H
- Hairs of plants, structure of, i. 411
- Halichondria panicea, mode of propagation of, ii. [60], [61]
- Haliomma, structure of, ii. [21]
- Haliotis splendens, or ear-shell, structure of, ii. [234]
- Haliseris, structure of, i. 247
- Halogens, spectra of the, i. 146
- Halurus, structure and mode of propagation of, i. 233
- Hare’s-foot fern, i. 351
- Hart’s-tongue fern, caudex of, i. 340
- structure, habitat, and fructification of, i. 351, 352
- Heart, and organs representing it in the lower animals, ii. [4]
- Heat generated by impetus, i. 27
- quantity of heat which would be generated if it were arrested in its orbit, i. 27
- probable cause of the heat of the sun, i. 28
- effect of the absorption of heat on a body in expansion and contraction, i. 28
- specific heat, i. 28
- mechanical equivalent of heat, i. 29
- causes of the heat which is the motive force of the steam-engine, i. 29
- reciprocal action of heat and electricity, i. 31
- intensity of the heat of the electric spark, i. 32
- proof of the correlation of heat and electricity, i. 33
- constancy in the amount and refrangibility of the light and heat absorbed and radiated, i. 34
- property of some substances in the transmission of heat, i. 36
- substances which transmit radiant heat freely but radiate badly, and vice versâ, i. 37
- Tyndall’s experiments on the radiation and absorption of radiant heat by gases and vapours, i. 38
- relation between the density of the gas and the quantity of heat extinguished or absorbed, i. 40
- absorption of radiant heat by the vapours of volatile liquids, i. 40
- Prof. Tyndall’s experiments showing the radiation to be equal to the absorption of radiant heat, i. 46
- action of different thicknesses of the same gas or vapour on radiant heat, i. 47
- dynamic absorption and radiation, i. 49
- dynamical evolution of heat, i. 52
- experiment illustrating the change of heat into light, i. 62
- polarization of heat and light, i. 68, 69
- by reflection and refraction, i. 69
- effect of heat on the magnetism of iron, nickel, and cobalt, i. 77
- extreme heat and light of electric discharges, i. 84
- instances of the correlation of electricity and heat, i. 91
- capacity of atoms for heat, i. 100
- Mr. Croll’s experiments, i. 101
- effects of heat on vegetation, i. 169
- large amount of heat evolved by vegetables, i. 265
- cause of animal heat, ii. [63]
- Helix, or snail, tentacles of, ii. [236]
- Helix aspersa, structure of the tongue of, ii. [237]
- Helix pomatia, teeth of, ii. [237]
- Hellebore, white, poisonous alkaloid of, i. 427
- Helmet shell, structure of, ii. [234]
- Helminthosporium Hoffmanni, spores of, i. 285, 286
- Helminthosporium nodosum, spores of, i. 286.
- Helvella, structure and habitat of, i. 291
- Hepaticæ, or liverworts, characters of the, i. 316
- Hepialus virescens of New Zealand, Cordyceps Robertsii of the, i. 293
- Herschel, Sir W., his discovery of invisible rays of light of high heating power, i. 36
- Hewardia, structure of, i. 359
- Himanthalia lorea, structure, fructification and habitat of, i. 256
- Holly fern, structure of, i. 347
- Holothuridæ, or sea-cucumbers, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [183-186]
- Hop, fungus constituting the mildew of the, i. 295
- Hormosiphon arcticus, wide distribution of, i. 212
- Hormotrichum, structure of the genus, i. 222
- Hormotrichum collabens, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 222
- Hyacinth, structure and mode of reproduction of the, i. 388
- Hyalæa, structure of the, ii. [242]
- Hydra fusca, structure and mode of propagation of, ii. [84], [85]
- Hydra viridis, structure and mode of propagation of, ii. [85]
- Hydra vulgaris, structure and mode of propagation of, ii. [85]
- Hydræ, structure of, ii. [81], [84]
- Hydraulic machine, bog moss acts as a, i. 333
- Hydridæ, characters of the group, ii. [81]
- Hydrobromic acid, amount of absorption of radiant heat by, i. 42
- Hydrochloric acid, absorption of radiant heat by, i. 41, 42
- Hydrodictyon utriculatum, structure and habitat of, i. 211
- reproduction and development of, i. 211
- Hydrofluoric acid, i. 18
- Hydrogen gas, i. 11
- affinity of chlorine for hydrogen, i. 19
- absorptive power of, i. 39, 41
- proportion of hydrogen to oxygen in the composition of water, i. 94
- will not combine with carbon, i. 97
- weights of the atoms of, as compared with those of oxygen, i. 99
- probable cause of its greater cooling power than that of oxygen, i. 115
- one of the illuminants in coal gas, i. 118
- spectrum analysis of, i. 139, 144
- and of hydrogen, carburetted and attenuated, during and after decomposition, i. 141
- carburetted, one of the illuminants in coal gas, i. 118
- marsh-gas and fire-damp, i. 118
- peroxide of, i. 9
- combination forming, i. 104
- combines with other substances and simple atoms as if it were a simple element, i. 106
- sulphuretted, amount of absorption of radiant heat by, i. 41
- opacity of, to the invisible rays, i. 65
- one of the illuminants in coal gas, i. 118
- how freed from coal gas, i. 118
- Hydrozoa, campanograde, characters of, ii. [103]
- Hymenomycetes, family of, i. 261
- Hymenophyllum, stem of, i. 339
- Hymenophyllum tunbridgense, or film fern, structure and habitat of, i. 362
- Hymenophyllum unilaterale, habitat and structure of, i. 362
- Hyphomycetes, characters of the family, i. 282
- Hypogæi, structure and fructification of the subterranean sub-order of, i. 267, 268
- Hyponitrous acid, combination forming, i. 95
- Hypopterygium Smithianum, leaves of, i. 330
I
- Ice, absorption of invisible rays by, i. 65
- believed to be a colloid body, i. 111
- Iceland moss, characters of, i. 304
- Iceland spar, polarization of light and heat in, by refraction, i. 69
- change of position of the optical axes of the crystals of, by heat, i. 73
- Ileodictyon, eaten as food, i. 268
- Impetus, i. 26, 27
- heat generated by, i. 27
- combustion a case of, i. 30
- Indian rubber, dissolved by naphtha for waterproofing, i. 120
- Indium, discovery of the metal so called, i. 137
- properties of, i. 137
- Infusoria, structure, form, and habitat of, ii. [63]
- abundance of infusoria in the atmosphere, ii. [63], [64]
- different states of development in one and the same animal, ii. [65]
- groups of, of opposite characters in the same liquid, ii. [66]
- the agents in the decomposition of animal matter, ii. [67]
- minuteness of the ferments, ii. [68]
- cilia of Infusoria, ii. [68]
- as organs of locomotion, ii. [69]
- cell constituting the body of Infusoria, ii. [70]
- food and organs of digestion of, ii. [70]
- transparent contractile vesicles, ii. [71]
- modes of propagation, ii. [74] et seq.
- in a state analogous to hybernation, ii. [78], [79]
- functions assigned to Infusoria in the economy of nature, ii. [79]
- Insects, phosphorescence of, i. 167
- Intelligence, or the mental principle, of animals, ii. [11], [12]
- Iodine, i. 18, 21
- whence obtained, i. 19
- properties of, i. 21, 22
- spectrum of, i. 21
- atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
- preparation of, from sea-weeds, i. 128
- spectrum analysis of, i. 140, 141
- iodine richer at Guernsey than elsewhere, i. 258
- Iris germanica, vertical section showing the cellular tissue of, i. 173
- Iron heated by percussion or impetus, i. 27
- effect of electricity on, i. 32
- effect of magnetism of, i. 75, 76, 77
- and of heat on the magnetism of, i. 77
- feeble affinity of iron for mercury, i. 98
- atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
- spectrum analysis of the rarefied vapour of, i. 142
- Isaria, its structure and habitat, i. 282
- its destruction of caterpillars, i. 282, 293
- Isaria crassa, characters of, i. 283
- Isaria farinosa, characters of, i. 283
- Isariacei, structure and habitat of, i. 282
- Isidæ, structure, habitat, and mode of reproduction of, ii. [125]
- Isis, structure of the genus, ii. [125]
- Isomeric substances, i. 104
- law of the sequence of three isomeric bodies, and their respective atomic numbers, i. 105
- Isomorphism, property of, in determining atomic weights, i. 99
- Isomorphous substances, conduct of, under magnetic influence, i. 76
- Isopoda, characters of the order, ii. [202]
J
- Jam, greenish, and grey moulds on, i. 285
- Jungermanniaceæ, or scale mosses, structure, fertilization, and development of, i. 320-322
- Jupiter, the planet, spectrum of, i. 157, 161
- constitution of, i. 158
K
- Katsup made from the morel, i. 292
- Kelp, i. 258
- former and present uses of, i. 128
- Kerona silurus, structure and food of, ii. [69]
L
- Labellum of orchids, i. 401
- Lactarii, laticiferous vessels of, i. 263
- Lady Fern, herbaceous caudex of, i. 340
- structure and fructification of, i. 352, 353
- Lagenidæ, characters and habitat of the family, ii. [39]
- Lagoons formed by corals, ii. [140-143]
- Laminaria bulbosa, structure and fruit of, i. 248
- Laminaria debilis, structure of, i. 248
- Laminaria digitata, or oar-weed, structure of, i. 249
- richness of the iodine obtained from, at Guernsey, i. 258
- Laminaria radiata, structure, habitat, and fructification of, i. 250
- Laminaria saccharina, or devil’s apron, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 249
- Laminariæ, submarine forests of, i. 248
- Lanosa nivalis, the probable cause of the mildew in rye, i. 297
- Lastrea, structure of the genus, i. 346
- Lastrea æmula, structure of, i. 346
- Lastrea filix-mas, structure of, i. 340
- Lastrea rigida, scent of, i. 347
- Lastrea Thelypteris or marsh fern, structure of, i. 346
- Latex, structure of the, in plants, i. 417
- Laughing-gas, or protoxide of nitrogen, combination forming, i. 95
- Laurel, oil of, amount of radiant heat absorbed by the perfume of, i. 44
- Laurencia dasyphylla, antheridia of, i. 241
- Laurencia pinnatifida, or pepper dulse, structure, habitat, and mode of propagation of, i. 241
- Laurencia tenuissima, antheridia of, i. 241
- Laurenciaceæ, characters of, i. 240, 241
- Laurentian system, ancient formation of the crystallized limestone near the base of the, ii. [54]
- Lavender, absorption of radiant heat by the perfume of, i. 44
- Lead, its resistance to electricity, i. 90
- chloride of, spectrum of, i. 146
- Leathesia, structure of, i. 245
- Leaves of plants, structure and functions of, i. 410
- Lecanora affinis, section of, i. 300
- structure and habitat of, i. 305
- Lecanora esculenta, habitat of, i. 305
- Lecidea, characters of the genus, i. 306
- Lecidea geographica, great age of, i. 306
- Lecidinei, characters of the order, i. 306
- Leeches, structure of, ii. [149-151]
- Lemon, amount of radiant heat absorbed by the perfume of, i. 44
- Lepadidæ, structure of, ii. [213], [215]
- Lepas anatifera, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [215]
- Lepidodendron, structure of the fossil, i. 375
- Lepidostrobus ornatus, structure of, i. 375
- Lepraliæ, structure of, ii. [219]
- Leptopteris, characters of, i. 364
- Lessonia, arborescent, forests of, i. 251
- Lessonia nigrescens, structure of, i. 251
- rings of growth of, i. 252
- Leucobryum, structure of, i. 329
- Leucobryum glaucum, leaves of, i. 330
- Leveillea, structure of, i. 242
- Libanea crab, a parasite of the medusæ, ii. [100]
- Lichens, characters and habitat of, i. 298
- two groups of—Gymnocarpei and Angiocarpei, i. 299
- horizontal lichens, i. 299
- gonidia, i. 300
- asci, i. 301
- thallus or frond, i. 301
- dyes obtained from, i. 124, 303
- brilliancy of the colours of, i. 304
- Lichina, characters of the genus, i. 310
- Lichinei, characters of the group, i. 310
- Life, the mystery of, i. 97
- instances of individual combined with a common life in the lower orders of animals, ii. [38]
- Light, probable cause of the, of the sun, i. 28
- Drummond’s light, how produced, i. 30
- intensity of the, of the electric spark, i. 32
- chemical action of, i. 34
- amount of force exerted by the sun’s light within the limits of the terrestrial atmosphere, i. 34
- constancy of the amount and refrangibility of light and heat absorbed and radiated, i. 34
- causes of colour of flowers, leaves, dyed cloth, and gold and copper, i. 35, 36
- property of some substances in the transmission of radiant light and heat, i. 36
- invisible rays of high heating power existing beyond the red end of the solar spectrum, i. 36
- Melloni’s investigation of the laws of radiation and absorption of radiant heat in solid and liquid matter, i. 38
- chemical power of the light of the moon and stars, i. 55
- and of solar light, i. 56
- effect of the opalescence of the atmosphere on the light of the sun, i. 55
- probable causes of the blueness of the sky, and the brightness of the tints at sun-rise and sun-set, i. 58
- solar spectrum, i. 58
- myriads of ethereal waves constituting the seven colours of the, i. 58
- fluorescent or degraded light, i. 60
- experiment illustrating the change of heat into light, i. 62
- absorption of invisible rays, by solids, liquids, and gases, i. 65
- causes of earth light, i. 66
- polarization of light and heat, i. 68, 69
- by reflection and refraction, i. 69
- relation of polarization to crystallization, i. 70, 71
- M. Gassiot’s experiments on stratified electric light, i. 78
- influence of magnetism on the stratified light, i. 78
- cause of the stratified discharge, i. 85
- effect of varied intensity on electric discharges, i. 86
- action of magnetism and electricity on light, i. 90
- delicate power of analysis in light, i. 95
- Dr. Young’s establishment of the undulatory theory of light, i. 129
- Drummond’s light, i. 132
- coloured light obtained from the combustion of the salts of different metals, i. 132
- effects of light on vegetation, i. 168, 169
- effects of light as an exciting cause in the vegetable world, i. 431
- Lightning, spectrum of, i. 147
- Ligneous tissue, i. 174, 175
- Liliaceæ, structure and development of the, i. 388
- Limboriei, structure and habitat of the, i. 310
- Lime, carbonate of, different modifications assumed by, i. 74
- chloride of, properties of, i. 19
- oxalate of, formation of, i. 117
- Limestones, probable history of the oldest, ii. [52]
- Limnoria lignorum, structure of, ii. [203]
- Limpet, structure, food, and habitat of, ii. [238], [239]
- Limulus, fossil remains of, ii. [211]
- Lindsæeæ, characters of, i. 351
- Lingbya, structure of, i. 213
- Lingula flags, fossil animals composing the, ii. [53]
- Listera ovata, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 399
- Lithium, i. 3
- spectrum analysis of, i. 133
- existence of lithium in all three kingdoms of nature, i. 134
- spectrum analysis of the rarefied vapour of, i. 142
- effect of high temperature, i. 142, 143
- chloride of, spectrum of, i. 146
- Litmus, or orchil, from what obtained, i. 124, 303
- Lituola, structure of the genus, ii. [37]
- Lituolidæ, characters of the family of, ii. [36], [37]
- Liver worts. See Hepaticæ
- Lobophylla angulosa, structure of, ii. [135], [136]
- Locomotion of some diatoms, i. 204
- Lo-hao, a Chinese green dye, i. 124
- Loligo vulgare, or squid, structure of, ii. [245], [246]
- Lomaria, characters of the genus, i. 357
- Lomariopsis, characters of, i. 360
- Loxades bursaria, structure of, ii. [72]
- Loxades bursaria, mode of propagation of, ii. [75]
- Lucifer, characters of the genus, ii. [200]
- matches, i. 17
- Luminosity of the medusæ in warm seas, ii. [99]
- Lycoperdon giganteum, structure, habitat, and fructification of, i. 267
- Lycoperdon, structure and fructification of, i. 267
- Lycopodiaceæ, or club mosses, characters of, i. 373
- habitat and fructification of, i. 373, 374
- uses to which they have been applied, i. 374
- Lycopodium, or wolf’s-claw, characters of the genus, i. 374
- Lycopodium clavatum, structure and habitat of, i. 374
- inflammability of the dried spores of, i. 374
- Lycopodium inundatum, structure and habitat of, i. 374
- Lygodium articulatum, structure of, i. 363
- Lymnæa, or pond snail, distoma of the, ii. [146]