M
- Macrocystis pyrifera, structure, habitat, and fructification of, i. 250
- Macrura, characters of the, ii. [189]
- fossil remains of, ii. [211]
- Madder, dyes obtained from, i. 124, 125
- Magenta, or aniline red, Dr. Hofmann’s discovery of, i. 122
- how produced, i. 122
- purple dye produced by mixing it with aniline, i. 123
- Magnesium, i. 3, 4
- spectrum of, i. 65
- spectrum analysis of the rarefied vapour of, i. 142
- shown to be one of the metals existing in the sun, i. 151-153
- spectrum of the light of a magnesium flame, i. 153, 154
- its use in photography, i. 154
- Magnetism, i. 30
- periodic and secular variations of, i. 30
- probably stand in some periodic connection with the solar spots, i. 30, 31
- probable cause of terrestrial magnetism, i. 31
- difference between magnetic and electric currents, i. 33
- relations between the force of magnetism and the atoms of matter, i. 75
- all substances either magnetic or diamagnetic, i. 75
- proof of the connection between the magnetic forces and crystalline structure, i. 76
- conduct of amorphous and isomorphous substances under magnetic influence, i. 76
- action of magnets upon matter most powerful in the line of maximum density, i. 76
- conditions of the position which crystals take with regard to the magnetic force, i. 76
- magnetic changes in the relations and distances between the ultimate atoms of matter, i. 77
- effect of magnetism on the stratified appearance of the electric light, i. 78
- causes of the polarity of a magnet, according to Ampère, i. 80
- action of magnetism on the stratified discharges of electric light, i. 82
- illustration of the action of magnetism and electricity on light, i. 90
- periodic and secular variations of, i. 30
- Maiden’s hair fern, structure and habitat of, i. 359
- Malaxis paludosa, or bog malaxis, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 400
- Malic acid, chemical combination forming, i. 97
- Manchineel, poison of the, i. 426
- Manganese, peroxide of, relative weight of the atoms of oxygen and metal in, i. 99
- atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
- peroxide of, combination forming, i. 104
- Manihot, or Cassava, food obtained from the, i. 426
- Marasmius Oreades, spawn of, i. 262
- Marattia salicina used as food, i. 365
- Marattiaceæ, characters of the group, i. 364
- Marchantia polymorpha, structure, development, fructification, and habitat of, i. 317-320
- Marchantiaceæ, characters of the order, i. 317
- Mars, the planet, spectrum of, i. 158, 161
- Marsh-gas, i. 118
- amount of absorption of radiant heat by, i. 41
- Marsilea, characters of the genus, i. 372
- Marsileaceæ, or Rhizospermæ, characters of the tribe, i. 371
- Matonineæ, characters of the group, i. 344
- Matter, molecules of, i. 2
- agency of electricity in the chemical composition and decomposition of, i. 32
- decomposing and elective power of, i. 35
- Mauve, Dr. Hofmann’s discovery of the aniline colour, i. 122
- at first made from orchil, i. 124
- derived from guano, i. 125
- Mediterranean sea, zones of algæ in the, i. 259
- foraminifera, the ooze in the bed of the, ii. [51]
- Medusæ, form and structure of, ii. [91]
- Medusæ, pulmograde, form and structure of, ii. [91], [92]
- naked-eyed medusæ, ii. [91-96]
- mode of reproduction of, ii. [94]
- armed or stinging medusæ, ii. [99]
- luminosity of, in warm seas, ii. [99]
- development of medusa-buds, ii. [96]
- alternation of generation of hydræ and medusæ, ii. [96]
- covered-eyed medusæ, ii. [97]
- parasites of, ii. [99]
- abundance of species of, ii. [100]
- food of medusæ, ii. [101]
- Medusa-buds, development of, ii. [95]
- Medusiform zooids of hydrozoa, ii. [88], [89]
- Melanconiei, characters of the group of, i. 281, 282
- Melanogaster, the red truffle of Bath, i. 268
- Melanospermeæ, characters of, i. 181
- marine forests of, i. 244
- structure of the, i. 244, et seq.
- Mercury, conditions under which he may be habitable, i. 55
- Mercury, its feeble affinity for iron, i. 98
- Meridion circulare, structure and development of, i. 200, 201
- Merulius lacrymans, the cause of dry rot in wood, i. 266
- Mesocarpus, reproduction of, i. 217
- Mesogloias, structure of, i. 245
- Metals and their properties, i. 3
- alkaline metals, i. 3
- of alkaline earths, i. 3
- from non-alkaline earths, i. 4
- avidity of some of them for oxygen, i. 4
- metals whose oxides are not reducible by heat, i. 4
- diatomic metals, i. 4
- triatomic metals, i. 5
- conduction of heat and radiation, i. 5
- vaporization, i. 5
- spectra of volatilized metals, i. 64
- coloured light obtained from the combustion of the salts of different metals, i. 132
- spectrum of, not always the same, i. 145
- number of the metals of which the spectra has been determined i. 147
- metals shown to exist in the sun, i. 151-153
- and not to exist in it, i. 154
- metals contained in every plant, i. 414
- Meteorites probably not of solar origin, i. 153
- Mica, opacity of, to the invisible rays, i. 65
- Mignonette, weight of the perfume of, i. 45
- Mildew of the vine, hop, &c., i. 295
- the black mildews of the Azores and Ceylon, i. 297
- Miliola, structure and habitat of, ii. [30]
- abundance of, in the seas of the Eocene period, ii. [31]
- Miliolidæ, characters of the order, ii. [30]
- Milk sap of plants, i. 425
- vessels of plants, i. 417
- Milleporæ complanata or palmipora, structure of, ii. [141]
- Mimosa pudica, irritability of the tissues of, i. 432
- Mind and matter connection between, ii. [5]
- Molecules of matter, i. 2
- cohesion of, i. 25
- unit of mechanical force, i. 26
- causes of the ethereal undulating motions of, i. 34, 35
- See Atoms
- Mollusca, structure, habitat, and mode of reproduction of, ii. [229], et seq.
- Monas corpusculus, extreme minuteness of, ii. [63], [67]
- and of its ova, ii. [67]
- Monocotyledonous, or endogenous plants, structure, growth, and reproduction of, i. 383
- seeds of this class, i. 383
- stems, or axes, i. 384
- remarkable plants belonging to the monocotyledons, i. 387
- Monostoma, or one-mouthed medusæ, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [97]
- Monormia, habitat and structure of, i. 212
- Moon, interception of the heat radiated by the full, by the earth’s atmosphere, i. 55
- its effect on the higher regions of the atmosphere, i. 55
- chemical power of the moon’s light, i. 55
- Moonstone, or adularia, fluorescent property of, i. 66
- Moonwort, structure, and habitat of, i. 366
- Morchella esculenta, the morel, i. 291
- katsup made from, i. 292
- Mordants for fixing dyes in cotton cloth, i. 125
- Morphine, the probable narcotic principle of opium, i. 427
- Mother-of-pearl, composition of, ii. [234]
- Motion, effect of, on molecular arrangement, i. 91
- Moulds, fungus, on various substances, i. 285
- Mucedines, structure of the, i. 283
- the origin of all fermentation, i. 289
- Mucorini, or moulds, structures of the, i. 296
- habitat of the, i. 296, 297
- Muriatic acid, formation of, i. 20
- action of, upon ammonia, i. 120
- Musci, or Mosses, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 3
- antheridia of, i. 324
- sporangia of, i. 325
- gemmæ or buds, i. 327
- leaves of, i. 330
- aquatic mosses, i. 331
- peat, i. 333
- uses of mosses, i. 334
- Muscle, structure and functions of, ii. [2]
- Mushrooms, i. 261
- mycelium, or spawn, i. 262
- Musk, power of absorption of radiant heat by the perfume of, i. 45
- Mussel, structure of the gills of the common, ii. [230]
- Mycelium or mushroom spawn, i. 261, 262
- Mysis, or opossum shrimps, structure of, ii. [199]
- Myxogastres, structure, habitat, and reproduction of, i. 269, 270
- their Amœba-like motions, i. 270
N
- Naïs, structure and habitat of the, ii. [152], [153]
- Naphtha, manufacture of, i. 120
- uses to which it is applied, i. 120
- sources of, in various parts of the world, i. 126
- naphtha procured by the distillation of petroleum, i. 127
- Naphthalin, production of, i. 127
- Narcotics, exciting, known to almost all people, however savage, i. 427
- Navicula, structure of, i. 198
- Naviculæ, spontaneous locomotion of, i. 202
- Nebulæ, spectra of various, i. 158-160, 163
- constitution of the, i. 163
- probable existence of primordial nebulous matter according to the theories of Sir W. Herschel and La Place, i. 164
- Nectria, characters of the genus, i. 295
- Nectria Peziza, structure of, i. 295
- Nematoid entozoa, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [146]
- Nemertes gigas, or great band worm, nervous system of, ii. [158]
- Neotteæ, characters of the British tribe of, i. 397, 398
- Neottia Nidus-avis, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 400
- Nephrolepis tuberosa, characters and habitat of, i. 348
- Nereis, structure of, ii. [157]
- Nereis diversicolor, mode of reproduction of, ii. [160]
- Nereocystis Lutkeana, structure and habitat of, i. 249
- Nerve-force of animals, ii. [4], [6]
- chemical powers generated by, ii. [6]
- Nerves of animals, structure and functions of, ii. [5]
- Nervous system of animals, ii. [5]
- Nickel, i. 4, 5
- crystals of, formed artificially by electricity, i. 74
- effect of heat on the magnetism of, i. 77
- atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
- Nidulariacei, characters of the order of, i. 272, 273
- structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 273
- habitat of, i. 273
- Nitella flexilis, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 312
- Nitophyllum, structure and fronds of, i. 238, 239
- Nitric acid, combination forming, i. 95
- Nitrogen gas, i. 12
- combination of nitrogen with chlorine, i. 20
- absorptive power of, i. 39, 41
- fulminates compounds of, i. 92
- number of combinations of, with oxygen, i. 95
- atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
- one of the illuminants in coal gas, i. 118
- spectrum analysis of, i. 140, 145
- in high temperature, i. 144
- binoxide of, combination forming, i. 95
- chloride of, catalysis of, i. 91
- iodide of, catalysis of, i. 91
- protoxide of, or laughing gas, combination forming, i. 95
- Nitrous oxide, absorption of, radiant heat by, i. 41, 43
- combination forming, i. 95
- Noctiluca miliaris, structure and mode of propagation of, ii. [73], [74]
- Noctiluci, their food, i. 205
- Nodosaria, characters of the genus, ii. [39]
- Nodosaria rugosa, shell of, ii. [28]
- structure of, ii. [39]
- Nodosaria spinicosta, form of, ii. [28]
- structure of, ii. [39]
- Nostoc commune, wide distribution of, i. 212
- Nostochineæ, structure and habitat of, i. 211
- reproduction of, i. 212
- wide distribution of, i. 212
- Nullipores, structure and habitat of, i. 142
- Nummulites, structure of the, ii. [44-46]
- circumstances favouring their existence in the Tertiary period, ii. [53]
O
- Ocean, force exerted in the creation of the, i. 31
- Octoblepharum albidum, leaves of, i. 330
- Octopods, structure of, ii. [245]
- Octopus vulgaris, or poulpe, structure of, ii. [245-247]
- Odonthalia, structure of, i. 242
- Œdogonium capillare, reproduction of, i. 216
- Oïdium, structure and habitat of, i. 290
- Oïdium Tuckeri, or vine mildew, fungus producing, i. 295
- Oils, dead, manufacture of, i. 120
- essential, chemical combinations forming, i. 97
- vegetable, i. 422
- formation of fixed and essential, artificially, i. 424
- Oleandra, characters of the genus, i. 347
- Oleandra neriiformis, structure of, i. 347
- Olefiant gas, absorptive power of, i. 39, 40, 41
- amount of absorptive power, i. 41
- great absorption of, i. 47
- formation of, i. 97
- amount of carbon in, i. 105
- one of the illuminants in coal gas, i. 118
- chemical composition of, i. 128
- Olefiant oil, i. 104
- Olive oil, i. 422
- Onion, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 388
- Oniscus, common wood-louse or slater, structure of the, ii. [202]
- Onoclea, characters of the genus, i. 348
- Onoclea sensibilis, characters and habitat of, i. 348
- Oolina claxata, shell of, ii. [48]
- Opacity in liquids and solids synonymous with accord, i. 37
- causes of opacity, i. 37
- Operculina, structure of, ii. [38], [46]
- an instance of an individual combined with a common life, ii. [38].
- Ophioglossaceæ, characters of the group, i. 365
- Ophioglossum, characters of the genus, i. 365
- Ophioglossum vulgatum, structure and habitat of, i. 365
- Ophionyx, structure of, ii. [173]
- Ophiuridæ, or snake stars, structure of, ii. [172], [173]
- power of reproducing rays, ii. [173]
- Ophrys apifera, or bee ophrys, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 397
- Ophrys, fly, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 396
- Opium, alkaloids obtained from, i. 427
- almost universal use of, in the East, i. 427
- Orange, amount of radiant heat absorbed by the perfume of, i. 44
- fructification of the, i. 381
- Oranges, fungus of decayed, i. 290
- Orbitolite, characters of the, ii. [33]
- a fossil gigantic one found in Canada, ii. [54]
- Orbitolites complanatus, structure of, ii. [33], [34]
- Orchids, their structure, habitat, and mode of reproduction, i. 388-403
- theoretical structure of, i. 403
- Orchil, whence obtained, i. 303
- from what obtained, i. 124
- Orchis mascula, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 389, et seq.
- Orchis pyramidalis, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 393, et seq.
- Oscillatoria littoralis, structure and motions of, i. 213
- Oscillatoria spiralis, motions of, i. 213
- Oscillatoriæ, structure, habitat, and motions of, i. 213
- reproduction of, i. 214
- Osmunda regalis, structure and habitat of, i. 363
- Osmundineæ, characters of, i. 363
- sporangia of, i. 343
- characters of the group, i. 345
- Ostrapods, characters of the, ii. [207]
- Otolites of Gastropoda, ii. [236]
- Otolites of Thaumantias, ii. [93]
- Ovulata, siliceous skeleton of, ii. [60]
- Oxalic acid, former and present modes of making, i. 116
- produced by lichens, i. 303
- synthetical formation of, i. 424
- Oxygen, i. 6-11
- effect of the combination of the atoms of oxygen and carbon in combustion, i. 30
- absorptive power of ozonized oxygen, i. 43
- absorptive power of, i. 39, 41
- proportion of oxygen to hydrogen in the composition of water, i. 94
- limit to the number of combustions of, with nitrogen, i. 95
- weight of the atoms of, in the peroxide of manganese, i. 99
- weight of the atoms of, compared with those of hydrogen, i. 99, 100
- spectrum analysis of, i. 139
- inhalation and exhalation of, by plants, i. 416, 417
- Oysters, iodine found in, i. 19
- Ozone, i. 7
- effect of the combination of ozone and oxygen in the absorption of radiant heat, i. 43
- Prof. Tyndall’s conjecture as to the production of ozone, i. 44
- its affinity for iodine, i. 96
- its possible effect on the solar spectrum, i. 132
- production of, i. 17
P
- Padina Pavonia, or Peacock’s tail laver, structure of, i. 247
- Pagurus, or hermit crab, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [197]
- Palm, stem or axis of a, i. 384
- growth and reproduction of palms, i. 384, 385
- Palmoglœa macrococca, structure and development of, i. 182
- Palmyra palm, growth of the stem of, i. 385
- Pandanus or screw pine, roots and habitat of, i. 387
- Papillaris, siliceous skeleton of, ii. [60]
- Paraffin, i. 105
- crystals of, how produced, i. 127
- Paraffin oil and candles, i. 119, 127
- Paramœcium caudatum, cilia and mouth of, ii. [68], [69]
- immense propagation of, ii. [74]
- Parkeriaceæ, or Ceratopteridineæ, structure and habitat of, i. 363
- Parmelia saxatilis, structure and habitat of, i. 305
- Parmeliacei, structure of the, i. 302
- characters of the group, i. 304
- Parmelia parcolerina, yellow dye obtained from the, i. 124
- Parmelia parietina, dye obtained from, i. 303
- Passalus cornutus, parasitic fungus in the stomach of, i. 274
- Patchouli, amount of radiant heat absorbed by the perfume of, i. 44
- Patellidæ, or limpets, structure, food, and habitat of, ii. [238], [239]
- Paulia perforata, organs of reproduction of, i. 301
- Pea mildew, fungus producing the, i. 295
- Peach, cause of blistered leaves of the, i. 291
- Pear, cause of blistered leaves of the, i. 291
- Pearl oyster, nacreous lining of shell of, ii. [234]
- Pease, caseine obtained from, i. 125
- Peat, and peat mosses, i. 333
- Pecten, or scallop, eyes of the, ii. [235]
- Pediastrum, structure and development of, i. 194
- Pedicellaria globosa, structure of, ii. [180]
- Pelagia, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [97]
- Peltigeri, characters of the group, i. 305
- Peneroplis, structure of, ii. [31], [32]
- Penicillia mould, structure of the, i. 285
- Penicillium armeniacum, spores of, i. 285, 286
- Penicillium candidum, production of, i. 287
- Penicillium glaucum, structure and habitat of, i. 286, 287
- its polymorphous character, i. 287
- in the yeast of beer, i. 288
- its production of acetic fermentation, i. 288
- Pennatula phosphorea, structure and habitat of, ii. [128]
- modes of reproduction of, ii. [129]
- Pennatulidæ, or sea-pens, structure, habitat, and mode of reproduction of, ii. [128], [129]
- Pentacrinites, structure of, ii. [175]
- Pentacrinus caput-Medusæ, structure and habitat of, ii. [175]
- Pentacrinus Europæus, structure of, and change to a comatula, ii. [176]
- Peppermint, absorption of radiant heat by the perfume of, i. 44
- Peranemeæ, or Woodsieæ, characters of the group, i. 350
- Perfumes of flowers and plants, absorption of radiant heat by the, i. 44
- weight of the perfumes, i. 45
- chemical combinations forming, i. 97
- Peridinium, structure and habitat of, ii. [72]
- Perisporacei, structure and habitat of, i. 295
- Periwinkle, tongue of, ii. [239]
- Peronospora infestans, its destruction of the potato, i. 284
- structure and mode of working, i. 284, 285
- its effects on the branches and wood of trees, i. 285
- Perophora Listeri, structure, habitat, and development of, ii. [222], [223]
- larva of, ii. [224]
- Petroleum, enormous quantities of, in North America, i. 126
- the Babylonian petroleum fountains of Is, i. 126
- geological formation in which it occurs, i. 126
- dangers of petroleum wells, i. 127
- substances yielded by it on destructive distillation, i. 127
- Peyssonnelia, habitat of, i. 237
- Peziza aurantia, cells of staff-shaped particles of, i. 291
- Peziza elegans, beauty and habitat of, i. 291
- Peziza vesiculosa, force of its ejection of its sporidia, i. 292
- Pezizæ, structure and habitat of the genus, i. 290, 291
- fructification of, i. 291
- eel-shaped particles or antherozoids of, i. 292
- force with which many of them eject their sporidia, i. 292
- Phacopsis, organs of reproduction of, i. 307
- Phalloidei, structure of, i. 268
- Phallus Mokusin, a food of the Chinese, i. 268
- Phascei, characters of, i. 329
- Phenic acid, i. 123
- Phenyle, chemical composition of, i. 128
- Philomedusa Vogtii, a parasite of the medusæ, ii. [100]
- Phonolite stone, on the Rhine, of what it consists, i. 206
- Phosphorescence, property of, i. 66
- of insects, fish, and plants, i. 67
- of inorganic substances, i. 67
- essential difference between phosphorescence and fluorescence, i. 67, 68
- Phosphorescent light of luminous fungi, i. 264
- causes of this, i. 264
- Phosphorus, i. 17
- whence procured, i. 17
- red allotropic, i. 17
- takes fire spontaneously in chlorine gas, i. 19
- atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
- Photography, importance of the magnesium light in, i. 154
- Phyllodoce, structure of, ii. [157]
- Phyllopoda, characters of the order, ii. [209]
- Physalia, or ‘Spanish man-of-war,’ structure, and modes of locomotion and reproduction of, ii. [111-114]
- Physaliidæ, characters of the order, ii. [111]
- Physomycetes, characters of the order, i. 296
- Physophora hydrostatica, structure and habitat of, ii. [109], [110]
- Physophoridæ, characters of the family of the, ii. [109-111]
- Pillwort, structure and habitat of, i. 371, 372
- Pilularia globulifera, or pillwort, structure and habitat of, i. 371
- Pilularia minuta, structure of, i. 371
- Pinna, structure of the shell of, ii. [233]
- Pitch, manufacture of, i. 120
- Planets, spectra of the, i. 157, 158, 161, 162
- Plants, absorption of radiant heat by the perfumes of, i. 44
- weight of the perfumes, i. 45
- phosphorescence of, i. 67
- their synthetic process of rearing their fabrics, i. 96
- this process imitated by artificial means, i. 96
- chemical nature of the colouring matter of, i. 428, 429
- Platinum, properties of, i. 5
- how vaporized, i. 30
- effect of electricity on, i. 32
- crystals of, formed artificially by electricity, i. 74
- its resistance to electricity, i. 90
- Pleurocarpi, characters and habitat of the group, i. 328
- Pleurosigma angulatum, structure of, i. 198, 199
- Plumbago, or natural graphite, little or no porosity of, i. 112
- Podocyrtis Schomburgi, structure and habitat of, ii. [20], [21]
- fossil and existing species of, ii. [20]
- Poisons, vegetable, i. 425, 426
- Polarization of light and heat, i. 68, 69
- relation of polarization of light and heat to crystallization, i. 70, 71
- Pollen of flowering plants, i. 379
- Polyatomic theory, the, i. 107
- Polycystina, structure and habitat of the, ii. [19], [20]
- Polygastria, a name for the Infusoria, ii. [71]
- Polyides rotundus, mode of reproduction of, i. 229
- structure and mode of propagation of, i. 237, 238
- Polynoë, structure of, ii. [160]
- Polypary of the Alcyon zoophytes, ii. [123]
- Polypes. See Hydrozoa
- Polypodiaceæ, characters of the order, i. 344
- sporangia of, i. 343
- Polypodineæ, characters of the group, i. 344
- habitat of the, i. 345
- Polypodium, structure and habitat of the genus, i. 345
- vulgare, fronds of, i. 340, 345
- sori of, i. 342, 345
- structure of, i. 345
- Polyporei, structure, habitat, and growth of, i. 264, 265
- Polysiphonia, structure of the genus, i. 233
- Polysiphonia elongata, structure and mode of propagation of, i. 234
- Polystichum, characters of the genus, i. 347
- sorus and indusium of, i. 347
- Polystichum aculeatum, characters of, i. 348
- Polystichum angulare, characters of, i. 348
- Polystichum Lonchitis, structure of, i. 347
- Polystichum proliferum, organs of reproduction of, i. 348
- Polystomella, characters of the genus, ii. [47]
- Polystomella crispa, form of, ii. [28]
- Polytrichei, characters of the tribe, i. 329
- Polytrichum commune, organs of fructification of, i. 325
- Polytrichum dendroides, structure of, i. 329
- Polyzoa, or Bryozoa, characters of, ii. [218]
- Polyzonia cuneifolia, structure of, i. 242, 243
- Porites, or reef-building corals, ii. [140]
- Porphyra laciniata, structure and habitat of, i. 227
- Porphyra vulgaris, structure, habitat, and mode of reproduction of, i. 227
- Porpita, characters of the genus, ii. [117]
- Potash, caustic, effect of the heating of, by an electric discharge, i. 84
- its effect on electricity in a vacuum tube, i. 86
- cyanate of, combination forming, i. 106
- nitrate of, its opacity to the invisible rays, i. 65
- oxalate of, formation of, i. 117
- violet coloured light obtained by the combustion of, i. 133
- in the land plants, i. 414
- Potassium, i. 3
- affinity for oxygen, i. 96
- atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
- one of an isomeric triad with cæsium and rubidium, i. 105
- iodide of, whence obtained, i. 19
- Potato, fungi causing the murrain in the, i. 284, 285
- mode in which the injury is done, i. 284
- poisonous nature of the leaves and berries of the, i. 426, 427
- Poulpe, structure of the, ii. [245]
- Praya diphys, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [103-106]
- Propagation of diatoms by bisection, by conjugation, and by gonidia, i. 200
- Protein produced by plants, i. 419
- Protococcus pluvialis, structure and development of, i. 184
- cycles of reproduction, i. 186
- Protococcus viridis, abundance of, found in dust from Egypt, ii. [65]
- Protophytes, structure and development of, i. 182
- Protoplasm of plants, structure and function of, i. 412, 413
- Protozoa, structure of the, ii. [13]
- Pterideæ, characters of the group, i. 357
- Pteris, characters of the genus, i. 357
- Pteris aquilina, stems of, i. 339
- or bracken, structure, mode of reproduction, and habitat of, i. 357, 358
- Pteris esculenta of New Zealand, i. 358
- Pteris serrulata, development of spores of, i. 337
- antheridium and spermatozoids of, i. 338
- Pteris serrulata: archegonium of, i. 338
- Pucciniæ, structure and habitat of the sub-order, i. 276, 277
- Puccinia Amorphæ, spores of, i. 276
- Puccinia Fabæ, structure, habitat, and method of reproduction of, i. 280
- alternation of generations of, i. 280
- Puccinia Graminis, spore-cases of, i. 280
- Puccinia lateripes, spores of, i. 276
- Puff-balls of the meadows, i. 267
- Purple dyes, i. 123, 124
- Pycnogonoïdea, or spider crabs, structure and habitat of, ii. [211]
- Pyrosomidæ, structure and mode of reproduction of the, ii. [225]
- Pyxinei, characters of the, i. 307
Q
- Quartz, rock-crystal the purest form of, i. 17
- certain thickness of, not transparent to invisible rays of light, i. 65
- axis of symmetry of, i. 72
- aqueous solution of, i. 110
- characteristics of the, i. 111
- Queen conch, shell of, ii. [234]
- Quinine, structure of, and whence obtained, i. 427
- Quinqueloculina Bronniana, form of, ii. [228]