Artificial Light: Its Influence upon Civilization

by Matthew Luckiesh

• Babylon, [39]
• Bacteria: effect of artificial light upon, [272] et seq.; [281], [282]
• Bailey, Prof. L. H., [250]
• Baltimore, [98]
• Bamboo: carbon filaments, [169]
• Bartholdi, [302], [303]
• Beacons. See Lighthouses.
• Beck, [186]
• Beecher, [72]
• Beeswax, [35], [51]
• Benzene, [106]
• Bible, cited on importance of artificial light, [42]-[44]
• "Bluebird, The," Maeterlinck, [9]
• Blue-prints, [261]
• Bollman, [98]
• Bolton, von, [132], [133]
• Bombs, illuminating, [182] et seq.
• Boston Light, [164], [165], [166], [177]
• Bowditch, production of regenerative lamp by, [78], [79]
• Boy Scouts, [17]
• Bremer, [120]
• Bristol University, [252]
• Brush, [68], [159]
• Building, [8]
• Bunsen, [81], [85], [89], [148], [149]
• Bureau of Mines: cited on open flames, [234]; [236]
• Burning-glasses, [19], [20].
  • See also Lenses.
• Butylene, [106]
• Byzantium, [34]

• Cæsar, [163]
• Canada, [254]
• Candle-hour, defined, [215]
• Candles: progress and, [7]; [25], [28], [29], [30], [33];
  • religious uses of, [34], [35];
  • as a modern light-source, [36], [37];
  • ceremonial uses of, [38] et seq.; [44], [48], [57], [82], [97], [222], [299], [304]
• Calcium, [107], [108]
• Carbolic acid, [106]
• Carbon: [53], [80], [81];
  • physical characteristics of, [80], [81]; [90], [104], [105], [128], [129], [144], [170]
• Carbon filament: [127] et seq.;
  • preparation of, [129], [130], [131];
  • luminous efficiency of, [131], [132];
  • lamps, [161];
  • lamps in greenhouses, [250] et seq.
• Carbons, formation of, [115], [116]
• Carbureted hydrogen, [75]
• Carcel, invention of clockwork lamp by, [54], [55]
• Cat-gut, [130]
• Ceria, [85], [101]
• Charleston, S. C., [185]
• Charcoal: [113];
  • uses of, for electrodes, [115]
• Chartered Gas Light and Coke Co., London, [74]
• Chemistry: artificial light and, [256]-[268]
• Chicago, [62], [304], [305]
• Chimneys, [54], [60], [62]
• China, [19], [31], [32]
• Chlorate of potash, [22]
• Christ, [33], [46], [47]
• Christians, "children of light," [42]
• Christmas trees, [43], [304]
• Chromium, [294]
• Church of England, [49]
• Cities: economy of artificial lighting in congested, [13]
• Civilization: effect of artificial light upon, [4] et seq.;
  • fire and, [15]
• Clark, Parker and, [139]
• Clayton, Dr.: invention of portable gas-light by, [64];
  • quoted, [64], [65];
  • experiments of, with coal-gas, [67]
• Claude, [147]
• Cleaves, Dr., quoted, [276], [277]
• Clegg, Samuel: [74];
  • gas-lighting accomplishments of, [75], [76]
• Cleveland, [159]
• "Clouds, The," Aristophanes, [19]
• Coal: [32];
  • as a light-source, [55];
  • supply, [223]; [228]
• Coal-gas: [63] et seq.;
  • public lighting by, developed, [70] et seq.;
  • analytical production of, [103], [104];
  • yield of, retort (table), [105];
  • analysis of, [106]
• Coal-mines, [234] et seq.
• Cobalt, [294]
• Coke, [68], [105]
• Cologne, [157], [158]
• Colomb, Philip, [197]
• Color: [9];
  • relation of artificial light to, [284] et seq.
• Colza, [31], [52], [167]
• Combustion, [82] et seq.
• Commerce, [8], [97]
• Constantine, [42]
• Copper, [262], [295]
• Cornwall, [63]
• Cotton: [101];
  • carbon filaments, [129], [130]
• Cromartie, [78]
• Crookes, [90], [146]
• Crosley, Samuel, improvement of gas-meter by, [76]
• Crusies, [32]

• Daguerre, [258]
• Dancing, [346]
• Davy, Sir Humphrey: [33], [68], [73];
  • first use by, of charcoal for sparking points, [112];
  • notes of, on electric arc, [113]; [114]
• Daylight, artificial, [12]: [284] et seq.;
  • application of, [287]
• Daylighting, [12]-[14]
• Dollond, [195]
• Doty, [61], [167]
• Drake, Col. E. L., discovery of oil in Pennsylvania by, [56]
• Drummond, Thomas: [171], [185], [196];
  • quoted on signaling, [197]
• Dudgeon, Miss, [251], [252]
• Dyes, [256], [265]

• East Indies, [29]
• Eddystone Light, [166], [167]
• Edison: and problem of electric incandescent filament lamps, [128] et seq.; [129];
  • quoted on birth of incandescent lamp, [130]
• Edward I, [274]
• Edward VI, [49]
• Efficiency, effect of artificial light upon, [14]
• Eggs: relation of artificial light to production of, [247], [248]
• Egypt: [31];
  • sacredness of light in ancient, [39]; [153], [195]
• Electric filament: [81], [127] et seq.:
  • approximate value of, lamps (table), [138]
• Electric pile: construction of, [111]; [127]
• Electricity: [13], [22];
  • as a light-source, [57];
  • for home-lighting, [62], [84]; [87], [89];
  • ignition of gas by, [102];
  • lighting by, [109] et seq.
• Electromagnetic waves, [68], [86], [87]
• Electromagnets, [114], [116]
• Electrodes, [113], [114], [115] et seq.;
  • life of, [122]
• Elizabeth, Queen, [274]
• England: [32];
  • petroleum discovered in, [56];
  • gas-lighting in, [63] et seq.; [166], [251], [274]
• Erbia, [85]
• Esquimaux: [18];
  • use of artificial light by, [31]
• Ethylene, [106]

• Factories: [13];
  • artificial light in, [239] et seq.
• Faraday, [113]
• Filaments, carbon, [129] et seq.
• Finsen: [273], [274], [275];
  • on stimulating action of artificial light, [277]; [279], [280]
• Fire: importance of, to man, [5] et seq.;
  • man's dependence upon, [15];
  • mythical origin of, [16];
  • making, [17] et seq.;
  • production of, in the stone age, [18];
  • in early civilization, [19];
  • ancient worship of, [29], [299]
• Fireflies: [24], [81], [96], [148], [149], [150]
• "First Men in the Moon, The," H. G. Wells, cited, [148]
• Fish: artificial light as bait for, [249]
• Flame-arcs, [120], [121], [122], [187]
• Flames: [86], [88], [89];
  • open, [233], [234] et seq.
• Flint, [33]
• Fool's gold, [18]
• Fort Wagner, [185]
• France: lamps in, [55];
  • early gas-light in, [72]
• Franchot, invention of moderator lamps by, [55]
• Frankland, [77]
• Franklin, Benjamin: [165];
  • quoted, [210]-[212]; [213]
• Fresnel, [167], [196]
• Friction, [16], [17]

• Gas: [13], [22];
  • discovery of coal, [32], [33];
  • early uses of, as light-source, [63] et seq.;
  • installment of, pipes in England, [63], [64];
  • Shirley's report on Natural, [66], [67];
  • first public display of, lighting, [69];
  • cost of, lighting, [71];
  • first attempt at industrial, lighting, [72];
  • first English, company, [74];
  • first, explosion, [75];
  • house, lighting, [76], [77]; [80], [82];
  • spectrum of, [90];
  • modern, lighting industry, [97] et seq.;
  • origin of lighting by, [98];
  • first, works in America, [98];
  • growth of, consumption in United States, [99];
  • electrical ignition applied to, lighting, [102];
  • pressure, [102], [103];
  • water, [105];
  • carbons in, [106];
  • production of Pintsch, [109], [110];
  • salts applied to, flames, [120]; [157];
  • Census Bureau figures on cost of, plants, [221], [222]; [224], [341]
• Gas-burners: [63], [64], [77];
  • candle-power of pioneer (table), [79];
  • improvements in, [84]
• Gas-mantle: [61], [81];
  • influence of, [99];
  • characteristics of, [100] et seq.; [187]
• Gas-meter, Clegg's, [76]
• Gasolene: lamps, [55]; [57]
• Gassiot, [114]
• Gauss, [196]
• Geissler, [146]
• General Electric Company, [132], [135], [136]
• Germany: development of lamps in, [56];
  • early gas-lighting in, [72]
• Glass, [195], [290] et seq.
• Glowers, [139]
• Glow-worms, [24]
• Glycerides, [52]
• Gold, [293]
• Gout, [275]
• Gramme dynamo, [117]
• Grass: [18];
  • carbon filaments, [129]
• Greece: [39];
  • sacred lamps in ancient, [41]; [42]
• Greenhouses, carbon-filament lamps in, [250] et seq.

• Hall of Fame, [134]
• Happiness, effect of artificial light upon, [14]
• Hayden and Steinmetz, [253]
• Health, artificial light in relation to, [269]-[283]
• Helium, [89]
• Hemig, [155]
• Hemp, [21]
• Henry, William, [75]
• Herodotus, [56]
• Hertz, [68]
• Hertzian waves, [271]
• Hewitt, Cooper, produces mercury-arcs, [124], [125]
• Home: artificial light in relation to, [6];
  • lighting, [325] et seq.
• Hindu: light in, ceremonials, [40]
• Hudson-Fulton Celebration, [306]
• Huygens, [195]
• Hydrocarbons, [82]
• Hydrogen, [81]

• Illiteracy, artificial light and, [9]
• Invention, [7], [97]
• Iowa, [238]
• Iridium, [129]
• Iron, [18], [262], [294]
• Iron pyrites, [18]
• Italy, [249]

• Jablochkov: electric candle of, [117]
• Jamaica, [19]
• Jandus, [118], [122]
• Japan: [19];
  • use of oil in, [30]; [281]
• Jerusalem, [43]
• Jews: artificial light among, [40]
• Journal, Paris, quoted, [210]-[212]

• Kerosene: [57];
  • weight of, lumens, [60]; [62], [187], [233]
• Kitson, platinum-gauze mantle applied by, [61]