Artificial Light: Its Influence upon Civilization

by Matthew Luckiesh

• Laboratories: achievements of, [137]
• Lamps: [16], [25];
  • Roman, [30]; [31];
  • invention of safety, [33];
  • ancient funereal, [39];
  • sacred, of antiquity, [41];
  • ceremonial, [44];
  • scientific development of oil, [51] et seq.;
  • Holliday, [55];
  • Carcel, [54], [55];
  • Franchot's moderator, [55];
  • gasolene, [55];
  • development of, in Germany, [56];
  • air pressure, [61];
  • supremacy of oil, ends, [62];
  • Bowditch's, [77], [78]; [80], [97];
  • mercury-arc, [126];
  • electric incandescent filament, [127] et seq.;
  • gem, [132];
  • tungsten, [133] et seq.;
  • luminous efficiency (table) of incandescent filament, [141]; [299];
  • in home, [328]-[333]
• Lange, [167]
• Lard-oil, [51]
• Lavoisier, [195]
• Lead, [262], [294]
• Le Bon, [72]
• "Legend of Montrose, The," Scott, cited on primitive lighting, [27]
• Leigh, Edmund, quoted, [226]
• Lenses, [20], [171] et seq.
• Libanius, quoted, [153], [154]
• Liberty, Statue of, [301], [302], [303]
• Libraries, [9]
• Light: relation of artificial, to progress, [3] et seq.;
  • as a civilizing agency, [3]-[14];
  • primitive man and artificial, [4];
  • Milton, quoted on importance of, [5];
  • artificial, and science, [7];
  • artificial, and industrial development, [8];
  • Maeterlinck's tribute to, [9];
  • Lincoln's debt to artificial, [9];
  • symbolism of, [9], [10];
  • therapy, [10];
  • in war, [11];
  • adaptations of, [12]; [13];
  • mythical origin of artificial, [16];
  • earliest source of, [16];
  • production of, in stone age, [18];
  • matches as source of, [21];
  • animals as, sources, [24], [25];
  • primitive sources of, [24]-[37];
  • evolution of artificial, sources, [24]-[37];
  • development, [28] et seq.;
  • early outdoor use of artificial, [28];
  • Roman uses of artificial, [30];
  • beginning of scientific, [33], [34];
  • candles as modern, source, [36], [37];
  • symbolism and religious uses of, [38] et seq.;
  • Bible cited on artificial, [42]-[44];
  • in relation to worship, [43], [45], [46];
  • Argand's contribution to, [53], [54];
  • coal as, source, [55];
  • early uses of gas as, source, [63] et seq.;
  • as a public utility, [70];
  • first installation of industrial gas, [72];
  • science of, production, [80] et seq.;
  • causes of, radiation, [80], [81]; [83];
  • lime, [84]; electric, [89] et seq.;
  • principle of, production, [90], [91];
  • sources, [93];
  • various gas-burners', supply, [95];
  • relative efficiency of, sources, [95], [96];
  • in the home, [97];
  • influence of, upon science, invention, and commerce, [97] et seq.;
  • yield of acetylene, [106], [107];
  • electric, [109];
  • influence of gas upon development of artificial, [110];
  • development of artificial, [111] et seq.;
  • efforts to improve color of mercury-arc, [125];
  • electric-incandescent-filament, [127] et seq.;
  • effect of tungsten, upon, [133] et seq.;
  • of the future, [143]-[152];
  • in warfare, [178]-[193];
  • signaling, [194]-[207];
  • cost of, [208]-[224];
  • and safety, [225] et seq.;
  • improper use of, [229], [230];
  • comparison of daylight and artificial, [240];
  • reducing action of, [258];
  • bactericidal action of, [272] et seq.;
  • modifying, [284] et seq.;
  • spectacular uses of, [298]-[309];
  • expressiveness of, [310]-[324];
  • utility of modern, [325]-[340];
  • evolution of the art of applying, [341]-[356];
  • mobile, [347], [348], [349], [350];
  • psychological effect of, [351] et seq.;
  • as an accompaniment to music, [352]-[354]
• Light-buoys, [10], [169]
• Lighthouses: [10], [163]-[177];
  • optical apparatus of, [172] et seq.
• Light-ships, [10], [169]
• Lighting-systems: comparison of, [12]-[14]
• Lime, [84], [107], [108], [294]
• Lincoln, Abraham, [9]
• Linen, [18]
• Link-buoys, [28]
• Lithopone, [265], [266]
• Liverpool, [167]
• Living: comparison of, standards, [238] et seq.
• London, [152], [154], [155], [156], [157], [202]
• London Gas Light and Coke Company, [74]
• Lucigen, [61]
• Lumen-hour: defined, [215]
• Lumens: [60], [94], [215]
• Lutheran Church, [49]
• Lyceum Theatre, London, [73]

• Maeterlinck, Maurice, [9]
• Magazines, [8]
• Magdsick, H. H., [303]
• Magnesia: [84];
  • Nernst's application of, [138]
• Magnesium, [179], [180]
• Magnetite arc, [187]
• Man: distinction between, and animal, [3];
  • artificial light and early, [4];
  • light-sources of primitive, [25]
• Manganese, [262], [268], [294]
• Mangin, [188]
• Mann, [129]
• Mantles, [95]
• Manufacturing, [8]
• Marconi, [68]
• Marks, [118]
• Matches: as light-sources, [21]; [22], [82]
• Maxwell, [68]
• Mazda lamps, [289], [339]
• Mecca, [40]
• Mediterranean Sea, [163]
• Mercury-arc: Way's, [124]; [125], [126];
  • quartz, [125], [126];
  • attempts to improve color of, light, [125]
• Middle Ages, [46], [47], [274]
• Milton, quoted, [5]
• Mirror, [19]
• Mohammedans, [40]
• Moore, Dr. McFarlan, [146], [147]
• Morality, effect of light upon, [9]
• Morse code: application of, to light-signaling, [198], [199]
• Moses, [195]
• Moving-pictures, [9], [260], [261]
• Munich, [72]
• Murdock, William: installment of gas-pipes by, [63]; [68], [69], [70];
  • quoted on industrial use of artificial, [71]; [72], [73], [74], [76], [78], [217], [309]
• Museums: [13];
  • utilization of artificial light by, [322], [323]
• Music: light as an accompaniment to, [352]-[354]
• Mythology, [16]

• Nantes, [85]
• Napoleon, [111]
• Napthalene, [106]
• National Heat and Light Co., [72], [74]
• Natural gas, [99]
• Navesink Light, [206]
• Nernst, [138], [139]
• Newspapers, [8]
• Newton, Sir Isaac: [7];
  • quoted on discovery of visible spectrum, [87]; [88]
• New York, [98], [165], [166], [206], [302], [304]
• Niagara Falls, [108], [306]
• Nickel, [262]
• Nielson, [77]
• Niepce, [258]
• Niter, [21]
• Nitrogen, [137]
• Norfolk, [169]

• Obesity, [275]
• Offices, [13]
• Oil: as a light-source, [29] et seq.;
  • development of, lamps, [51] et seq.; [155];
  • in lighthouse, [165] et seq.; [222], [224], [299]
• O'Leary, Mrs., and her lamp, [62]
• Olive-oil, [51], [52], [167]
• Orkney Islands, [29], [177]
• Osmium, [133]
• Oxygen: relative consumption of, by oil-lamps, [58], [59]; [262]
• Ozone, [262]

• Painting, [342], [343], [347], [348], [349]
• Pall Mall, [74]
• Panama-Pacific Exposition: [304];
  • artificial lighting of, [306], [307], [308], [309]
• Paper: [18];
  • carbon filaments, [129], [130]
• Paraffin, [35], [57]
• Parker and Clark, [139]
• Paris: experimental gas-lighting in, [83], [84];
  • Volta in, [111]; [154], [185], [210], [212], [213]
• Peckham, John, [195]
• Pennsylvania: discovery of oil in, [56]
• Periodic Law, [145]
• Petroleum: [35], [51], [55];
  • discovery of, [56];
  • constitution of crude, [57]; [58], [214]
• Pharos, [163]
• Philadelphia, [98], [99], [157]
• Phillips and Lee, [70], [72]
• "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London," [33];
  • quoted on industrial lighting, [63];
  • Shirley's report on natural gas in, [66], [67];
  • quoted, [87]
• Phœnicians, [34], [39]
• Phosphorus, [21]
• Photo-micrography, [12]
• Photography: [126];
  • early experiments in, [258];
  • development of, [259]; [291], [292]
• Picric acid, [106]
• Pigments, [265]
• Pintsch: production of, gas, [109], [110], [170]
• Pitch, [106]
• Plant-growth: artificial light and, [11], [249] et seq.
• Platinum, [85], [128], [129], [262]
• Plumbago, [113], [130]
• Plymouth, [166]
• Poetry, [346]
• Police, [162]
• Potash, chlorate of, [22]
• Priestley, Professor, quoted, [252]
• Printing, [8]
• Progress: influence of fire upon, [15] et seq.
• Prometheus, [16], [41]
• Propylene, [106]
• Ptolemy II, [163]

• Quartz: [18], [19];
  • mercury-arcs, [125];
  • uses of, [126];
  • in skin diseases, [278], [279]

• Radiators, energy, [88] et seq.
• Radium, [150]
• Railway Signal Association, [205]
• Railways: light-signaling applied to, [205]
• Ramie fiber, [101]
• Rane, [250], [251]
• Rare-earth oxides: [85];
  • properties of, [88], [99]
• Recreation, [9]
• Redruth, [63]
• Reformation: ceremonial uses of light during the, [48], [49]
• Rheumatism, [275]
• Robins, Benjamin, [201]
• Rome, [30], [32], [34], [39], [41], [42], [44]
• Röntgen, [270], [280].
  • See also X-ray.
• Royal Society of London: [33], [63], [66], [67], [70], [73];
  • and first gas explosion, [75], [111], [112]
• Rumford, [167]
• Rushlights, [28], [33]
• Russia, [281]
• Ryan, W. D'A., [306]

• Safety: artificial light in relation to, [14], [225] et seq.
• Salts: chemical, [88], [89];
  • metallic, [120];
  • silver, [257], [258]
• Sandy Hook Light, [165], [166]
• San Francisco, [304], [306]-[309]
• Savages, [3], [15], [17]
• Sawyer, [129]
• Scheele, K. W., [133];
  • quoted, [257], [258]
• Schools, [9]
• Science: light and, [6], [7]; [97];
  • systematized, [268]
• Scotland: [26], [31], [32], [48];
  • oil industry in, [56]
• Scott, Sir Walter, cited, [27], [98]
• Sculpture: artificial light in relation to, [184]
• Search-lights, [11], [169]
• Section of Plant Protection, [225], [226]
• Selenium, [267], [293]
• Semaphore, [199]
• Shells: illuminating, [179] et seq.
• Shirley, Thomas: quoted on natural gas, [66], [67]
• Siemens, [78]
• Signaling, [194]-[207]
• Silicon: filament, [140]
• Silk: artificial, [101];
  • carbon-filaments, [129]
• Simpson, R. E., [227], [231]
• Silver, [258], [293]
• Skin diseases: treatment of, [278], [279], [280]
• Skylights, [13]
• Sleep, [8]
• Smallpox, [274], [275]
• Smeaton, [166]
• Soho, [69], [72]
• South Africa, [129]
• Sparks: [33], [125]
• Spectrum: visible, [86];
  • Newton quoted on, [87];
  • of elements, [89];
  • of gases, [90]; [120], [121];
  • mercury, [124]-[126]
• Sperm, [31], [51], [52], [167]
• Spermaceti, [35], [51]
• Splinter-holders, [27], [28]
• Stage: and artificial light, [319] et seq.; [343]
• Staite, [117], [118]
• Stearine, [35], [52]
• Stearn, [129]
• Steel, [18], [33]
• Steinmetz, Hayden and, [253]
• Sterilization: quartz-mercury-arc and, [280], [281], [282]
• Stevenson, Robert Louis, quoted, [177]
• Stores, [13]
• St. Paul, [43]
• St. Paul's Cathedral, [300]
• Street-lighting: development of, [152]-[162]
• Sugar, [22]
• Sulphide of iron, [18]
• Sulphur, [18], [21], [179], [180], [294]
• Sulphuric acid, [21], [22]
• Sun, [8], [16], [19], [20]
• Swan, [129]
• Syracuse, [19]
• Syria, [153]

• Tallow, [34], [35], [51], [52]
• Tantalum: [132];
  • filament lamps, [133]
• Tar, [68], [106]
• Telegraphy, [195]
• Telephony, [194]
• Textiles, [256]
• Thames, [169]
• Theaters, [9], [319] et seq.
• Thoria, [85]
• Tin, [262]
• Tinder-boxes, [18], [19], [22]
• Travelers Insurance Company, [227]
• Trees, [26]
• Troy, [42]
• Tuberculosis, [273]
• Tungsten lamp, [161] et seq., [187], [261], [290], [303]
• Typhus, [273]

• Ultra-violet rays: [126], [150];
  • in photographic electricity, [267], [268]; [270], [272], [294]
• United States: petroleum in, [57];
  • gas-consumption in, [99]; [164], [165], [166]
• United States Geological Survey, cited on sale of gas, [222]
• United States Military Intelligence, [225], [226]