On Molecular and Microscopic Science, Volume 2 (of 2)

by Mary Somerville

R

• Radiation of light and heat, i. 34, 35
  • effects of, i. 35, 36
  • generally independent of colour, i. 36
  • Professor Tyndall’s experiments, i. 38
  • experiments showing radiation to be equal to absorption, i. 46
  • dynamic radiation, i. 49
  • absorption a phenomenon irrespective of aggregation, i. 53
• Radicles, compound, i. 106
• Ramalina calicaris, gluten of, i. 303
• Ramalina polymorphum, dyes obtained from, i. 303
• Ramalina scopulorum, dyes of, i. 303
• Raphides, structure and formation of, i. 424, 425
• Red Sea, foraminifera in the, ii. [51]
• Reed, Cordyceps on the ergot of the, i. 293
• Reed, Italian, vegetable tissues represented in, i. 175, 176
• Reef-building corals, ii. [138-142]
• Reefs, barrier, formation of, ii. [143]
• Resins, formation of, i. 422
• Respiration, chemical powers causing, ii. [4]
• Respiration of the muscles, ii. [8]
• Reticularia, characters of the order, ii. [24]
• Reticularia maxima of cucumber beds, i. 269
• Rhabdonia Coulteri, mode of propagation of, i. 236
• Rhamnus cathartica, M. Charwin’s discovery of a green dye obtained from the, i. 124
• Rhizocrinus Lofotensis, structure of, ii. [175]
• Rhizopoda, structure of the, ii. [13]
  • simple Rhizopods, forms of, ii. [22]
• Rhizoselenia, enormous masses of, in the Indian Ocean, i. 205
• Rhizospermæ. See Marsileaceæ
• Rhizostoma, or many-mouthed medusæ, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [97], [98]
  • food of, ii. [98]
• Rhodomelaceæ, structure &c. of, i. 241
• Rhodospermeæ, characters of the, i. 180
  • structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 227, et seq.
  • causes which affect the form and limits of, i. 243
• Rhodymenia palmata, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 236
• Rhodymeniaceæ, structure of, i. 236
• Ricciaceæ, or Crystalworts, characters of the order, i. 316
• Richmond, in Virginia, siliceous deposit upon which it stands, i. 206
• Riella, characters of the genus, i. 316, 317
• Rivularia, structure of the genus, i. 213, 215
• Rivularia nitida, structure and motions of, i. 213, 215
• Rocella fuciformis, dye and orchil obtained from, i. 303
• Rocella tinctoria and fusiformis, blue and purple dyes obtained from, i. 124
• Rock-crystal, formation of, i. 17
• Rock-salt, chlorine obtained from, i. 18
  • permeable to radiant heat but radiates badly, i. 37
• Roots, downward tendency of, i. 382
  • structure and functions of, i. 409
• Rosalina ornata, structure of, ii. [41]
• Rosaniline, or roseine, the base of aniline, i. 123
  • production of, i. 123
• Rosaniline, chemical composition of, i. 128
• Rosemary, amount of radiant heat absorbed by the perfume of, i. 44
• Roses, otto of, amount of radiant heat absorbed by the perfume of, i. 44
• Rotalia, structure of, ii. [38]
• Rotalia Beccarii, habitat and structure of, ii. [42]
• Rotaline group of foraminifera, ii. [44]
• Rotifer, common, structure of the, ii. [167]
• Rotifera, characters of the, ii. [162]
  • mode of reproduction of the, ii. [162]
• Rubia tinctorum, madder obtained from the roots of, i. 124
• Rubidium, i. 3, 4
  • atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
  • one of an isomeric triad with cæsium and potassium, i. 105
  • M. Bunsen’s discovery of the metal by spectrum analysis, i. 134, 135
  • mode of distinguishing it from potassium, i. 135
  • properties of, i. 136
  • where found, i. 136
• Ruby, i. 4
• Ruhmkorff’s electro-magnetic induction apparatus, i. 32
• Russulæ, laticiferous vessels of, i. 263
• Rust of wheat, i. 281
• Rye, probable cause of the mildew of, i. 297
• Rytiphlæa pinastroides, antheridia of, i. 243
• Rytiphlæa tinctoria, antheridia of, i. 242

S

• Saffron, meadow, poisonous alkaloid obtained from, i. 427
• Sagartia miniata, structure and habitat of, ii. [132]
  • its deadly weapons, ii. [132], [133]
• Salpa maxima, structure of, ii. [226], [227]
• Salpa mucronata, vast shoals of, ii. [228]
• Salpa zonaria, young of, ii. [227]
• Salpi, their food, i. 205
• Salpidæ, characters of the, ii. [226-228]
• Salt, change of volume of, by chemical combination, i. 20
  • partial decomposition of, by diffusion, i. 111
  • yellow coloured light produced by the combustion of, i. 132
  • spectrum analysis of, i. 134
• Salt: more universally diffused than any other matter, i. 134
  • spectrum analysis of the rarefied vapour of, i. 141
• Sand of the sea-shore, the debris of quartz rocks, i. 17
• Sandal wood, amount of radiant heat absorbed by the perfume of, i. 44
• Sandhopper, structure of the, ii. [201], [202]
• Sap milk, composition and formation of, i. 425
• Sapindaceæ, or soapworts, fruits of, innocuous, i. 426
• Sapphire, i. 4
• Sapphirina fulgens, structure and habitat of, ii. [204], [205]
• Sarcode, structure and functions of, ii. [2]
• Sarcophycus of the Antarctic Ocean, i. 256
• Sarcophycus potatorum, fruit of, i. 256
• Sargassum, habitat of the, i. 255
• Sargassum bacciferum, structure, fructification, and habitat of, i. 257
• Sargassum vulgare, structure, fruit, and habitat of, i. 257
• Saturn, the planet, spectrum of, i. 158, 161
• Sausages, fatal effects caused by, i. 285
• Saw-dust, manufacture of into oxalic acid, i. 116, 117
• Scalariæ, tongues of, ii. [239]
• Scallop, or pecten, eyes of the, ii. [235]
• Schistocarpi, characters of the group, i. 328
• Schistostegei, structure and habitat of, i. 331
• Schizæa, structure of, i. 363
• Schizæineæ, characters of the, i. 363
  • sporangia of, i. 343
  • characters of the group, i. 345
• Sclerogen, i. 175
  • production of, in plants, i. 421
• Scolopendrieæ, characters of, i. 351, 352
• Scolopendrium, structure and development of the caudex of, i. 340
• Scolopendrium vulgare, or Hart’s-tongue fern, structure, fructification, and habitat of, i. 351, 352
• Screw pine, roots and habitat of, i. 387
• Scutella, spines of the, ii. [180]
• Scutula, organs of reproduction of, i. 307
• Sea-cucumbers, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [183]
• Sea-eggs, or sea-urchins, structure of, ii. [176] et seq.
• Sea-fans, structure of the, ii. [125]
• Sea-mat, structure of, ii. [218]
• Sea-nettles, vast shoals of, ii. [100], [101]
• Sea-pens, structure of, ii. [128], [129-131]
• Sea-salt, chlorine obtained from, i. 18
• Sea-serpent of Celebes, ii. [186]
• Sea-slugs, structure of, ii. [239], [240]
• Sea-weeds, former and present uses of, i. 128
• Seeds of two lobes, i. 177
  • of one lobe, i. 177
  • of plants, i. 381, 382, 383, 404
• Selaginella, structure and habitat of, i. 374
• Selenium, atomic weight of, i. 105
  • its properties analogous with those of sulphur and tellurium, i. 105
• Sepedonium mycophilum, spores of, i. 286
• Sepia, or cuttle fish, structure of, ii. [245], [246], [247]
• Serpentine marble of Tyree and of Connemara, composition of, ii. [56]
• Serpula, structure of, ii. [155]
• Sertularia cupressina, structure of, ii. [87]
• Sertulariidæ, characters of the family of, ii. [90], [91]
  • modes of propagation of, ii. [91]
• Shells of mollusks, ii. [234]
• Shrimps, opossum, ii. [199], [200]
• Sigillaria, structure of the fossil, i. 375
• Silex, quantity of, in the Equisetaceæ, i. 369
  • in the grasses, i. 386
• Silica, abundance of, i. 17
  • in the stalks and leaves of the grasses, i. 386
  • effect of electricity on, i. 32
• Silicon, i. 17
  • combined with oxygen gas forms rock-crystal, i. 17
  • three different states in which it exists, i. 18
  • analogy between silicon and carbon, i. 18
  • Professor Graham’s limpid solution of, i. 18
• Silk, dyes for, i. 125
  • mode of preparing it if it is to be moiré, i. 125
  • advantages of the climate of Lyons in the manufacture of, i. 126
• Silk-worm, a fungus parasite of the, i. 274
• Silver, affinity of, for oxygen, i. 5
  • conduction of heat and radiation, i. 5
  • iodine found in combination with, i. 19
  • crystals of, formed artificially by electricity, i. 74
  • transmissive power of, of electricity, i. 90
• Sipunculidæ, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [186], [187]
• Sky, probable cause of the blue colour of the, i. 58
• Slate, polishing, of Bilin, of what it consists, i. 206
• Smoke, i. 14
• Smut of wheat, i. 281
• Snails, structure of, ii. [235-237]
• Soda, chlorate of, singular property of, in crystallization, i. 75
• Soda, oxalate of, formation of, i. 117
• Soda, silicate of, i. 110
  • Prof. Graham’s dialysis of, i. 110
• Soda, former and present mode of procuring, i. 128
  • yellow coloured light produced by the combustion of, i. 132
  • abundance in the Algæ, i. 414
• Sodium, i. 3
  • atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
  • spectrum analysis of the rarefied vapour of, i. 141
  • chloride of, spectrum of, i. 146
  • reversion of the coloured lines of sodium burning in air, i. 150
• Solar spectrum, i. 58
  • myriads of ethereal waves constituting the seven colours of the, i. 58
  • rayless spaces crossing the, at right angles, i. 59
  • length of the undulations of the ether producing the impression of the colours of the solar spectrum, i. 59
  • mode of bringing the invisible rays of the chemical spectrum before the human eye, i. 59
  • fluorescence and calorescence, i. 60-62
  • experiments producing the long spectrum, i. 63
  • spectra of volatilized metals, i. 64
  • absorption of invisible rays, i. 65
  • discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton of the solar spectrum and the laws of coloured rings, i. 129
  • Fraunhofer’s lines, i. 129, 148
    • MM. Bunsen and Kirchhoff’s experiments, i. 130, 148
    • Mr. Glaisher’s experiments, i. 130
  • absorption bands, i. 131
    • Sir D. Brewster’s discovery, i. 131
  • coincident dark and coloured lines, i. 148
  • reversion of the coloured lines, i. 149
  • Prof. J. P. Cook’s discoveries, i. 149
  • M. Foucault’s discoveries, i. 149
  • M. Kirchhoff’s discovery of the law of exchanges, i. 150
  • metals shown by MM. Kirchhoff and Angström to exist in the sun, i. 151-153
    • and those proved to have no existence in the sun, i. 154
• Solferino, production of, i. 127
• Solids, the specific heat of compound, generally greater than that of their component elements, i. 101
• Solorina, structure of the genus, i. 305
• Solorina crocea, structure of, i. 306
• Solorina saccata, structure of, i. 305
• Space, matter wandering in, i. 28
• Spearmint, absorption of radiant heat by the perfume of, i. 44
• Specific gravity, i. 26
  • unit of, i. 26
• Spectra, continuous, from glowing solids and liquids, i. 132
  • spectrum analysis, i. 133
    • experiments of Sir David Brewster and Mr. Fox Talbot, i. 133
    • spectrum of rubidium and cæsium, i. 136
      • of thallium, i. 136, 137
      • of indium, i. 137
      • of the flame of the iron in the manufacture of the Bessemer steel, i. 137, 138
      • of gases, i. 139, et seq.
      • of metals not always the same, i. 145
      • of the halogens, i. 146
      • of the vaporized mixture of five chlorides, i. 147
      • of lightning, 147
      • of the sun. See Solar spectrum
      • of the fixed stars, i. 155, 162, 163
      • of temporary and periodic stars, i. 156, 157
      • of the planets, i. 157, 158, 161
      • of various nebulæ, i. 158-160
• Spermatozoids of confervaceæ, i. 210
• Sphæria aquila, structure and habitat of, i. 295
• Sphæria bombarda, structure of, i. 295
• Sphæria, candle-snuff, habitat of, i. 295
• Sphæria Desmazierii, development of, i. 294
• Sphæria miliaris, characters of, i. 283
• Sphæriacei, characters and habitat of the order, i. 293
  • development of, i. 294
• Sphærobolus, force with which its sporangium is ejected, i. 273
• Sphærococcoideæ, characters of the, i. 238
• Sphærococcus coronopifolius, mode of reproduction of, i. 236, 238
• Sphærococcus, habitat of the genus, i. 239
• Sphærophorei, characters of the, i. 310
• Sphæroplea annulina, structure and reproduction of, i. 208, 209
• Sphagnei, characters of, i. 331
• Sphagnum latifolium, leaves of, i. 330
• Sphagnum, or common bog-moss, structure, fructification, and habitat of, i. 332
  • uses of, in Lapland, i. 334
• Spikenard, amount of radiant heat absorbed by the perfume of, i. 44
• Spinal cord, structure and functions of the, ii. 8
• Spines of plants, structure and formation of, i. 411
• Spirogyra, mode of reproduction of, i. 218
• Spirulina tenuissima, motions of, i. 213
• Splachnei, characters of the tribe, i. 330
• Splachnum ampullaceum, structure and habitat of, i. 331
• Splachnum vasculosum, structure and colour of, i. 330
• Spondylus gædaropus, eyes of the, ii. [235]
• Sponges, iodine found in, i. 19
• Sponges, the Carpenteria, a link between the foraminifera and the, ii. [57]
  • structure and development of, ii. [57]
  • varieties in size, structure, and habits of the marine sponges, ii. [60]
  • propagation of, ii. [60], [61]
  • structure of fresh-water sponges, ii. [61]
  • fossil sponges, ii. [62]
• Spongilla fluviatilis, structure and development, and propagation of, ii. [61]
• Spongiocarpeæ, structure and mode of propagation of, i. 237, 238
• Spores of Cryptogamia, i. 177, 178
• Sporidia, or spore-bearing cells, of Ascomycetes, i. 290
• Sporidiiferi, structure and fructification of, i. 260
  • orders of, i. 260, 261
• Sporiferi, structure and fructification of, i. 260
  • orders of, i. 260
• Sporopodium Leprieurii, ascus of, i. 300
• Spurgeworts, poisons and food supplied by the, i. 425, 426
• Squamariæ, structure and modes of propagation of, i. 237
• Squid, structure of the, ii. [245], [246]
• Squilla Desmarestii, structure of, ii. [198]
• Squilla mantis, structure of, ii. [198]
• Stamens of flowering plants, i. 379
• Starch, production of, by plants, i. 420
• Star-fishes, structure of, ii. [169]
• Stars, absorption of the heat radiated by the, by the earth’s atmosphere, i. 55
  • chemical power of the light of the, i. 55
• Stars, falling, i. 28
• Stars, fixed, constitution and spectra of the, i. 154, 155, 162, 163
  • spectra of periodic stars, i. 156
• Staurastrum, structure and development of various species of, i. 192
• Steam-engine, equivalence between the mechanical work and heat of the, as between cause and effect, i. 29
  • causes of the motive force in the, i. 29
• Steel, effect of magnetism on, i. 77
  • importance of the spectrum analysis in the manufacture of, by Bessemer’s process, i. 137, 138
• Stegobolus Berkeleianus, structure and organs of development of, i. 299
• Stelleridæ, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [169-172], [174]
• Stems of plants, structure of, i. 384, 405
• Stenochlæna, stem of, i. 339
• Stephanosphæra pluvialis, structure and development of, i. 187-189
• Stickleback, entozoön of the, ii. [145]
• Sticta, structure of the genus, i. 304
• Sticta pulmonacea, structure and habitat of, i. 304
• Stilbacei, structure and habitat of, i. 283
• Stomach, human, fungus in the, i. 275
• Stomapoda, characters of the, ii. [198]
• Stomata of plants, structure of the, i. 405, 406
• Stone-lilies, structure of, ii. [174], [175]
• Strawberry, fructification of the, i. 381
• Strombus gigas, or queen conch, shell of, ii. [234]
• Strontium, i. 3
  • one of an isomeric triad with calcium and barium, i. 105
  • red-coloured light obtained by the combustion of, i. 133
  • spectrum analysis of, i. 133
  • spectrum analysis of the rarefied vapour of, i. 142
    • effect of high temperature, i. 142, 143
• Strychnos nux vomica, fruit of, food for birds, i. 426
• Substitution, direct or indirect, the basis of the modern doctrine of equivalents, i. 104
• Succinic acid, chemical combination forming, i. 97
• Sugar, production of, in plants, i. 421
• Sugar-cane, size and structure of, i. 386
• Sulphur, i. 16
  • extensive range of affinities of, i. 16
• Sulphur: dimorphism and allotropism of, i. 16
  • combination of chlorine with sulphur, i. 20
  • atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100, 105
  • its analogous properties with selenium and tellurium, i. 105
  • spectrum analysis of, in different temperatures, i. 144
• Sulphuretted hydrogen gas, i. 16
• Sulphurous acid, amount of absorption of radiant heat by, i. 41
• Sun, probable cause of the light and heat of the, i. 28
  • probability of the periodic connection of the solar spots with magnetic phenomena, i. 30, 31
  • amount of force exerted by the sun’s light within the limits of the terrestrial atmosphere, i. 34
  • chemical action of the light of the sun, i. 56
  • effect of the opalescence of the atmosphere on the chemical power of the sun’s light, i. 57
• Sun, spectrum of the, i. 58
  • thirteen terrestrial substances in the sun’s atmosphere, i. 59
  • metals shown by M. Kirchhoff to exist in the sun, i. 151-153
  • and those proved not to exist in it, i. 154
  • the structure of the sun in some respects still a mystery, i. 164
  • the luminous gaseous atmosphere of the, i. 164
  • mottled appearance of the photosphere of the sun, i. 164, 165
  • the faculæ, i. 165
  • the red flames or protuberances round the edge during a total eclipse, i. 165
  • the solar spots, i. 166
    • their periodicity, i. 166
    • appear to be influenced by the planet Venus, i. 166
• Sun-rise and sun-set, causes of the bright tints at, i. 58
• Surirella, mode of development of, i. 202
• Synapta, structure of the genus, ii. [185]
• Synapta digitata, structure and habitat of the, ii. [185]
• Syncladei, structure of the branches of, i. 328
• Syncoryna Sarsii, structure and development of zooids of, ii. [90]
• Synthesis, in the animal and vegetable creation, i. 96

T

• Tænia, or tape-worm, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [145]
  • transformation of the young of, ii. [146].
• Tænioïdæ, characters of, ii. [144]
• Talitrus, or sand-hopper, structure of, ii. [201], [202]
• Tar, coal. See Coal tar
• Tardigrada, characters of the, ii. [161]
• Tartaric acid, chemical combination forming, i. 97
• Tea, active principle of, i. 428
• Tellurium, atomic weight of, i. 105
  • its properties analogous to those of sulphur and selenium, i. 105
• Terebella conchilega, structure of, ii. [153-155]
• Textularia, structure and habitat of the genus, ii. [41]
  • fossils of, ii. [42]
• Textularia Mayeriana, form of, ii. [28]
• Thalassicolla morum, structure of, ii. [21]
• Thalassicollæ, structure of, ii. [21]
• Thalassiophyllum Clathrus, habitat and structure of, i. 250
• Thallium, i. 3, 4
  • effect of the spectrum from an electric spark between points of, i. 64
  • atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
  • Mr. W. Crookes’s discovery of the metal so called, i. 136
  • spectrum analysis of, i. 137
  • properties of, i. 137
  • where found, i. 137
  • changes in the spectrum of, by high temperature, i. 144
• Thallus or frond, of lichens, i. 301
• Thaumantia pilosella, form and structure of, ii. [92]
  • otolites of, ii. [93]
  • mode of reproduction of, ii. [94]
• Thorinum, i. 4
• Thunder-dirt of the New Zealanders, i. 268
• Thyme, absorption of radiant heat by the perfume of, i. 44
• Timmia, leaves of, i. 330
• Tobacco, spectrum analysis of, i. 136
• Tobacco, narcotic effect of, and as a relief from hunger, i. 428
• Toluidine, property of, in producing the aniline colours, i. 122
• Toluol, constituents of, i. 121
• Topaz, oriental, i. 4
• Torula cerevisiæ, structure, development, and cell-multiplication of, i. 287
• Transparency in liquids and solids synonymous with discord, i. 36
  • causes of transparency, i. 37
• Transpiration of gases, i. 110, 114
• Tree ferns, structure of, i. 341
• Trees, constitution of the stems of, i. 174
• Tremellini, structure, habitat, and fructification of, i. 266
• Trepang, used as food, ii. [184]
• Triceratium favus, structure and habitat of, i. 199
• Triceratium genus, structure and habitat of, i. 199
• Trichodesmium erythræum, structure, habitat, and reproduction of, i. 215, 216
• Trichogastres, characters of the group, i. 267
• Trichomanes radicans, or bristle fern, structure and habitat of, i. 361
• Trichomanineæ, characters of the group, i. 345
  • characters and habitat of, i. 360, 361
• Trilobites, structure of, ii. [203]
• Tripe de Roche, structure of, i. 308
• Triphragmium dubens, spores of, i. 276
• Tripoli stone on the Rhine, of what it consists, i. 206
• Trochus granulatus, structure of, ii. [237], [238]
• Trochus zizyphinus, palate of, ii. [237]
• Truffle, structure and habitat of the, i. 292, 293
  • modes of tracing them, i. 293
  • the red, of Bath, i. 268
• Trypethelium Sprengelii, pustules and sporidia of, i. 299
• Tuberacei, characters and habitat of the order, i. 292
• Tubicola, structure of, ii. [153]
  • found in all seas, ii. [161]
• Tubipora, characters of the family of, ii. [129]
• Tubipora musica, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [130]
• Tubipora purpurea, habitat of, ii. [130]
• Tubularia, form and structure of the family, ii. [91]
  • mode of propagation of, ii. [91]
• Tulip, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 388
• Tunicata, or Ascidians, characters of, ii. [222]
  • groups of, ii. [222], et seq.
• Turbellariæ, structure of the, ii. [148]
• Turkey red, from what obtained, i. 124
• Turpentine, oil of, takes fire in chlorine gas, i. 19
• Turritopsis nutricula, larvæ of the Cunina octonaria, parasites of, ii. [100]

U

• Ulva, structure and reproduction of, i. 171, 225
• Ulva bullosa, reproduction of, i. 227
• Ulva lactuca, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 226
• Ulva latissima, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 225-227
• Ulva Linza, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 226
• Umbilicaria, structure and habitat of, i. 308
• Upas-tree of Java, causes of the virulence of, i. 426
  • fruit of, innocuous, i. 426
• Uranium, i. 4, 5
  • nitrate of, phosphorescence of, i. 67
• Uranite, yellow, fluorescent property of, i. 66
• Uredines, structure and habitat of the, i. 277
• Uredo, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 277
• Uredo candida, or Cystopus candidus, structure, habitat, and mode of reproduction of, i. 278
• Uredo linearis, the rust on the leaves and chaff scales of wheat, i. 281
• Uromyces appendiculatus, or fungus of the common bean, i. 280
• Usnea, structure of, i. 302
• Usnea melaxantha, splendour of, i. 304
• Usnea Taylori, splendour of, i. 304
• Usneæ, brilliancy and wide diffusion of the, i. 304
• Usnic acid, produced by lichens, i. 303
• Uva di mare, fruit of, i. 257

V

• Vacuum tubes, i. 78, note
  • electric discharges in, i. 78, 79
• Valvulina, structure of, ii. [37]
• Vanilla, reproduction of, i. 402
• Vapours, absorption of radiant heat by gases and vapours, i. 38
  • radiation of, equal to absorption, i. 46
• Variolaria dealbata, litmus or orchil obtained from, i. 124
• Vaucheria, character of the genus, i. 218, 224
  • structure, habitat, and modes of reproduction of, i. 218
• Vaucheria marina, structure and habitat of, i. 224
• Vaucheria sessilis, mode of reproduction of, i. 219
• Vaucheria velutina, habitat of, i. 224
• Vegetable world, microscopic structure of the, i. 167
• Vegetation, i. 167
  • effects of light and heat on, i. 168, 169
  • the primordial cell, the universal framework or skeleton of the vegetable world, i. 170, 172
  • formation of cellular tissue, i. 171, 173
  • fibro-vascular bundles constituting the wood of trees, i. 173
    • the vascular ducts, i. 73
    • the pitted tissue, i. 174
    • the woody fibre, i. 174
      • sclerogen, i. 175
  • the laticiferous vessels, or vasa propria, i. 176, 177
  • seeds and spores, i. 177
  • cycles of existence in the vegetable world, i. 178, 186
  • variation of marine vegetation, horizontally and vertically with the depth, i. 258
  • instance of mechanical power exerted by vegetable matter, i. 269
  • seeds brought to Europe by the great Atlantic currents, i. 355
  • gradual changes of structure from the lowest to the highest cryptogamic forms, i. 375
    • reproduction and fructification, i. 376, 377
  • general structure of flowering plants, i. 378
    • calyx and corolla, i. 378
    • stamens and pollen, i. 379
    • pistil, ovary, and style, i. 380
    • fructification, i. 381
  • monocotyledonous, or endogenous plants, their structure, growth, and reproduction, i. 383
    • the earliest dawn of plant life, as shown in the colourless protoplasm of the grasses, i. 387
    • bulbous plants, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 388
    • orchids, their structure and fructification, i. 389
  • dicotyledonous, or exogenous plants, i. 404-428
    • seeds, i. 404
    • stems, i. 405
    • stomata, i. 405, 406
    • bark, i. 406, 407
    • cambium, i. 407
    • wood, i. 408
    • roots, i. 409
    • leaves, i. 410
    • buds, spines, and hairs, i. 411
    • protoplasm, i. 412
    • chemical elements of vegetable matter, i. 413
    • sap and sap motion, i. 415-417
    • inhalation and exhalation of oxygen, i. 416, 417
    • latex, i. 417
      • milk vessels, i. 418
    • chemical functions, i. 419
      • cellulose, i. 419, 420
      • starch, i. 420
      • sclerogen, or colouring matter of wood, i. 421
      • sugar, i. 421
      • oils, resins, and wax, i. 422, 423
      • albumen, fibrin, and casein, i. 423
      • raphides, i. 424
      • milk sap, i. 425
      • colouring matter of flowers, chemical nature of, i. 428, 429
    • water secreted by plants night and morning, i. 429
    • electricity developed by plants and flowers, i. 430
    • irritability of the tissues of plants, i. 430
      • light the most universal and important exciting cause in the vegetable world, i. 431
• Velella spirans, structure and modes of locomotion and reproduction of, ii. [114-116]
  • food of, ii. [116]
  • habitat of, ii. [117]
• Velellidæ, characters of the order, ii. [111], [114]
• Venus, the planet, spectrum of, i. 158, 162
• Veratrum album, or white hellebore, poisonous alkaloid of, i. 427
• Verrucariei, structure of, i. 310
• Verrucaria muralis, structure and habitat of, i. 310
• Verrucaria variolosa, structure and development of, i. 299, 300
• Vibrissea, motions of the sporidia in, i. 292
• Vibrios found in dust from Egypt, ii. [65]
  • agents in the decomposition of organic matter, ii. [66], [67]
  • difference between vibrios and mycoderms, ii. [66]
  • extreme tenacity of life of the vibrios, ii. [67]
• Vine, fungus constituting the mildew of the, i. 295, 297
• Vinegar plant, fungus producing the, i. 288
• Virgularia juncea, ii. [129]
• Virgularia mirabilis, mode of reproduction of, ii. [129]
• Virgulariæ, structure and mode of reproduction of the, ii. [129]
• Vis viva, or impetus, i. 26, 27
  • heat generated by, i. 27
  • combustion, a case of, i. 30
• Vittarieæ, characters of the group, i. 356
• Volatility of a compound, law of, i. 22
• Voltaic battery, i. 31
• Voltaic electricity. See Electricity
• Volvocineæ, structure and reproduction of, i. 187, 189
• Volvox globator, structure and development of, i. 189
• Vorticella nebulifera, diversity of their reproductive powers, ii. [75], [76]
• Vorticellæ, structure of the, ii. [76]
  • food of, and mode of taking it, ii. [76], [77]
  • mode of reproduction of, ii. [77]
• Vulpinic acid, whence obtained, i. 303