Integration of the Armed Forces, 1940-1965

by Morris J. MacGregor

Concerning the rise of the civil rights movement itself, the reader would be advised to consult C. Vann Woodward's masterful The Strange Career of Jim Crow, 3d ed. rev. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1974), and the two volumes composed by Gesell Committee member Benjamin Muse, Ten Years of Prelude: The Story of Integration Since the Supreme Court's 1954 Decision (New York: The Viking Press, 1964), and The American Negro Revolution: From Nonviolence to Black Power, 1963-1967 (Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1968). Important aspects of the civil rights movement and its influence on American servicemen are discussed by Jack Greenberg in Race Relations and American Law (New York: Columbia University Press, 1959) and Eli Ginzberg, The Negro Potential (New York: Columbia University Press, 1956).

Finally, many of the documents supporting the history of the integration of the armed forces, including complete transcripts of the Fahy Committee hearings and the Conference on Negro Affairs, have been compiled by the author and Bernard C. Nalty in the multivolumed Blacks in the United States Armed Forces: Basic Documents (Wilmington: Scholarly Resources, 1977).

Index

Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md., [605].
Action Coordinating Committee to End Segregation in the Suburbs (ACCESS), [601], [601][n].
Adler, Julius Ochs, [314].
Advisory Committee on Negro Troop Policies (McCloy Committee), [34]-35, [39], [41]-43, [45], [56], [123].
Advisory Commission on Universal Training (Compton Commission), [303].
Ailes, Stephen, [574].
Air Force Times, [411].
Air forces
Second, [273];
Third, [273];
Fourth, [273];
Ninth, [282].
Air Training Command, [402], [405].
Air Transport Command, [273].
Air Transport Wing, 1701st, [411].
Airborne Division, 82d, [190]-92, [200].
Alaskan Command, integration of, [452].
Alaskan Department, [190], [197].
Alexander, Sadie T. M., [294], [302][n].
Almond, Lt. Gen. Edward M., [134], [135], [440]-41.
American Civil Liberties Union, [246], [418].
American Legion, [225].
American Veterans Committee, [321], [503], [518], [521].
Anderson, Robert B., [421]-23, [484]-86.
Andrews Air Force Base, Md., [604]-05.
Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith, [492], [521].
Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, 3d (USMC), [269].
Antilles Department, [190].
Arkansas A&M Normal College, [571].
Armed forces, Negroes in before 1940, [3]-8.
Armed Forces Qualification Test, [394]-95, [523], [573],
See also [Intelligence levels and test scores].
Armies
First, [53];
Sixth, [453];
Seventh, [53], [210]-11, [390], [452];
Eighth, [208]-10, [430], [433]-34, [436]-39, [442]-47.
Armored Division, 2d, [200].
Armored Field Artillery Battalion, 58th, [445].
Armstrong, Lt. Comdr. Daniel, [67].
Army Air Forces
efficiency, military, and segregation in, [26]-30, [271]-79;
enlistment practices, [276];
manpower shortages, black, [271]-72;
morale in, [273]-74;
officer training schools, integration of, [275];
officers, black, [27]-30, [272]-73;
postwar assignments, [140]-41, [159]-60, [195], [197], [272];
quotas, [180]-81, [183];
racial policies, 1940-1947, [27]-30, [271]-79;
training in, [271], [274]-76.
Army Forces, Pacific, [179].
Army General Classification Test (AGCT), [24]-25, [31], [55][n], [137]-38, [203]-04, [215]-16, [617]-18,
See also [Intelligence levels and test scores].
Army Ground Forces, [180], [189];
and assignments, [194]-95, [197];
and postwar location of training camps, [223]-24;
and postwar use of black troops, [139]-40, [160].
Army Groups, 6th and 12th, [52]-53.
Army Service Forces, [42];
and postwar quotas, [181], [190];
and postwar use of black troops, [138]-39, [160]-61.
Army Talk, [170], [226].
Arnold, Maj. Gen. Henry H., [27], [271], [274].
Assignments, Air Force postwar, [277]-79;
and reassignments during integration, [402]-04, [410].
Assignments, armed forces
and civilian community attitudes, [37], [223]-24, [262]-65, [467]-68;
and embassy and special mission, [467], [577]-78;
and occupational distribution, [523]-26, [572]-73;
and overseas restrictions, [38], [179], [385]-89.
Assignments, Army
and Fahy Committee, [368]-71;
and Korean War, [433]-34;
postwar, [194]-98;
in World War II, [33]-34, [37]-38, [43]-44, [51]-54.
Assignments, Coast Guard, [114]-17.
Assignments, Marine Corps
and 1951 integration order, [466]-68;
postwar, [173], [253]-57, [261]-66, [335]-38;
in World War II, [104], [106]-10.
Assignments, Navy
postwar, [244]-45;
in World War II, [72]-75, [77]-78, [84]-86, [96].
Attitudes, change in toward Negroes, [229]-30, [447], [614].
Attorney General, [587], [589].
Availability of Facilities to Military Personnel, The, [512]-15.

Bainbridge Naval Training Center, Md., [73], [77], [92], [243].
Baker, Newton D., [46]-47.
Baldwin, Hanson W., [164], [317].
Bard, Ralph A., [59], [62]-63, [144].
Bare, Maj. Gen. Robert O., [467]-68.
Barr, Col. John E., [280]-81.
Base Service Squadron, 3817th, [404].
Battle Mountain, Korea, [436].
Bayonne, N.J. (naval shipyard), [263]-64.
Bennett, L. Howard, [559][n], [603].
Benton, William, [392][n].
Berthoud, 2d Lt. Kenneth H., Jr., [472].
Bethune, Mary McLeod, [302][n].
Biggs Air Force Base, Texas, [494].
Billikopf, Jacob, [314].
Blood banks, segregated, [36].
Blytheville, Ark., [498].
Bolte, Maj. Gen. Charles L., [194].
Bombardment Group, 477th, [29]-30, [271], [275].
Bradley, General Omar N., [55], [188];
and Fahy Committee, [350]-51, [410];
and a segregated Army, [228]-29, [317]-18, [321], [326].
Branch, 2d Lt. Frederick, [266].
Bremerhaven, Germany, [129].
Broad, Stuart, [559][n].
Brookley Air Force Base, Ala., [512].
Brooks, Lt. Gen. Edward H., [432].
Brown, Edgar G., [49].
Brown, Ens. Jessie, [246].
Brown, John Nicholas, [242], [249], [329]-30, [331].
Brown, Ens. Wesley A., [246], [414].
Brown v. Board of Education, [323], [476], [586].
Brownell, Herbert, Jr., [480].
Browning, Charles, [302][n].
Bull, Maj. Gen. Harold R., [326], [331].
Buress, Maj. Gen. Withers A., [429][n].
Burgess, Carter L., [494].
Burley, Dan, [302][n].
Burns, Maj. Gen. James H., [387].
Byrd, Robert C., [551].

Caffey, Brig. Gen. Benjamin F., [194].
Calypso, [114].
Camp Barry, Ill., [67].
Camp Campbell, Ky., [327].
Camp Geiger, N.C., [269].
Camp Hanford, Wash., [481].
Camp Lejeune, N.C., [255], [259].
Camp Perry, Va., [148].
Camp Robert Smalls, Ill., [67], [68], [77].
Campbell, [116].
Career Guidance Program (War Department), [198]-99.
Carey, James B., [295][n].
Caribbean Defense Command, [190].
Carlton, Sgt. Cornelius H., [440].
Cates, General Clifton B., [334]-36, [461]-62.
Cavalry Division, 2d, [31]-33, [135][n], [192], [439].
Cavalry regiments, 9th and 10th, [4], [30]-31, [33], [192], [454].
Cemeteries, national, [224]-25.
Chamberlain, Col. Edwin W., [31]-32.
Chamberlin, Lt. Gen. Stephen J., [429].
Chamberlin Board, [429]-30, [432], [440].
Charleston, S.C. (shipyard), [485], [486].
Charyk, Joseph V., [563].
Chemung, [86].
Cherokee, Charlie, [316].
Chicago Defender, [316], [408].
Chicago Tribune, [41].
Chief of Staff.
See [Eisenhower], General of the Army Dwight D.
Chile, [38].
China, [179], [385].
Ch'ongch'on River line, [434].
Civil Rights Act of 1964, [554], [587]-88, [590], [595].
Civil rights demonstrations, participation of servicemen in, [514]-16, [541].
Civil rights legislation (1964-1966), [477], [554], [586]-90, [595], [610]-12.
Civil rights movement, [608];
and armed forces before World War II, [13]-16;
and armed forces during World War II, [18]-19, [23], [56], [123]-30;
and Department of Defense, [299]-309, [510]-17;
and Eisenhower, [474]-79, [485];
and Johnson, [586]-90, [602];
and Kennedy, [473], [477], [504]-07, [508]-10, [535], [537], [546], [586];
and off-base discrimination, [473], [479]-83, [500]-04;
post-World War II, [474]-79;
and postwar use of Negroes in armed forces, [129]-30, [152];
prior to World War II, [8]-13;
and Roosevelt, [8], [18]-19;
and Truman, [124], [130], [292]-97, [309]-10, [483][n], [488].
Civil Rights Subcabinet Group (1961), [506]-07.
Civilian Aide to Secretary of War for Negro Affairs.
See [Gibson], Truman K. Jr.;
[Hastie], William H.;
[Ray], Marcus H.;
[Scott], Emmett J.
Civilian communities.
See also [Committee on Equality of Opportunity in the Armed Forces] (Gesell Committee)
and assignment of black personnel, [37], [223]-24, [262]-65, [467]-68;
and off-base discrimination, [129], [473], [479]-83, [500], [606]-08, [619]-21;
and off-base discrimination overseas, [214]-15, [578];
and racial incidents, [38], [39], [393]-94, [412].
Clark, General Mark W., [133], [432]-33, [443].
Clay, Lt. Gen. Lucius D., [212].
Clifford, Clark M., [308]-11, [374], [605].
Colley, Nathaniel S., [537], [552].
Collins, General J. Lawton
and the Fahy Committee, [369]-70;
and integration of the Army, [428]-30, [431], [442], [443], [449]-51, [454], [610][n].
Combat Service Group, 2d, [269].
Command of Negro Troops, [44]-45.
Commerce, Department of, [587].
Commission of Inquiry (1948), [306]-07.
Committee Against Jim Crow in Military Service and Training, [300], [302], [390].
Committee on Civil Rights (1946), [294]-95.
Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity (1961), [506].
Committee on Equality of Opportunity in the Armed Forces (Gesell Committee), [535]-37;
conclusions of, [538]-42, [566], [577]-78;
congressional opposition to, [550]-51;
and DOD Directive 5120.36 issued, [548];
and final report, [552]-55;
and local commanders' responsibilities, [540], [542]-55, [561], [621];
and off-limits sanctions, [543]-44, [546]-47, [555], [581];
operations of, [537]-38;
reactions to, [545]-48;
recommendations of, [542]-45, [599].
Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Forces (Fahy Committee), [312]-14, [342], [616]-17;
and the Air Force, [352], [356]-57, [398], [407]-08, [411]-12;
and Army assignments, [368]-71;
and Army opposition to recommendations, [359]-62;
and Army proposals and counterproposals, [360]-68;
and Army quotas, [356], [371]-75, [429]-30;
assessment of, [375]-78;
and Department of Defense racial policy, [343]-48;
and enlistment standards, [357]-59;
and initial recommendations, [357]-58;
and military efficiency in the Army, [350]-56, [428], [613];
and the Navy, [352], [357]-58, [412], [425]-26;
purpose of, [348]-50.
Committee for Negro Participation in the National Defense Program (1938), [10].
Committee on Negro Personnel (Navy), [144]-46, [151].
Community facilities, integrated, availability of for servicemen, [512]-14.
Composite Group, 477th, [275], [278].
Composite units in the Army, [189]-93;
in the Marine Corps, [268]-69, [335].
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), [126], [478], [504].
Construction Battalion, 80th, [75].
Contract compliance program, [510][n].
Cooke, Brig. Gen. Elliot D., [212].
Crabb, Brig. Gen. Jarred V., [283].
Craig, Maj. Gen. Lewis A., [431]-32.
Craig Air Force Base, Ala., [480], [493].
Crime and disease rates, [206]-09, [219], [273].
Crisis, The, [9], [14], [66], [133].

Daniels, Jonathan, [294], [313].
Darden, Colgate, [313].
Darden, Capt. Thomas F., [76].
Davenport, Roy K., [199], [204], [352]-56, [358], [370]-72, [380], [394]-95, [535][n], [576].
Davis, Col. Benjamin O., Jr., [275], [283]-84, [286], [341], [400], [402].
Davis, Brig. Gen. Benjamin O., Sr., [19], [37], [39], [48], [53], [231].
Davis, Dowdal H., [302][n], [408].
Davis, John W., [302][n].
Dawson, Donald S., [313]-14, [316].
Dawson William L., [314].
Defense, Department of, [297]-99;
and basic regulations on equal opportunity, [564], [566];
and civil rights, [298]-308, [510]-17;
and civilian communities, [473], [479]-83, [500], [607]-08, [620]-21;
and discrimination in the services, 1950's, [473]-74, [482]-83, [500];
and discrimination within the services, 1960's, [566]-80;
and equal opportunity directive, 1963, [547]-51, [556]-57, [581], [619]-21;
and field of community race relations, [531]-35;
and integration of dependents' schools, [489]-97, [596]-99, [620];
and off-base discrimination, [500]-03, [510]-16, [583]-85;
and off-base housing, [515]-16, [584]-85, [589], [598]-606, [621];
and off-limits sanctions, [531]-34, [543]-44, [547]-48, [556]-57, [581], [604]-05, [608], [621];
and organization of a civil rights office, [558]-66;
and overseas assignments, [385]-89;
and racial designations, [380]-85, [574]-77;
and voluntary compliance programs, [581]-86, [592]-93, [602]-03, [607]-08, [621].
See also [Committee on Equality of Opportunity in the Armed Forces] (Gesell Committee);
[Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Forces] (Fahy Committee).
Defense Appropriations Act, [315].
Defense battalions
51st (Composite), [101], [108]-10;
52d, [109]-10, [262].
Denfeld, Admiral Louis E., [167]-68.
Depot companies
2d Medium [269];
7th and 8th, [111].
Dern, George H., [225].
Desegregation.
See [Integration] of the four services.
Detroit Free Press, [421]-22.
Devers, General Jacob L., [134], [165], [190]-92.
DeVoe, Lt. (jg.) Edith, [246].
DeVoto, Bernard, [126]-27.
Dewey, Thomas E., [87], [309].
Dickey, John S., [295][n].
Diggs, Charles C., Jr., [503], [520]-22, [535], [537].
Dillon, Lt. Comdr. Charles E., [76].
Dillon, Douglas, [508].
Discipline.
See [Crime and disease rates].
Discrimination, racial.
See also [Civilian communities];
[Committee on Equality of Opportunity in the Armed Forces] (Gesell Committee);
[Integration] of the four services;
[Racial policies] of the four services;
and complaints of in the 1960's, [501]-04, [510], [520]-21, [557], [571], [584]-86;
and U.S. Commission on Civil Rights study of (1963), [521]-22.
Disease rates.
See [Crime and disease rates].
District of Columbia v. John R. Thompson Co., [476].
Divine, Maj. Gen. John M., [429][n].
Divisions.
See [Airborne Division, 82d];
[Armored Division, 2d];
[Cavalry Division, 2d];
[Infantry divisions];
[Marine divisions];
[National Guard divisions, 40th and 45th].
DOD Directive 5120.36, [547]-51, [556]-57, [581], [619]-20.
Donahue, Alphonsus J., [314].
Double V campaign, [9], [17], [56].
Draper, William H., Jr., [193].
Drew, Charles R., [36].
DuBois, William E. B., [14], [124].
Dutton, Frederick G., [506], [508], [512].

Eaker, Lt. Gen. Ira C., [159]-60, [196].
Earle Naval Ammunition Depot, N.J., [254], [263]-65.
Early, Stephen, [15].
Eberstadt, Ferdinand, [298].
Ebony, [408], [412].
Eddy, Lt. Gen. Manton S., [451].
Edgewood Arsenal, Md., [605].
Education program, EUCOM, [216]-19.
Educational backgrounds, [24]-25, [67], [75], [137], [171]-72, [617]-18.
Edwards, Daniel K., [394].
Edwards, Lt. Gen. Idwal H. and continued segregation in the Air Force, [285]-89;
and integration plan of 1949, [338]-42, [352], [399]-401, [616];
and overseas restrictions, [387]
and Army postwar racial policy, [159], [176].
Efficiency, military, and segregation, [03], [152], [499], [612]-13;
in the Air Force, [270], [276]-77, [280]-81;
in the Army, [18], [20], [24]-26, [30]-34, [43], [56]-57, [350]-56, [428];
in the Marine Corps, [256], [261]-66, [334]-36;
in the Navy, [62]-63, [76]-77, [235]-37.
Eisenhower, General of the Army Dwight D., [192], [392], [451];
and the Army's racial policy, [227]-29, [307], [618];
and civil rights movement, [476]-78, [485];
and federal intervention, [473], [482], [487];
and Gillem Board Report, [162];
and integration of dependents' schools, [489]-92, [495], [497]-98;
and Negro infantry training, [051]-52.
Ellender, Allen J., [11].
Engineer Battalion, 94th, [452], [455].
Engineer Combat Company, 77th, [445].
Engineers, Chief of, [222]-23.
Eniwetok, [110].
Enlistment in armed forces, 1960's, and black indifference, [567]-69.
Enlistment practices
in the Air Force, [276], [280], [618]-19;
in the Army, [25]-26, [32], [178], [182]-84, [187]-89, [203], [430], [618]-19;
in the Coast Guard, [112], [114]-15;
in the Marine Corps, [101]-04, [107], [257]-61;
in the Navy, [66]-67, [69]-71, [167], [236], [237]-249, [421]-24, [618]-19.
Enlistment standards
and the Fahy Committee, [356]-59;
and interservice controversy over in 1948, [324]-26;
and qualitative distribution program, [394]-95, [415]-16.
Equal opportunity in the 1960's.
See also [Executive Order 9981].
in the Air Force, [561], [563];
in the armed forces
assessments of, [578]-80, [618]-22
and DOD Directive 5120.36, [546]-50, [555]-56, [580], [619]-20;
in the Army, [560]-61;
and Executive Order 10925, [505]-06, [512];
in the Marine Corps, [561] in the Navy, [560]-63.
Ernst, Morris L., [295][n].
Ethiopia and the Assignment of American servicemen, [388]-89.
Ethridge, Mark, [62]-63.
European Command, [190], [197], [209], [448][n];
and education program, [216]-19;
and integration of, [450]-53.
Evans, James C.
and DOD racial policies, [286], [299], [306]-07, [435], [457], [506][n];
and foreign assignment of Negroes, [387];
and integration of naval shipyards, [483], [486];
and new civil rights office, [558];
and off-base discrimination, [479]-80, [502], [532]-33;
and racial designations, [382], [574]-75.
Evans, Joseph, [419].
Ewing, Oscar, [309]-11, [313].
Executive Order 9980, [483].
Executive Order 9981, [291], [309]-14, [616];
and immediate effect on the Air Force, [338]-42;
and immediate effect on the Army, [318]-31;
and immediate effect on the Marine Corps, [334]-38;
and immediate effect on the Navy, [331]-34;
limitations on, [479]-483;
public reactions to, [315]-18.
Executive Order 10925, [505]-06, [512].
Executive Order 11063, [506], [517].

Fahy, Charles, [314], [348]-51, [352]-56, [360]-66, [368]-71, [376], [378][n], [410].
Fahy Committee.
See [Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Forces] (Fahy Committee).
Fair Employment Practices Commission, [16], [62]-63, [293].
Fairchild, General Muir S., [339].
Faix, Capt. Thomas L., [465].
Falgout, [426].
Far East Command, [197], [208], [210], [216], [443]-45.
Farmer, James, [478].
Fay, Paul B., Jr., [538], [541]-42, [560]-62.
Fechteler, Rear Adm. William M., [245].
Federal Housing Authority, [476]-77, [479], [601].
Ferguson, Homer, [479].
Fighter Group, 332d, [29], [275].
Fighter Squadron, 99th, [29], [428].
Fighter Wing, 332d, [282]-84, [398]-99, [408].
Finkle, Lee, [9].
Finletter, Thomas K., [384]-85.
Finucane, Charles C., [497].
Fish, Hamilton, [11]-12.
Fitt, Alfred B.
and assignments, [577]-78;
and dependents' schools, [596]-98;
and effort to attract black officer candidates, [569]-70;
as first civil rights deputy, [536][n], [551], [559]-60, [563]-64, [571][n], [579], [601];
and Gesell Committee, [546]-47;
and racial designations, [576]-77;
and voluntary action programs, [582]-83, [585]-86, [592].
Foner, Jack, [7].
Forrestal, James V., [57], [59], [345], [609];
and changes in Navy's policy, [84]-85, [87]-89, [94]-96, [98], [128]-29, [235], [244]-45, [248], [614]-15;
and Executive Order 9981, [311], [314];
and Fahy Committee, [343]-44, [356], [376];
and integration approach as Secretary of Defense, [292], [297]-99, [301]-02, [305], [307]-09, [324]-25, [327], [330];
and postwar policy aims, [144]-45, [147], [151], [166]-70.
Fort Belvoir, Va., [493], [597].
Fort Benning, Ga., [50], [216], [490].
Fort Bliss, Tex., [494].
Fort Bragg, N. C., [223].
Fort Dix, N. J., [201], [223]-24, [435]-36.
Fort George G. Meade, Md., [494], [605].
Fort Holabird, Md., [605].
Fort Hood, Tex., [514]-15.
Fort Jackson, S. C., [223]-24, [435].
Fort Knox, Ky., [201], [223], [303], [436].
Fort Leavenworth, Kans., [209]-10.
Fort Lee, Va., [434], [596].
Fort Lewis, Wash., [223].
Fort Mifflin, Pa., [264], [265].
Fort Ord, Calif., [223]-24, [435].
Fort Snelling National Cemetery, Minn., [225].
Fortas, Abe, [537].
Fowler, Maj. James D., [201]-02, [354].
Francis, H. Minton, [559][n].
Freedom to Serve, [375], [408].
Freeman, Douglas Southall, [313].
Freeman, General Paul, [578].
Freeman Field, Ind., [45], [128], [273].
Fulbright, J. William, [551].

Garrison, Lloyd K., [314].
Garvey, Marcus, [16].
German Army and segregated units, [23][n].
Gesell, Gerhard A., [535]-39, [542]-44, [547], [552]-54, [561], [604].
Gesell Committee.
See [Committee on Equality of Opportunity in the Armed Forces] (Gesell Committee).
Gibson, Truman K., Jr., [21], [41], [132], [137]-38, [141]-42, [157]-58, [163], [165], [299]-300, [302][n], [304], [310], [558][n].
Gillem, Lt. Gen. Alvan C., Jr., [153]-55, [165].
Gillem Board, [153]-54, [165]-66, [232]-33, [275], [278], [614];
and attitudes toward new policy, [163]-65;
conclusions and recommendations of, [154]-57, [161]-62, [430]-31, [437], [459];
and reactions to recommendations, [157]-61.
Gilliam, Jerry, [483].
Gillmor, Reginald E., [314].
Gilpatric, Roswell L., [510], [512]-13, [520], [532], [534], [536][n].
Ginzberg, Eli, [450]-51.
Gittelsohn, Roland B., [295][n].
Godman Field, Ky., [30], [272].
Goldwater, Barry M., [551].
Goode, James P., [498], [565].
Grafenwohr Training Center, Germany, [217].
Graham, Annie N., [267].
Graham, Frank P., [295][n], [313].
Granger, Lester B., [88], [92], [124], [169], [249]-50, [252];
and Fahy Committee, [313]-14, [371];
and inspection of black units, [147]-51;
and racial problems of Department of Defense, [301]-02, [305], [307], [324], [326], [484]-85;
and recommendations to Navy Department, [95]-98, [144]-46, [150]-51, [166]-68, [614];
and reforms in Steward's Branch, [242], [421]-22, [426];
and shortage of black officers, [245], [247].
Gravely, Lt. Comdr. Samuel L., Jr., [77], [80][n], [426].
Gray, Gordon
and Fahy Committee, [360], [362]-64, [367]-70, [373]-74;
and integration of the Army, [428]-30.
Great Britain, [037]-39.
Great Falls Air Force Base, Mont., [411].
Great Lakes Training Center, Ill., [67], [77], [79], [82], [244].
Greenland, [38], [386].
Gregg, Bishop J. W., [302][n].
Gross, H. R., [550].
Gruenther, General Alfred M., [452].
Guam
and black Marines at, [110], [150], [254]-55, [258];
and race riot at, [92]-93.
Guide to the Command of Negro Naval Personnel, [83]-84.