Integration of the Armed Forces, 1940-1965

by Morris J. MacGregor

Haas, Francis J., [295][n].
Hague, Rear Adm. W. McL., [483].
Haislip, General Wade H., [228]-29, [364], [440].
Halaby, Najeeb, [386]-87.
Hall, Lt. Gen. Charles P., [189]-92, [195].
Hall, Durward G., [550].
Hampton Institute, Va., [67]-68.
Handy, General Thomas T., [226], [450]-51.
Hannah, John A., [454]-56, [486], [489], [499].
Harper, Robert, [398].
Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections, [589].
Hastie, William H., [19]-20, [23], [30], [36], [40]-42, [49], [51], [56], [558][n].
Havenner, Franck R., [393].
Hawaii, [149], [265].
Hayes, Arthur Garfield, [306].
Healey, Capt. Michael, [113][n].
Health, Education, and Welfare, Department of, [492], [596], [598]-99.
Hebert, F. Edward, [550].
Hector, Louis, [537].
Heinz, Comdr. Luther C., [414].
Hershey, Maj. Gen. Lewis B., [70], [103], [384].
Hesburgh, Father Theodore, [505].
Hewes, Laurence I., III, [537], [543].
Hill, Maj. Gen. Jim Dan, [321]-22.
Hill, Lister, [11], [511].
Hill, T. Arnold, [9], [15].
Hillenkoetter, Capt. Roscoe H., [145].
Hingham, Mass., [264]-65.
Hobby, Oveta Culp, [491]-92.
Hodes, Maj. Gen. Henry I., [196]-97.
Holcomb, Maj. Gen. Thomas, [64], [100]-101, [105]-06.
Holifield, Chet, [381].
Holloway, Vice Adm. James L., Jr., [421]-23.
Holloway program, [246].
Holmes, John Haynes, [187].
Hope, Lt. Comdr. Edward, [250].
Hoquim, [120]-21.
Housing, off-base, [476]-77, [479], [502], [506], [584];
and Department of Defense, [516]-17, [581], [585]-86, [590], [599]-608, [621];
in Washington, D.C. area, [601]-04.
Houston, Charles H., [14], [302][n].
Huebner, Lt. Gen. Clarence R., [216]-17, [219], [330]-31.
Huff, Sgt. Maj. Edgar R., [472].
Hull, Lt. Gen. John E., [159].
Humphrey, Hubert H., [309], [392], [488].
Hunter College Naval Training School, N.Y., [88].

Iceland, [38], [179], [385]-87.
Infantry battalions
3d of 9th Infantry, [193];
3d of 188th Infantry, [193];
9th, [462];
370th and 371st (Separate), [217][n].
Infantry divisions
1st, [190], [217];
2d, [200];
3d, [327];
9th, [435];
25th, [445];
34th, [134];
69th, [53];
88th, [193];
92d, [7], [18], [30], [32], [43], [132], [136]-37, [351]-52, [440];
93d, [7], [32], [43], [135]-37, [352].
Infantry regiments
9th, [433];
14th, [444];
24th, [4], [7], [135], [192], [436]-40, [442]-45, [459];
25th, [4], [7], [136], [192];
27th, [437];
34th, [444];
35th, [437];
313th, [319];
364th, [436];
365th, [436].
Installation Group, 3202d, [410].
Integration of the Air Force
directive for (1949), [401]-02;
and the Fahy Committee, [352], [357];
and local commanders' responsibilities, [400]-401;
plan for in 1949, [338]-42, [376], [397]-400;
and reassignment of black airmen, [402]-04, [410];
and screening at Lockbourne Field, [402]-03;
and social situations, [409]-11;
success of, [405]-12, [615]-16.
Integration of the Army and continental Army commands, [453]-54;
in the Eighth Army, [442]-47;
and the European Command, [450]-53;
and military efficiency, [428]-34;
in officer training schools, [47]-51, [275];
and performance of 24th Infantry Regiment, [436]-40;
in platoons, [51]-56;
and review of racial policy (1951), [440]-42;
and social situations, [447], [449], [456];
success of, [455]-59, [616]-17;
and training units, [434]-36.
Integration of the Coast Guard, [118]-22.
Integration of the Marine Corps
and assignments of Negroes, [466]-68;
and black reservists, [267]-69;
and the Korean War, [462]-66, [617];
new racial policy for (1949), [461]-62;
and recruit training, [334]-35;
and the Steward's Branch, [468]-71.
Integration of the Navy
in the fleet, [77]-78, [84]-86, [167]-68, [614]-15;
new plan for in 1949, [412]-13;
and recruitment of Negroes, [413]-18;
and shipyards, [483]-87;
and the Steward's Branch, [418]-25.
Intelligence levels and test scores, [24], [104], [137]-38, [140], [198]-99, [204], [271], [324]-25, [372]-73, [521]-24, [527], [571]-73.
Interstate Commerce Commission, [476], [506], [531].
Investigations on conduct of black soldiers, [210]-13.

Jackson, Stephen S., [497], [517].
Jacobs, Rear Adm. Randall, [68]-70, [72], [84], [89].
James, Lt. Gen. Daniel (Chappie), Jr., [401].
James Connally Air Force Base, Tex., [405].
Javits, Jacob K., [391]-92, [435].
Jenkins, Ens. Joseph C., [121].
Johnson, Col. Campbell C., [19], [103].
Johnson, Earl D., [395], [432], [436], [449]-50.
Johnson, John H., [302][n].
Johnson, Louis A.
and Fahy Committee, [343], [345]-48, [358]-62, [364]-67, [371], [374];
as Secretary of Defense, [380]-81, [386]-87, [390]-92, [396].
Johnson, Lyndon B.,
and civil rights legislation, [587]-91, [602];
and Gesell Committee, [536], [552].
Johnson, Mordecai, [247], [285], [302][n].
Jones, Col. Richard L., [316].
Jones v. Mayer, [605].
Jordan, Robert E., III, [592].
Justice, Department of, [497], [505], [610].

Katzenbach, Nicholas B., [513].
Kean, Maj. Gen. William B., [436]-37.
Keeler, Leonard, [211].
Kelly Field, Tex., [128].
Kennedy, John F. and civil rights, [473], [477], [504]-06, [508]-10, [586], [620];
and Gesell Committee, [535], [537], [546];
and training programs, [574].
Kennedy, Robert F., [504], [506], [531]-32, [553], [596].
Kenworthy, Edwin W., [350]-53, [356], [360], [362], [365]-70, [377]-78, [408], [430].
Kerner Commission, [623].
Key West, Fla., [291], [479], [498].
Kilgore, Harley M., [212], [392][n].
Kimball Dan A., [240], [336], [359], [413], [418]-20, [484].
King, Admiral Ernest J., [59][n], [77], [82], [85]-86, [88]-90, [91], [94], [166].
King, Martin Luther, Jr., [478]-79, [588].
Kitzingen Air Base, Germany, [217]-19, [450].
Knowland, William F., [224].
Knox, Frank, [20][n], [100];
and early views on integration, [59]-61, [63]-64, [101];
and induction of Negroes into the Navy, [66]-67, [70]-71, [81]-82, [86]-87;
and the Marine Corps, [106]-07.
Korean War, [431]-34, [460], [462]-65, [613], [617].
Korth, Fred, [452]-53, [488], [562]-63.
Krock, Arthur, [316].
Kuter, Maj. Gen. Laurence S., [401].

Labrador, [38].
LaFollette, Robert M., Jr., [187].
Lamb, Ann E., [267].
Langer, William, [308].
Lanham, Brig. Gen. Charles T., [344]-46, [361].
Lautier, Louis R., [210], [302][n].
Lee, Ens. John, [246].
Lee, Lt. Gen. John C. H., [51]-52, [228].
Lee, Ulysses, [39], [137].
Legal assistance, [581], [587], [591], [598].
LeGette, Col. Curtis W., [171].
LeHavre, France, [128].
Lehman, Herbert H., [392][n], [393].
Leva, Marx, [234], [301], [308], [311], [313], [327], [343]- [44].
Lewis, Anthony, [499].
Lewis, Fulton, Jr., [49].
Lewis, Ira F., [302].
Lightship No. [115], [122].
Little Rock, Ark., [476], [477].
Little Rock, Air Force Base, Ark., [496]-98.
Local commanders, Air Force, [400]-401, [408].
Local commanders, armed forces
and equal opportunity matters, [556], [561]-64, [582]-85, [592]-93, [608], [621];
and Gesell Committee's recommendations, [539]-44, [554], [560], [620];
and integration of off-base schools, [597]-99;
and local community attitudes, [502]-03;
and off-base housing, [600]-601.
Local commanders, Army
and discipline, [207];
and off-base discrimination, [39];
and on-base discrimination, [36], [42], [44]-45.
Local commanders, Navy, [83].
Lockbourne Field, Ohio, [275], [277], [281]-82, [286], [341], [398]-99, [402]-03.
Lodge, Henry Cabot, [307].
Logan, Rayford W., [11].
Long, John D., [235][n].
Long Island National Cemetery, [224].
Louis, Joe, [66], [300].
Lovett, Robert A., [30], [489].
Luckman, Charles, [295][n], [314], [314][n].

McAfee, Capt. Mildred H., [86]-88.
McAlester Naval Ammunition Depot, Okla., [109], [254], [263].
MacArthur, General Douglas, [14], [197], [439], [444], [463].
McAuliffe, Maj. Gen. Anthony C., [432]-33, [441], [443], [449]-51, [453]-54, [457].
McCloy, John J., [21], [23], [128], [188];
and Advisory Committee on Negro Troop Policies, [34]-35, [42]-43, [46], [56]-57;
and postwar use of black troops, [130]-31, [135], [143], [153], [154][n], [157]-58, [165], [558].
McConnaughy, James L., [319], [320].
McCrea, Vice Adm. John L., [383].
MacDill Airfield, Fla., [209], [277].
McFayden, Brig. Gen. B. M., [392].
McGill, Ralph, [313].
McGowan, Maj. Gen. D. W., [594].
McGrath, Earl J., [489].
McGrath, Howard J., [314].
MacKay, Cliff W., [302][n].
McMahon, Brian, [314].
McNair, Lt. Gen. Lesley J., [43].
McNamara, Robert S., [502], [504], [509], [609];
and Civil Rights Act of 1964, [590]-91;
and equal opportunity directive (1963), [547]-48, [556], [619]-21;
and equal treatment and opportunity, [530], [578]-79;
and Gesell Committee, [536], [546]-49;
and the National Guard, [519], [593];
and off-base housing, [517], [600], [602]-08;
and off-limits sanctions, [547]-48, [556], [581], [604]-05;
and organization of civil rights apparatus, [558]-59, [563], [566];
and racial reform directives, [511], [513], [516]-17;
and voluntary action programs, [582], [586].
McNarney, General Joseph T., [210].
McNutt, Paul V., [32], [70]-71.
Macy, John W., Jr., [575].
Manhattan Beach Training Station, N. Y., [114]-15, [121]-22.
Manpower shortages, black
in the Air Force, [280], [282]-83;
in the Army, [32]-33, [178], [219]-22;
in the Navy, [74], [414]-15, [426].
March, General Peyton C., [235].
March on Washington Movement, [16].
Mare Island, Calif., [92].
Marine Air Group, [33], [463].
Marine Air Wing, 1st, [463].
Marine Barracks, Dahlgren, Va., [467].
Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C., [467].
Marine divisions
1st, [463]-64;
2d, [269].
Marine regiments 5th, [463] 7th, [463]-64.
Maris, Maj. Gen. Ward S., [441].
Marr, Lt. Col. Jack F., [287]-88, [288][n], [342], [616].
Marshall, Burke, [513], [537], [547].
Marshall, General George C., [43], [49], [55];
and integration, [20]-22, [31], [42], [131], [153];
as Secretary of Defense, [380], [392]-93, [435], [443], [449], [619].
Marshall, S. L. A., [434].
Marshall, Thurgood, [15], [92], [124], [438]-39, [533].
Martin, Louis, [302][n].
Mason, [77]-78, [86].
Matthews, Francis P., [295][n], [387], [412]-13.
Maxwell Air Force Base, Ala., [404], [493], [511].
Maxwell Field, Ala., [28].
Mays, Benjamin E., [302][n].
Meader, George, [212].
Medals of Honor, [440].
Mediterranean theater, [190], [197].
Meetings, segregated, [564]-66.
Miami Beach, Fla., [30], [50], [244].
Midway, [481].
Miller, Donald L., [559][n].
Miller, Dorie (Doris), [58], [58][n].
Miller, Lt. Col. Francis P., [212].
Miller, Loren, [302][n].
Minneapolis Spokesman, [408].
Mississippi Summer Project, [588]-89.
Mitchell, Clarence, [384], [393]-94, [474], [478]-79, [484].
Mobilization plans, [10]-13, [18]-19, [24], [28].
Montford Point, N. C., [101], [108]-09, [253]-55, [258], [269], [335].
Montgomery, Ala., [503].
Morale
in the Air Force, [282], [398]-99;
in the armed forces, [528], [531], [542];
in the Army, [20], [34]-39, [350]-51, [442];
in the Marine Corps, [105], [110], [469]-71;
in the Navy, [75], [148]-49.
Morgan v. Virginia, [475].
Morris, Thomas D., [586], [603].
Morse, Wayne, [303], [390].
Morse, Brig. Gen. Winslow C., [154].
Moskowitz, Jack, [559][n].
Multer, Abraham J., [393], [595].
Muse, Benjamin, [537], [542], [552], [621].
Myrdal, Gunnar, [3], [9], [14].

Nash, Philleo, [310]-11, [313], [366], [369].
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
and the Army, [31], [49], [293], [438], [518];
and enlistment quotas, [186];
and integration in the armed forces, [8], [14]-16, [126], [304], [500];
and the Marine Corps, [462];
and the Navy, [62], [66];
and off-limits sanctions, [557];
and racial violence, [393];
and segregated dependents' schools, [498];
and segregated national cemeteries, [225].
National Defense Act of 1945, [320], [322].
National Defense Conference on Negro Affairs (1948), [243], [285], [304]-05, [324].
National Emergency Committee Against Mob Violence (1946), [294].
National Guard
continued segregation in, [518]-20, [553]-54;
and Executive Order 9981, [318]-22;
integration of, [593]-95.
National Guard divisions, 40th and 45th, [443], [445]-46.
National Negro Congress, [8], [66].
National Negro Publishers Association, [302].
National Security Act of 1947, [297]-98.
National Urban League, [8], [95], [126], [241], [414], [615].
Naval Reserve Officers' Training Corps, [246]-47, [414]-15.
Navy Circular Letter [48]-46, [168]-70.
Nelson, Lt. Dennis D., [244], [246], [250], [305], [484];
and recruitment of officer candidates, [247], [414], [417];
and reform of Steward's Branch, [242]-43, [419].
New Orleans, La., [476].
New Orleans Naval Air Station, La., [495].
New York Times, [304], [324], [363].
Newspapers.
See [Press, Negro]; publications by name.
Nichols, Lee, [426]-27, [493]-94.
Niles, David K., [294]-95, [314], [365]-66, [373]-74.
Nimitz, Admiral Chester W., [94], [166]-67.
Nkrumah, Kwame, [509].
Noble, Maj. Gen. Alfred H., [334].
Norfolk, Va., [73], [77], [483], [485], [498].
Norfolk Journal and Guide, [163], [258].
Northland, [118].
Nugent, Maj. Gen. Richard E., [287]-88, [405].
Nunn, William G., [302][n].
Nurse Corps, U.S. Navy, [72], [74]-75, [96], [247]-48.

Occupational distribution of assignments, [523]-27, [572]-73.
Occupational specialties, [177], [194]-95, [201], [354]-55, [377], [524]-27, [572]-73.
Off-base equal opportunity inventories, [583]-85, [592].
Off-limits sanctions by Department of Defense
and housing, [580], [604]-05, [608], [621];
and question of using, [532]-33;
recommended by Gesell Committee, [543]-44, [547]-48, [556], [581];
and requested by NAACP, [556].
Office of War Information, [40].
Officer training schools, integration of
in the Air Force, [286];
in the Army, [30], [47]-51;
in the Marine Corps, [266];
in the Navy, [82], [87].
Officers, black
in the Air Force, [278], [282]-83, [398], [406];
in the armed forces, [568]-71;
in the Army, [30], [36]-37, [47]-51, [194], [219]-23, [226];
in the Coast Guard, [119], [121]-22;
in the Marine Corps, [111], [266]-67, [461], [471]-72;
in the Navy, [79]-82, [86]-87, [243]-48, [332], [414]-15, [417]-18, [426].
Officers, white, attitudes of
in the Army, [37], [133]-34;
in the Navy, [82]-84, [89]-90.
Ohly, John H., [299], [327].
OIR Notice CP75 (1952), [483]-84.
Okinawa Base Command, [190].
Old, Maj. Gen. William D., [282], [284].
O'Meara, Joseph, [537].
Operations Research Office, [441]-42.
Opportunity, [67].
Osthagen, Clarence H., [398].
Overhead spaces
in the Air Force, [279];
in the Army, [177], [195]-97.
Overseas employment of black servicemen
by the Army, [37]-38;
and the Gesell Committee, [552]-53;
by the Marine Corps, [109]-11;
restrictions on, [38], [179], [385]-89.
Overton, John H., [11].
Oxford, Miss., [476], [505].

Pace, Frank, Jr., [224], [376], [377][n], [395], [443]-44, [447].
Padover, Saul K., [294].
Palmer, Dwight, [314].
Panama Canal Zone, [38], [179], [386].
Parachute Battalion, 555th, [190]-92.
Parks, Maj. Gen. Floyd L., [186]-87.
Parks, Rosa, [124], [478].
Parris Island, S. C., [334].
Parrish, Col. Noel F., [273], [279].
Passman, Otto E., [550].
Pastore, John, [392][n].
Patch, Lt. Gen. Alexander M., [53].
Patterson, Robert P., [21]-22, [28], [46], [225];
and conduct of black troops in Europe, [212]-13;
and Gillem Board, [153], [162]-63, [215], [232];
and quotas, [176], [183]-84, [187]-88;
sued for violation of Selective Service Act, [182], [186].
Patuxent River Naval Air Station, Md., [494].
Paul, Norman S.
and civil rights legislation, [591], [597]-98;
and off-base discrimination, [582], [585]-86;
and organization of civil rights apparatus, [558]-59, [564], [566].
Paul, Maj. Gen. Willard S., [158]-59, [217], [225];
and assignment of black personnel, [194]-96, [202], [213]-14;
and composite units, [192]-93;
and continued segregation, [231], [322];
and expansion of school quotas, [198]-201;
and National Guard integration, [318];
and postwar quotas, [176]-79, [181], [185]-86, [188]-89;
and shortage of black officers, [219]-22.
Paxton, Brig. Gen. Alexander G., [322].
PC 1264, [77].
Pea Island Station, N.C., [112], [115].
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, [148].
Pensacola Naval Air Station, Fla., [493], [542]-43.
Personnel Policy Board, DOD, [398], [402];
and Fahy Committee, [344]-48, [358], [360];
and facial designations, [381]-84, [574].
Petsons, Wilton B., [485].
Petersen, 2d Lt. Frank E., Jr., [472].
Petersen, Howard C., [163]-64, [232];
and postwar quotas, [177], [187];
and postwar racial reforms, [223]-24, [279].
Philadelphia, Miss., [588].
Philadelphia Depot of Supplies, Pa., [109].
Pick, Maj. Gen. Lewis A., [154].
Pinchot, Gifford, [63].
Pine Bluff Arsenal, Ark., [494].
Pittsburgh Courier, [10], [126], [164], [285], [316], [367], [399], [408].
Platoons, integration of, [51]-56.
Plessy v. Ferguson, [6].
Poletti, Charles, [59].
Port Chicago, Calif., [263].
Port Hueneme, Calif., [93].
Powell, Adam Clayton, and discrimination in the services, [248], [304], [388]-89, [423], [425], [468], [482], [485], [532].
Prairie View A&M, Tex., [571].
Press, Negro. See also by name of publication.
and equal treatment in the armed forces, [10], [42]-43, [126], [132]-33, [169], [258], [284]-85, [302], [304];
and Executive Order 9981, [316], [324], [365].
Price, Maj. Gen. Charles F. B., [110]-11.
Project Clear, [442], [449], [457].
Promotions
in the Air Force, [284];
in the armed forces, [571]-72;
in the Army, [133], [322];
in the Coast Guard, [121];
in the Marine Corps, [150], [471]-72;
in the Navy, [75], [79], [417]-18.
Provisional Marine Brigade, 1st, [463].
Public Laws 815 and 874, [487]-88.
Puner, Morton, [499].
Pursuit Squadron, 99th.
See [Fighter Squadron, 99th].

Qualitative Distribution of Military Manpower Program, [394]-95, [416]-17.
Quartermaster General, [222], [225].
Quesada, Lt. Gen. Elwood R., [282].
Quotas, Air Force, [615]-16.
Quotas, Army, [25]-26, [32], [156][n], [158], [166], [615]-16;
assessments of, [202]-05, [458]-59;
and enlistment practices, [182]-84, [187]-89, [203];
and expansion of for schools, [198]-202;
and the Fahy Committee, [356], [371]-75, [429]-30;
and postwar opposition to, [176]-81, [187];
and qualitative balance, [184]-86.
Quotas, Coast Guard, [115].
Quotas, Marine Corps
postwar, [172], [174], [255]-56;
and postwar recruitment efforts, [257]-61;
in World War II, [103].
Quotas, Navy, [69]-71.