure, habitat, and mode of reproduction of, i. 356, 357
• Blood, formation and functions of, ii. [2], [3]
• Blue dyes, i. 123, 124
• Bog moss, structure, fructification, and habitat of, i. 332
• Boleti, habitat and structure of the, i. 265
• Boletus æneus, large amount of heat evolved by, i. 265
• Bombyx rubi, fungi destructive of, i. 282
• Boron, i. 18
  • whence obtained, i. 18
  • insolubility of, i. 18
  • heat at which it burns, i. 18
• Botrychium, habitat of the genus, i. 366
• Botrychium Lunaria, or moonwort, structure and habitat of, i. 366
• Botryllidæ, or star-like Ascidians, ii. [224]
• Botrytis Bassiana, a fungus parasite of the silk-worm, i. 274
• Botrytis curta, development of, i. 294
• Botrytis, the cause of the murrain in potatoes, i. 284
  • structure of, i. 284
• Brachionus pala, structure of, ii. [162-166]
• Brachyura, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [189-197]
• Brackens, i. 358
• Brain, structure and functions of the, ii. [8]
• Branchipes stagnalis, structure of, ii. [210]
• Bread, fungus which attacks, hot from the oven, i. 296
• Bread-fruit tree, food obtained from the, i. 426
• Bristle fern, structure and habitat of, i. 361
• Bromine, i. 18
  • whence obtained, i. 18
  • properties of, i. 20, 22
  • Professor Schönbein’s views as to, i. 20, 21
  • spectrum of, i. 21
  • amount of absorption of radiant heat by, i. 41, 42, 43
  • atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
  • spectrum analysis of, i. 140
• Bryei, characters and structure of the, i. 329
• Bryopsis, structure and habitat of, i. 219, 224
• Bryozoa, or Polyzoa, characters of, ii. [218]
• Buckthorn, green dye obtained from, i. 124
• Buds of trees, structure and functions of, i. 411
• Bugula avicularia, structure of, ii. [220]
• Bulbous plants, beauty of, i. 387
• Bulbous plants, structure and reproduction of, i. 388
• Bunt, germination of the spores of, i. 281