On Molecular and Microscopic Science, Volume 2 (of 2)

by Mary Somerville

C

• Cadmium, i. 4
  • spectrum of volatilized cadmium, i. 64
  • chloride of, spectrum of, i. 146
• Cæomacei, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 278
• Cæsium, i. 3, 4
  • atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
  • one of an isomeric triad with rubidium and potassium, i. 105
  • M. Bunsen’s discovery of the metal by spectrum analysis, i. 134, 135
  • mode of distinguishing it from potassium, i. 136
  • its properties, i. 136
  • changes in its spectrum by high temperature, i. 144
• Caffeine, the neutral crystallisable principle of coffee, i. 428
• Caladium distillatorium, water secreted by at night, i. 429
• Calanus, structure and social habits of the, ii. [206]
  • bloody water formed by the, ii. [206]
• Calanus pontilla, structure of, ii. [206]
• Calanus sanguineus, structure of, ii. [206]
• Calcarina, intermediate skeleton of, ii. [42], [43]
• Calcium, i. 3, 4
  • one of an isomeric triad with strontium and barium, i. 105
  • spectrum analysis of the rarefied vapour of, i. 142
    • effect of high temperature, i. 143
  • chloride of, spectrum of, i. 146
• Caliciei, characters and habitat of the order, i. 309
• Calicium inquinans, spores of, i. 309
• Calicium tympanellum, organs of reproduction of, i. 301
• Calico-printing, use of oxalic acid in, i. 116
• Callithamnion, structure of the genus, i. 231
• Callithamnion corymbosum, structure and reproductive organs of, i. 231, 232
• Callithamnion sparsum, structure of, i. 231
• Calorescence, property of, in some solids and liquids, i. 61
• Calyx of flowering plants, i. 378
• Cambium of plants, structure of, i. 407, 417
• Camptosorus, or walking fern, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 352
• Campylopus lamellinervis, leaves of, i. 330
• Canada, enormous quantities of petroleum in, i. 126
• Caoutchouc, whence obtained, i. 426
• Carbazotic acid, constituents of, i. 121
• Carbohydrates, combinations forming the, i. 116
• Carbolic acid, combination forming, i. 107, 120, 121, 128
  • its property of arresting putrefaction, i. 121
  • becomes solid when dried and purified, i. 121
• Carbon, i. 13
  • allotropism of, i. 15
  • at variance with the geometrical system of crystallization, i. 15
  • analogy between carbon and silicon, i. 18
  • effect of the combination of the atoms of carbon and oxygen in combustion, i. 30
  • property of the bisulphide of, in the transmission of heat, i. 36
  • effect of a discharge of the nitric acid electric battery, with carbon balls on the terminals, i. 84
  • will not combine directly with hydrogen, i. 97
  • atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
  • spectra of the compounds of carbon, i. 146
  • bisulphide of, absorption of radiant heat by, i. 40
    • opacity of, to the invisible rays, i. 65
  • in coal gas, i. 118
  • how freed from coal gas, i. 118
• Carbonic acid gas, i. 14
  • reduced to a solid, i. 15
  • weight of the atoms of, compared with those of hydrogen, i. 99
  • absorption of radiant heat by, i. 41
  • how freed from coal gas, i. 118
  • one of the illuminants in coal gas, i. 118
• Carbonic oxide, absorption of radiant heat by, i. 41
  • action of different thicknesses of, on radiant heat, i. 48
  • the poisonous quality of coal gas, i. 118
• Carcinus mœnas, structure and reproduction of, ii. [192], [195]
  • moulting and power of reproducing limbs, ii. [197]
• Cardium, or cockle, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [230], [231]
• Carpenteria, structure and habitat of the, ii. [57]
  • a link between the Foraminifera and the sponges, ii. [57]
• Carrigeen, or Irish moss, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 235, 236
• Caryophyllia Smithii, its formidable artillery, ii. [133], [134]
  • structure and development of, ii. [134], [135]
• Caryophyllia Smithii, locomotion of, ii. [135]
• Caseine, or cheese, used as a mordant, i. 125
  • obtained also from pease and beans, i. 125
  • formation and structure of, in vegetable organisms, i. 423
• Cassava, or Manihot, food obtained from the, i. 426
• Cassis, or helmet shells, structure of, ii. [234]
• Catalysis, effect of, on molecular arrangement, i. 91
  • instances of, i. 91, 92
• Catasetum, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 601
• Caterpillars, fungus destructive of, i. 282
• Caulerpas, where found, i. 219
• Celidium, organs of reproduction of, i. 307
• Cellipora, structure of, ii. [218]
• Cells, vegetable. See Vegetation
• Cellulose, produced by plants, i. 419
• Cellularia ciliata, structure of, ii. [219], [220]
• Cephalopoda, naked, characters of, ii. [245]
• Ceramiaceæ, beauty and habitat of, i. 231
  • characters of the genus, i. 232
• Ceramium ciliatum, structure and organs of reproduction of, i. 232
• Ceratopteridineæ, or Parkeriaceæ, characters, structure, and habitat of the group, i. 345, 363
• Cerealia, the grasses from whence they were derived unknown, i. 383
• Cestum Veneris, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [103]
• Ceterach, characters of the genus, i. 354
  • structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 354
  • brought by ocean currents to Europe, i. 355
• Ceterach officinarum, or scaly spleen-wort, structure, organs of fructification, and habitat of, i. 354, 355
• Cetraria, or Iceland moss, characters of the genus, i. 304
• Cetraria tristis, structure of, i. 304
• Ceylon, the black mildew of, i. 297
• Chamomile flowers, amount of radiant heat absorbed by the perfume of, i. 44
• Chantarelle, veins of the, i. 264
• Characeæ, structure and habitat of, i. 312
  • fluid currents of, i. 312, 313
  • reproductive organs of, i. 313
• Chara fragilis, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 314, 315
• Charcoal, i. 13
  • as a conductor of electricity, i. 32
• Cheese, blue and brick-red moulds on, i. 285
• Cheilanthes odora, scent of, i. 347
• Chelidonine, whence obtained, i. 427
• Chemistry, laws placing it on a strictly numerical basis, i. 93
• Chimneys of bad construction, i. 14
• Chiodecton monostichum, structure and habitat of, i. 309
• Chiodecton myrticola, habitat of, i. 309
• Chirodota, structure and habitat of, ii. [186]
• Chirodota lævis, wheels of the, ii. [186]
• Chirodota myriotrochus, wheels of the, ii. [186]
• Chloride of lime, i. 19
• Chlorides, spectra of the, i. 146, 147
• Chlorine, i. 18
  • whence obtained, i. 18, 19
  • properties of, i. 19, 22
  • affinity for hydrogen, i. 19, 20
  • substances produced by the combination of chlorine with oxygen, i. 20
    • and with nitrogen, and with sulphur, i. 20
  • Professor Schönbein’s views as to, i. 20, 21
  • spectrum of, i. 21
  • absorption of radiant heat by, i. 41, 42
  • its affinity for iodine, i. 96
  • atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
  • spectrum analysis of, i. 140
• Chlorine gas, substances which take fire spontaneously in, i. 19
  • combustion of, i. 19
• Chlorospermeæ, characters of, i. 180
  • structure and development of, i. 181
• Chondrus crispus, or Carrigeen, structure and mode of propagation of, i. 235, 236
  • effect of fresh water on the form of, i. 243
• Chorda filum, structure and habitat of, i. 245
• Chordaria divaricata, spore cysts of, i. 246
• Chordariæ, structure of, i. 245
• Chrysophonic acid, whence obtained, i. 303
• Chylocladia kaliformis, structure and mode of propagation of, i. 235
• Cibotium Barometz, caudex of, i. 350
• Cidaris, spines of the, ii. [180]
• Cinchoneæ, alkaloids obtained from, i. 427
• Cinchonine, structure of, and whence obtained, i. 427
• Cirripedia, characters of the, ii. [213]
• Cladocarpi, characters of the group, i. 328
• Cladocera, characters of the order, ii. [208]
• Cladonia, structure of, i. 306
• Cladophora, structure of the genus, i. 222
• Cladophora pellucida, structure of, i. 222
• Claudea, structure of, i. 242
• Clavariei, structure and habitat of, i. 266
• Clio pyramidata, structure of, ii. [242], [243]
• Cliona, structure and burrowing apparatus of, ii. [60]
• Clione borealis, structure and habitat of, ii. [243]
  • fossil remains of, ii. [244]
• Closterium, double circulation of the internal fluid in, i. 193
• Closterium lunula, structure and development of, i. 193
• Cloud, force of the chemical combination requisite to form a, i. 98
• Cloves, oil of, amount of radiant heat absorbed by the perfume of, i. 44
• Club mosses. See Lycopodiaceæ
• Coal, i. 13
  • effect of the consumption of a pound of, in a steam-engine, i. 29, 30
  • energy in abeyance in the coal existing in the whole globe, i. 30
• Coal gas, i. 117, 118
  • poisonous quality of, i. 118
  • explosive quality of, i. 118
  • impurities from which it is freed, i. 118
  • uses of the black fœtid gas water resulting from the distillation of coals, i. 119
• Coal tar, i. 120
  • substances produced from, by distillation, i. 120
  • colours, i. 121, 122
• Cobalt, i. 4, 5
  • crystals of, formed artificially by electricity, i. 74
  • effect of heat in the magnetism of, i. 77
• Coccocarpei, characters of, i. 307
• Coccocarpia smaragdina, section of, i. 300
• Coccospheres, found at a vast depth in the ocean, ii. [51]
• Cockle, structure and mode of life of the, ii. [230], [231]
• Codium, structure and habitat of, i. 219-224
• Codium Bursa, structure of, i. 224
• Codium tomentosum, structure of, i. 214
• Coffee, active principle of, i. 428
• Cohesion, properties of, i. 25
  • in solids, i. 25
  • in liquids, i. 25
• Cohesion: reciprocal attractions between solids and liquids, i. 25
  • instance of the power of the cohesive force, i. 91
• Colchicum, or meadow saffron, mode of reproduction of, i. 388
  • poisonous alkaloid obtained from, i. 427
• Collemacei, structure and habitat of, i. 307
• Colloid bodies, i. 109, 110
  • less diffusible than crystalloids, i. 109
  • permeable to solutions of crystalloids, but impermeable to solutions of colloids, i. 110
  • characteristics of colloids, i. 111
• Collomia grandiflora, fructification of, i. 380
• Colocasia, water secreted by, i. 430
• Colour, causes of, in flowers, green leaves, dyed cloth, gold, and copper, i. 35, 36
• Colouring matter of flowers and plants, i. 428, 429
• Comatula, structure of, ii. [175], [176]
• Combination, chemical, i. 94
  • the law of definite proportions, i. 94, 95
  • force of, i. 97, 98
• Combustion, effect of, in the consumption of coal in the steam-engine, i. 29, 30
  • combustion a case of impetus, i. 30
• Comets, spectra of, i. 159
  • note, 163
• Conferva glomerata, development of, i. 207
• Confervaceæ, habitat of, i. 206, 207
  • structure and development of, i. 207
  • reproduction of, i. 208
  • modes of action of the vital forces of, i. 210
• Confervæ, cells and development of, i. 171
• Confervæ, marine, structure, habitat, and reproduction of, i. 221, 222.
• Conidium, or spore-dust cell, of fungi, i. 279
• Coniomycetes, characters of the family of, i. 275
• Conjugatæ, structure of the genus, i. 216
• Conjugation, propagation of diatoms by, i. 200, 204
• Constantinea rosa marina, i. 235
• Constantinea sitchensis, i. 235
• Copepoda, characters of the, ii. [204]
• Copper, properties of, i. 4
  • colour of, in reflected and absorbed light, i. 35, 36
  • its power of transmitting electricity, i. 90
  • atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
  • spectra of copper and its compounds, i. 145, 146
• Copper, peroxide of, combination forming, i. 104
• Coral, structure of the coral polypes, ii. [133], [134]
  • composition of the stony substance of, ii. [137]
  • reef-building corals, ii. [138]
  • red, ii. [125]
  • white, ii. [127]
• Corallina officinalis, mode of reproduction of, i. 230
  • structure and development of, i. 240
• Corallines, structure and mode of propagation of, i. 240
• Corallium Johnstoni, structure and habitat of, ii. [127]
• Corallium rubrum, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [125], [126], [127]
  • coral fishing in the Mediterranean, ii. [126]
• Corallium secundum, structure of, ii. [127]
• Cordyceps miliaris, characters of, i. 283, 293
• Cordyceps purpurea, the second form of ergot, i. 293
  • structure of, i. 293
• Cordyceps Robertsii, form of, i. 293
• Coremium glaucum, production of, i. 287
• Corolla of flowering plants, i. 378
• Corundum, i. 4
• Corynidæ, characters of the family, ii. [90]
• Cosmarium, structure and development of, i. 194
• Cotton, dyes for, i. 125
  • necessity for mordants for fixing cotton dyes, i. 125
  • enormous manufacture of cotton in Britain, i. 125
• Cowries, shells of, ii. [234], [235]
• Cow-tree, beverage obtained from the, i. 426
• Crabs, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [189-197]
  • hermit, structure of, ii. [197]
  • king, fossil, ii. [211]
  • spider, structure of, ii. [211]
• Creosote, i. 121
  • its property of preventing the decay of organic matter, i. 121
• Cressylic acid, how produced, i. 120, 121
  • chemical composition of, i. 128
• Cristallaria compressa, form of, ii. [28]
  • structure of, ii. [39]
• Cristata, siliceous skeleton of, ii. [60]
• Crocus, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 387, 388
• Cruoria pellita, tetraspores of, i. 237
• Crustacea, characters of the, ii. [188]
  • fossil crustacea, ii. [211]
• Crustacea, Decapod. See Decapods
• Cryptogamia, spores of, i. 177, 178
• Cryptonemiaceæ, multitude of forms of, i. 234
  • structure of, i. 234
• Crystal, rock, its transmission of chemical solar rays, i. 65
  • absorption of invisible rays by, i. 65
  • change of position of the optical axes of the crystals of, by heat, i. 73
• Crystallization, relation of polarization of light and heat to crystallization, i. 70, 71
  • axes of symmetry of crystals, i. 71, 72
  • change of position of the optical axes of crystals by heat, i. 72
  • effect of pressure on the optical axes of crystals, i. 73
  • influence on the aggregation of, i. 73, 74
  • probable origin of the crystalline form, i. 74
  • causes of the variety of forms assumed by matter, i. 74
  • deviation of dimorphous crystals from the general law of crystallization, i. 75
  • proof of the connection between the magnetic forces and crystalline structure, i. 76
  • conditions of the position which crystals take with regard to the magnetic force, i. 76
• Crystalloids, or crystalline substances, diffusibility of, i. 109
• Crystals, water an essential element in, i. 107
  • alterations in crystals by heat, i. 108
• Cunina octonaria, larvæ of, parasites of the Turritopsis nutricula, ii. [100]
• Cusconine, structure of, and whence obtained, i. 427
• Cuthbert’s, St., beads, ii. [175]
• Cutaneous diseases caused by fungi, i. 274
• Cutleria multifida, structure, mode of reproduction, and habitat of, i. 248
• Cuttle fish, structure of the, ii. [245-247]
• Cyanogen, combines with other substances and simple atoms, as if it were a simple element, i. 106
  • combination forming it, i. 106
• Cyathea medullaris, used as food in New Zealand, i. 360
• Cyatheæ, structure of, i. 360
• Cyatheineæ, characters of the group, i. 344
  • sporangia of, i. 343
  • structure and fructification of, i. 360
• Cycloclypeus, structure and habitat of, ii. [48]
• Cyclops quadricornis, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [205], [206]
• Cydippe pileus, structure of, ii. [101], [102]
• Cymothea, their food and mode of taking it, ii. [203]
• Cyprææ, or cowries, shells of, ii. [234], [235]
• Cypris, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [207], [208]
• Cystopteris, characters and habitat of the genus, i. 348, 349
• Cystopus candidus, or Uredo candida, structure, habitat, and mode of reproduction of, i. 278
• Cystopteris fragilis, or brittle bladder fern, structure and habitat of, i. 349
• Cystoseira, structure and habitat of, i. 255
• Cystoseireæ, habitat of, i. 255
• Cyttaria, the food of the Fuegians, i. 292
  • habitat of the, i. 292

D

• Dactylocalyx pumiceus, spicula and skeleton of, ii. [60]
• Daphnia pulex, or arborescent water-flea, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [208]
• Dasya, structure of, i. 241, 242
• Dasyglœa, structure of, i. 215
• Datura sanguinea, intoxicating effect produced by a drink obtained from, i. 427
• Davallia canariensis, or hare’s-foot fern, i. 351
• Davallieæ, structure and habitat of, i. 350, 351
• Dead bodies, agents in the decomposition of our, ii. [67]
• Decapoda, structure of, ii. [245]
• Decapods, tribes of the, ii. [188]
  • characters of the, ii. [189]
• Delesseria alata, structure of, i. 243
• Delesseria angustissima, structure of, i. 243
• Delesseria sanguinea, structure and habitat of, i. 239
• Dematiei, structure of, i. 283
• Dendritina elegans, form of, ii. [28]
  • structure of, ii. [32]
• Dendritine variety of the Peneroplis, characters and habitat of, ii. [32]
  • fossils of, ii. [33]
• Dennstædtia, indusium of, i. 350
• Deparia prolifera, sorus and indusium of, i. 350
• Desmidiaceæ, structure and development of, i. 191 et seq.
  • their habitat, i. 195
• Dextrine, production of in plants, i. 421
• Dialysis, as a method of separating and analysing substances, i. 108
  • what constitutes dialysis, i. 110
  • Prof. Graham’s instrument for, i. 110
  • an extraordinary result of, i. 110
• Diamagnetism, i. 75
• Diamond, i. 13, 15
  • heat required to consume the, i. 15
  • crystallisation of the, i. 15
  • its resistance to electricity, i. 90
• Dianthine, production of, i. 127
• Diastase, production of, in plants, i. 420
• Diatoma vulgare, structure and development of, i. 197
• Diatomaceæ, or Brittleworts, found all over the globe, i. 196, 204
  • variety of forms of, i. 196
  • structure of, i, 197
  • development of, i. 200
  • social plants, i. 205
  • food for many aquatic animals, i. 205
  • fossil deposits of shells of, i. 206
  • enormous geological changes caused by, i. 206
• Dicksonia antarctica, structure of, i. 349
• Dicksonia lanata, structure of, i. 349
• Dicksonia squarrosa, habitat of, i. 349
• Dicksonieæ, i. 349
  • structure of, i. 350
• Dicotyledonous, or exogenous, plants, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 404-428
• Dicranei, structure of, i. 329
• Dictyopodium trilobum, structure and habitat of, ii. [20]
• Dictyota, structure of the genus, i. 246
• Dictyota dichotoma, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 247
• Dictyoteæ, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 246
• Dictyurus purpurascens, structure of, i. 242
• Difflugia, structure and minuteness of the shells of, ii. [22]
  • their architecture, ii. [23]
• Difflugia pyriformis, structure, and habitat, and mode of propagation of, ii. [22], [23]
• Diffusibility, most substances differ in, i. 109
  • partial decomposition of definite chemical compounds by, i. 109
  • reciprocal diffusion of gases through porous plates, i. 111-113
  • the diffusing instrument used by Prof. Graham, i. 112
• Digestion, chemical powers causing, ii. [4]
• Dimorphism, contrasted with isomorphism, ii. [99]
• Diphyidæ, structure and habitat of the, ii. [103]
• Diplazieæ, characters of the group, i. 352
• Diplazium, structure and fructification of, i. 352
• Distillation, ordinary, i. 117
  • destructive, i. 117
    • of coal, i. 117
• Distomata, characters of the, ii. [146]
• Dracæna Draco, or dragon tree of Teneriffe, i. 387
• Drummond’s light, how produced, i. 30
  • the continuous spectra of, i. 132
• Dry rot in wood, cause of, i. 266
  • on various substances, i. 285
• Dulses, red, i. 235
• Dumontia filiformis, structure of, i. 235
• D’Urvillæa, structure, fructification, and habitat of, i. 256
• Dyes obtained from aniline, i. 122-124
  • vegetable dyes, i. 124
  • mordants for cotton when dyed, i. 125
  • effects of electricity and the east wind on the process of dyeing, i. 126
  • obtained from preparations of petroleum, i. 127
  • obtained from lichens, i. 303
  • blue dye obtained from some club mosses, i. 374

E

• Ear-shell, structure of the, ii. [234]
• Earth, quantity of heat which would be generated if it were arrested in its orbit, i. 27
  • and if it struck the sun, i. 28
• Earth light, causes of, i. 68
• Earth-worm, structure and food of the, ii. [151], [152]
• Echinodermata asteroïdea, structure, mode of reproduction, and habitat of, ii. [169-174]
• Echinodermata crinoïdea, or stone-lilies, structure, habitat, and mode of reproduction of, ii. [175], [176]
  • fossil remains of, ii. [175]
• Echinodermata Echinoïdea, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [177-182]
• Echinodermata: fossil Echinidæ, ii. [182], [183]
• Echinodermata Holothuroïdea, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [183]
• Echinodermata Sipunculidæ, characters of, ii. [186], [187]
• Echinodermata Synaptidæ, characters of the order of, ii. [184], [185]
• Echinus, structure of, ii. [176], [177]
• Echinus miliaris, spines of the, ii. [181]
• Ecklonia, structure and habitat of, i. 252
• Ecklonia buccinalis, structure of, i. 250
• Ectocarpeæ, form, structure, and habitat of, i. 244, 245
• Ectocarpus pulsillus, fruit of, i. 245
• Effusion of gases by pressure, i. 109, 110
  • Prof. Graham’s experiments, i. 113
• Electricity, i. 30
  • permanent and regular current of, over the earth, in the atmosphere and in the surface of the earth, i. 31
  • thunder and lightning, i. 31
    • force exerted in the creation of the deep, i. 31
  • the voltaic battery and the electro-magnetic induction apparatus, i. 31, 32
  • reciprocity of action of electricity and heat, i. 31
  • electricity produced by chemical action, and conversely, i. 32
  • intensity of the light and heat of the electric spark, i. 32
    • produced by fifty Bunsen elements, i. 32
  • conducting power of charcoal, i. 32
  • air and glass non-conductors, i. 32
  • proof of the correlation of heat and electricity, i. 33
  • motion of the atoms of a conducting wire during the passage of an electric current, i. 33
  • effect on a conducting wire of an invariable transit of electricity sent from the same pole of an inductive apparatus, i. 33
  • difference between electric and magnetic currents, i. 33
  • influence of electricity on the aggregation of matter, i. 74
  • ratio between the specific heat and weight of the atoms of matter, i. 74
  • influence of magnetism on the stratified appearance of the electric light, i. 78
  • extreme heat and light of electric discharges, i. 84
    • the arc discharge, i. 84
  • cause of the stratified discharge, i. 85
  • effect of varied intensity on electric discharges, i. 86, 87
  • effect of varied resistance on electric discharges, i. 88, 89
  • varied facility with which substances transmit electricity, i. 90
  • illustration of the action of electricity and magnetism on light, i. 90
  • instances of the correlation of electricity and heat, i. 91
  • voltaic electricity, and its combination and resolution of substances according to the law of definite proportions, i. 94
  • Faraday’s law of the quantity of electricity required to separate and unite the same atoms, i. 94
  • superiority of voltaic over static electricity, i. 95
  • electricity the most powerful instrument of analysis, i. 95
  • capacity of atoms for electricity, i. 100
    • a given quantity of electricity required to separate combined substances into their component parts, i. 101
  • spectrum analysis of the electric spark, i. 138
  • development of electricity in plants and flowers, i. 430
  • electric currents in the nerves and muscles of animals, ii. [7]
• Electro-chemical action in heterogeneous atoms of matter, i. 95
• Electro-magnetic induction apparatus, i. 31
  • Ruhmkorff’s, i. 32
• Elvellacei, characters of the, i. 290
• Empusa Muscæ, or fly fungus, i. 274
• Encalypta vulgaris, organs of fructification of, i. 326
• Encrinites, structure of, ii. [175]
• Endocarpei, structure and habitat of, i. 310
• Endocarpon lacteum, structure and organs of reproduction of, i. 299
• Endogenous plants, i. 383-403
• Enteromorpha, characters of the genus, i. 223
• Enteromorpha intestinalis, structure and habitat of, i. 223, 224
• Entomostraca, characters of the, ii. [203]
• Entophytes, characters of the group of, i. 275, 276
  • sporangia, or spore-cells, of, i. 279
• Entozoa, characters of the order of, ii. [144]
  • transformations of the young of the, ii. [146]
• Eolis, the crowned, structure of, ii. [240], [241]
• Eozoön Canadense, may be regarded as the first appearance of animal life upon the earth, ii. [54]
  • found in fundamental quartz rocks, ii. [54]
  • structure of, ii. [55]
  • range of its existence, ii. [56]
• Epipactis palustris, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 397, 398
• Epiphytes, characters of the group of, i. 275
• Epithemia, mode of development of, i. 202
• Epizoa, or suctorial crustacea, structure, habitat, and mode of reproduction of, ii. [212]
• Equisetaceæ, or horse-tails, characters of, i. 367
  • contrasted with ferns, i. 369
  • large quantity of silex in, i. 369
  • size and habitat of fossil and existing species, i. 369
• Equisetum giganteum, structure and fructification of, i. 368
• Ergot, Cordyceps the second form of, i. 293
• Errantia, structure and habitat of the, ii. [156], [157], [161]
• Erysiphe, mildew formed by, i. 295
• Eschara, structure of, ii. [218]
• Ether, sulphuric absorption of radiant heat by, i. 40
• Eucamptodon perichætialis, leaves of, i. 330
• Eucyrtidium, structure of, ii. [20]
• Euglena acus, structure of, ii. [72]
• Euglena sanguinea, structure of, ii. [72]
• Euglena, structure of the genus, ii. [72]
• Euglyphæ, structure and habitat of, ii. [22]
• Eunice, structure of, ii. [157]
  • mode of reproduction of, ii. [160]
• Euparmeliaceæ, characters of the group, i. 304
• Euphorbiaceæ, or spurgeworts, poisons and food supplied by the, i. 425, 426
• Evernia flavicans, colour of, i. 303
• Evernia jubata, structure of, i. 302
• Evernia vulpina, i. 303
  • brown dye obtained from, i. 303
• Exchange, law of, i. 35
  • independent proofs of the, i. 35, note
• Exidia Auricula Judæ, or Jew’s Ear fungus, structure and fructification of, i. 266
• Excœcaria Agallocha, poison of the, i. 426
• Exogenous plants, i. 404-408
• Eyes of man, fungi in, i. 275

F

• Fairy rings of the fields, i. 262
• Faujasina, structure of, ii. [45]
• Felspar, fluorescence of, i. 66
• Fermentation, fungi producing, i. 286-288
  • minuteness and lowness of organization of the ferments, ii. [68]
  • habitat of the, ii. [68]
• Fibrin, formation and structure of, in vegetable organisms, i. 423
• Fig, common, juices of fruit of, changed into sugar, i. 426
  • poison of the white juice of the, i. 426
• Filariæ, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [147]
• Filices, or ferns, structure and habitat of, i. 335
  • range of non-arborescent ferns, i. 335
  • number of species in North America, Britain, and in other places, i. 336
  • development of spores, i. 336, 337
  • roots and stems of, i. 339
  • leaf-stalks of, i. 340
  • fronds of, i. 340, 341
  • structure of tree-ferns, i. 341
  • fructification of, i. 341
    • sori, i. 341, 342
    • sporangia, i. 342, 343
  • foundation of the systematic arrangement of the ferns, i. 343
    • annulate and exannulate ferns, i. 344
• Film fern, structure and habitat of, i. 362
• Fire-damp of coal mines, i. 118
• Fireworks, mode of the obtaining of different colours in, i. 132
• Fish, phosphorescence of, i. 67
• Flowering fern, i. 364
• Flowers, absorption of radiant heat by the perfumes of, i. 44
  • weight of the perfumes, i. 45
  • chemical combinations forming the perfumes of, i. 97
  • general structure of flowering plants, i. 378
  • chemical nature of the colours of, i. 428, 429
• Fluorescence, property of, in some solids and liquids, i. 60
  • Sir D. Brewster’s discovery of, i. 66
  • Professor Stokes’s examination of the fluorescent spectra of metals, i. 64
  • employed in tracing substances in impure chemical solutions, i. 67
  • rapid absorption accompanied by copious fluorescence, and the converse, i. 67
  • essential difference between fluorescence and phosphorescence, i. 67, 68
• Fluorine, i. 18
• Fluor spar, i. 18
  • crystals of, i. 18
  • acid obtained from, i. 18
  • fluorescence of, i. 60, 66
  • absorption of invisible rays by, i. 65
  • phosphorescence of, i. 66
• Flustra, or sea-mat, structure of the, ii. [218]
• Fly fungus, i. 274
• Fontinalei, structure and habitat of, i. 331
• Food, miraculous descent of, i. 305
  • lichens as, i. 305, 308
  • importance of, to the animal frame, ii. 3
• Foot-pound, the, of Mr. Joule, i. 26
  • unit of mechanical force, i. 26
• Foraminifera, structure and geological importance of, ii. [27]
  • various forms of, ii. [28]
  • order of porcellanous foraminifera, ii. [30]
  • order of arenaceous foraminifera, ii. [36]
  • order of vitreous foraminifera, ii. [37]
  • abundance of fossil foraminifera in the sedimentary strata, ii. [52]
  • mode of obtaining casts of, ii. [53]
  • comparison of foraminifera recent and fossil, ii. [53]
  • the Eozoön Canadense, ii. [54]
  • the Carpenteria a link between the foraminifera and sponges, ii. [57]
• Force, i. 23
  • store of, eternal and unchangeable, i. 24, 25
  • cohesion, i. 25
    • in solids, i. 25
    • in liquids, i. 25
    • reciprocal attraction between solids and liquids, i. 25
  • unit of mechanical force, i. 26
  • heat generated by impetus, i. 27
  • unit, or mechanical equivalent of heat, i. 29
  • combustion a case of impetus, i. 30
  • energy existing in the coal fields on the globe, i. 30
  • magnetism and electricity, i. 30
  • influence of force on the aggregation of matter, i. 73
    • power of electricity in this respect, i. 74
    • relations between the force of magnetism and atoms of matter, i. 75
  • effect of the physical forces on molecular arrangement, i. 91
    • electricity, i. 91
    • motion, i. 91
    • catalysis, i. 91
  • force of chemical combination, i. 97, 98
  • relation between chemical affinity and mechanical force, i. 98
• Formic acid, synthetical formation of, i. 424
• Fragillaria, development of, i. 201
• Fraunhofer’s lines, i. 129
• Frond, or thallus, of lichens, i. 301
  • of ferns, i. 340, 341
• Fruit, chemical combinations forming the perfumes of, i. 97
  • preserved, greenish and grey moulds on, i. 285
  • fungus on decayed, i. 290
• Fucaceæ, structure and fructification of, i. 244, 250, 251
• Fuci, sexual fructification of, i. 253
• Fucoideæ, habitat of some, i. 256
• Fucus platycarpus, male and female cells of, i. 253, 254
• Fucus vesiculosus, or bladder-wrack, structure and fructification of, i. 252, 253
  • form of, in the Mediterranean, i. 258
• Fuegians, staple food of the, i. 292
• Funaria hygrometrica, structure of, i. 324, 327
• Fungi, enormous numbers of, i. 260
  • structure of, i. 260
  • two principal groups of, i. 260
  • families of, i. 261, et seq.
  • poisonous matter in all, i. 264
  • luminous, i. 264
  • stems of, i. 268
  • spawn of the gelatinous or creamy fungi, i. 269
  • universality of the lower fungi, i. 273
    • destruction caused by them, i. 273
    • parasitic fungi, i. 274
  • conidium, or spore-dust cell, i. 279
  • propagation of fungi by fragments of spawn, i. 281
  • extreme minuteness and profusion of fungi, i. 297
  • sudden and often disastrous appearance of the lower fungi, i. 297
  • conditions necessary to the development of fungi, i. 297
• Furcellaria fastigiata, mode of reproduction of, i. 229
  • structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 235, 238
• Fusarium tremelloides, its identity with the nettle Peziza, i. 292

G

• Galeolaria lutea, structure, development, and mode of reproduction of, ii. [107], [108]
• Garancine, from what obtained, i. 124
• Gas coal. See Coal gas.
• Gases, absorption and radiation of radiant heat by gases and vapours, i. 38
  • relation between the density of the gas and the quantity of heat extinguished or absorbed, i. 40
  • experiments on coloured gases, i. 40
  • table showing the absorption of various gases at a common pressure, or tension of one atmosphere, i. 41
  • table of absorption for one inch of tension, i. 4
  • causes of the difference between the absorptive power of compound and simple gases and vapours, i. 42
  • radiation equal to absorption, i. 46
  • action of different thicknesses of the same gas or vapour on radiant heat, i. 47
  • dynamic absorption and radiation, i. 49
  • great opacity of a gas to radiations from the same gas, i. 52
  • the specific heat of compound gases generally greater than that of their component elements, i. 101
  • law of equivalency in weight of, i. 102
  • diffusion of, i. 111
    • Prof. Graham’s experiments, i. 112
  • effusion of, 109, 110, 113
    • Prof. Graham’s experiments, i. 113
  • atmolysis, or method of analysing gases, i. 111, 112, 114
  • internal movement of molecules of matter in a gaseous state, i. 113
  • coal gas, i. 117
    • spectrum analysis of, i. 139
    • oxygen, i. 139
    • hydrogen, i. 139
    • nitrogen, i. 140
    • chlorine, i. 140
    • bromine, i. 140
    • iodine, i. 140
    • superposed spectra of rarefied compound gases, i. 141
    • researches of M.M. Bunsen and Kirchhoff, i. 141
  • spectra of the rarefied vapours of:—
    • sodium, i. 141
    • iron, i. 142
    • calcium, i. 142
    • strontium, i. 142
    • lithium, i. 142
    • barium, i. 142
    • magnesium, i. 142
    • effect of high temperature on various spectra, i. 142, 143
    • effects of pressure on various spectra, i. 145
• Gasteromycetes, characters of the family, i. 267
• Gastropoda, structure of the shells of, ii. [234]
  • structure of the animal, ii. [235]
  • tongue of the, ii. [239]
• Gelidiaceæ, structure and mode of propagation of, i. 238
• Gelidium corneum, structure and mode of propagation of, i. 238
  • form of, i. 243
• Gems, crystals of, formed artificially by electricity, i. 74
• Geranium, amount of radiant heat absorbed by the perfume of, i. 44
• Glass, a non-conductor of electricity, i. 32
  • property of, in regard to the transmission of light, i. 36
  • impervious to chemical solar rays, i. 63
• Gleichenineæ, sporangia of, i. 34
  • structure and habitat of, i. 344, 360
• Globigerina bulloïdes, form of, ii. [28]
• Globigerina, structure of the genus, ii. [40], [41]
• Globigerinæ, abundance of at vast depths in the ocean, ii. [49-51]
• Globigerinidæ, characters of the family of, ii. [40]
• Glycerine, chemical combination forming, i. 97
• Glyphidei, characters of the order, i. 309
• Glucinum, i. 4
• Gold, colour of, in reflected and in absorbed light, i. 35, 36
  • crystals of, formed artificially by electricity, i. 74
• Gonidia, propagation of diatoms by, i. 202, 204
  • of lichens, i. 300
• Goniometer, i. 38
• Gorgonia graminea, structure and habitat of, ii. [124], [125]
• Gorgonia verrucosa, structure, habitat, and mode of reproduction of, ii. [124]
• Gorgoniidæ, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [123], [124]
  • the three natural groups of, ii. [124]
• Gracilaria compressa, i. 239
• Gracilaria lichenoides, or Ceylon moss, i. 239
• Gracilaria armata, mode of reproduction of, i. 230
• Graminaceæ, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 385, 386
• Grammatophora serpentina, structure and development of, i. 197
• Graphidei, characters of the order, i. 308
  • habitat of the, i. 309
• Graphite, form of the crystals of, i. 15
  • natural, little or no porosity of, i. 112
  • porosity of artificial graphite, i. 112
• Grasses, silica in the stalks and leaves of the, i. 17
• Grasses, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 385-387
• Gravitation, force of, less powerful than that of molecular attraction, i. 109
• Gravity, specific, of atoms, i. 100
• Green dye, obtained from the buckthorn, i. 124
• Griffithsia, structure, habitat, and organs of reproduction of, i. 233
• Grimmiei, structure of the tribe, i. 329
• Grinnelia americana, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 230, 239
• Gromia oviformis, structure of, ii. [26], [27]
• Gromiæ, structure of the genus, ii. [25-27]
• Guano, mauve dye obtained from, i. 125
• Guernsey, richness of the iodine obtained from the sea-weeds of, i. 258
• Guinea worm, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [147]
• Gums, formation of, i. 422
• Gymnogramma rutæfolia, remarkable distribution of, i. 336
• Gyrophora, structure of the genus, i. 308