Bruno, Bishop, appointed Pope, [190];
acts on Hildebrand's advice, [191], [192];
his triumphant election at Rome, [193].
See[Leo IX].
Buildings, ancient, Gregory accused of destroying, [176], [177];
regarded as stone-quarries, [242], [517], [577];
restoration of, Book IV., passim.
Buono Stato, secret society formed for the establishment of, [423], [424];
demonstration by the conspirators, [425], [426];
its rules, [426], [427].
See[Rienzi].
Christianity, its conjunction with Paganism in Roman society, [7]-[10];
nominally embraced by the common people, [57];
again conjoined with Paganism during the Renaissance, [529].
Church, the, corruption of, [10], [11];
Jerome on the daily life of a Roman priest, [11], [12];
fierceness of controversy in, [105];
her position during the barbarian conquests of Rome, [120], [121];
beginning of her sovereignty, [121], [122];
best of the Roman youth absorbed by, [123];
made no claim to universal authority in the 6th century, [121], [132], [168];
wealth of, used for public purposes, [147];
almsgiving a principle of, [151];
Gregory's achievements for, [170];
pretensions to supremacy made by John of Constantinople, [170], [173];
Gregory's tolerant supervision of, [174];
state of, in Germany, [188];
reforms urgently necessary in, [195];
effort of Leo IX. for reform in, [196]-[199];
a new law for the election of the Popes, [208];
Hildebrand's ambition of making her a great arbitrating power, [211], [212];
how she secured independence in the election of the Popes, [214], [215];
first conflict between the Empire and, [215]-[219];
decrees of the Lateran Council against simony and marriage of priests, [235]-[239];
decree against lay investiture, [239];
real opening of her struggle with the Empire, [259];
her position in Gregory's time, and that of the Scottish Church before the Disruption, compared, [302];
her conflict with the Empire inevitable, [304], [305];
period of her greatest power, [308];
her relations with the Empire in the time of Innocent III., [311], [312].
See[Gregory the Great], [Hildebrand]and[Innocent III].
Crusade, Gregory VII.'s dream of a, [265], [351], [352];
encouraged by successive Popes, [352];
an expedition organised, ib.;
how it was diverted from its purpose, [353]-[356];
against the Albigenses, [298]-[301];
Innocent rouses the Italian towns to aid in, [373];
against the Turks, [553], [557], [558].
Crusaders, Innocent's instructions to his, [353];
their bargain with Venice, ib.;
capture Constantinople, ib., [354].
Election of the Popes, interference of Tuscany in, [203], [204], [208];
the rival authorities in, [206]-[208];
Hildebrand's new law for, [207];
first election under the new law, [214], [215];
Rome secures complete freedom in, [215].
Emperors, the rival, Henry IV. and Rudolf, Gregory's letters regarding their claims, [275], [276];
treated by the Pope with severe impartiality, [278];
attitude of the Roman populace towards their envoys, ib.;
Gregory insists upon holding a council to choose between, [281];
this plan abandoned, ib., [282];
Rudolf's case stated before the Lateran Council, [282];
Gregory pronounces his decision, [283]-[285].
See[Henry IV]. and[Rudolf].
Emperors, the rival, Philip and Otho, nothing to choose between them, [331], [332];
Innocent's attitude towards, [332], [333];
end of their ten years' struggle, [335].
See[Philip]and[Otho].
Fabiola, [22], [37], [55];
her matrimonial troubles, [93];
her visit to the convent at Bethlehem, ib., [94];
does public penance in Rome, [95]-[99];
founds the first public hospital in Rome, [99].
Gregory the Great, his home and early life, [124], [125];
enters public life, [125];
first result of his religious impulse, [126];
becomes a monk, [127];
describes his doubts and his intentions, ib.;
legends regarding his monastic life, [128];
his musings in his garden, [129], [130];
had no ecclesiastical ambitions, [131];
receives the first orders of the Church, ib.;
appointed a cardinal deacon, ib.;
Gibbon's description of him as a nuncio, ib.;
his position in the Court at Constantinople, [132];
in the society of his monks, [132]-[138];
his commentary on Job, [134], [135];
its moral discursiveness, [136], [137];
how he was assisted in it by the monks, [137];
his liberality, [139], [147];
promotion, and popularity as a preacher, [139];
his encounter with the English slave-children, ib., [140];
sets out on his mission to Britain, [141];
compelled to return, [142];
effect upon him of the story of Trajan and the widow, ib., [143];
organises processions of penitents during the plague, [144], [145];
his vision of the angel, [146], [147];
elected Bishop of Rome, [148];
attempts to escape from this responsibility, ib.;
his repugnance to the cares of office, [149];
his conviction that the end of the world was near, ib., [150];
feeds the starving poor of Rome, [151];
preserves Rome from attacks by the barbarians, [152];
was not a learned man, ib., [153];
his instructions to missionaries for the making of converts, [156], [157];
and for pastoral work, ib.;
his intercessions and negotiations for the safety of Rome, [158], [159];
amount of his work and responsibility, [159], [160];
welcomes the usurping Emperor Phocas, [160];
sends forth Augustine on his mission to England, [161]-[163];
no reason for attributing to him a great scheme of papal supremacy, [163], [164], [175], [176];
his reformation in music, [165], [166];
introduces changes in the ritual, [166];
his daily surroundings and occupations, [167], [168];
his rules of religious discipline, [168];
not a faultless character, [169];
his achievements for Rome and for the Church, ib.;
his indignation at the assumption of supremacy by John of Constantinople, [170];
his letters on this subject to the Emperor and to the Eastern Bishop, ib., [173];
his letter to Eulogius, [173];
tolerant in the supervision of his bishops, [175];
had no desire for political independence, ib.;
accused of causing the destruction of ancient buildings, [176], [177];
his last illness, [177];
his commentaries on Ezekiel and Job, ib.;
his death, ib.;
spots connected with his memory, [179].
Gregory VI., [186], [188];
how he secured his election, [183];
deposition of, ib., [189].
Gregory, VII., (see[Hildebrand]), his dream of elevating the Church, [231];
hopelessness of his instruments, ib.;
his reforms, and the enemies they raised up against him, ib., [232];
sufferings of his later years, [232];
council for the discussion of questions between Henry IV. and, [233];
reconciliation between Henry and, [235];
his letter summoning the first Lateran Council, ib.;
his decree against lay investiture, [239], [240];
unbosoms himself in a letter to Hugo, [240];
his care for the cause of justice and public honesty, [240]-[242];
abduction of, by Cencius, [245];
rescued by the populace, [249], [250];
summons Henry to appear before the papal court, [251];
his letter of remonstrance to the Emperor, [252];
council convoked by Henry for the overthrow of, [253], [254];
acts and addresses against, issued by this council, [254], [255];
his reception of the Emperor's letters, [257]-[259];
excommunicates the Emperor, [259];
effect of this step, [259]-[261];
agrees to preside over the Council of Augsburg, [261];
sets out for Augsburg, ib.;
takes refuge in the Castle of Canossa, [264]-[266];
German bishops make their submission to, [266];
accepts Henry's promises of amendment, [270];
receives him again into the church, ib., [271];
his attitude towards Henry, [273];
his letter to the German princes, [274];
shut up in Canossa Castle, ib.;
anxious to take part in the settlement of the Empire, [275];
his letters on the rivalry of the two kings, ib., [276];
sends legates to both kings demanding a safe-conduct, [276];
his authority disregarded by the rival parties, ib., [277];
treats both impartially, [278];
and the heresy of Berengarius, [279];
and the Norwegian king's request for missionaries, ib., [280];
insists upon a council to choose between the rival kings, [281];
his reception of the statement of Rudolf's envoys, [283];
appeals to St. Peter to judge of his dealings with Henry, [284], [285];
asserts his claim to universal authority, [286];
sends the imperial crown to Rudolf, [289];
Henry's council for the deposition of, ib.;
his reconciliation with Guiscard, [291], [292];
council convoked by the anti-Pope to reverse his anathemas, [293];
Henry submits his cause to a council convoked by, [295];
refuses to make peace with Henry, [296];
confined to the Castle of St. Angelo, [297];
his faith in his mission, [298];
brings down the Normans upon Rome, [299];
his spirit broken by the sack of Rome, [300];
his journey to Salerno, ib., [301];
revival of his former energy, [302];
the abuses he opposed, and those in the Church of Scotland before the Disruption, compared, ib., [303];
a martyr to his hatred of simony, [303], [304];
his death, [305];
his life and achievements, [306], [308], [363], [514].
Guelf and Ghibelline, when these titles were first used, [326].
Guiscard, Robert, [232], [244];
Gregory's reconciliation with, [291];
leaves the Pope to his fate, [293];
rescues the Pope and sacks Rome, [299];
conducts Gregory to Salerno, [300], [301].
Henry III., Emperor, [183];
patronises Hildebrand, [187];
appoints three successive Popes, [189].
Henry IV., Emperor, his vicious character, [223], [224];
summoned before the Papal court, [224];
council for the discussion of questions between Gregory and, [233];
reconciliation between Gregory and, [235];
rebels against the decrees of the Lateran Council, [251];
Gregory's letter of remonstrance to, [252];
summons a council for the overthrow of the Pope, [253], [254];
acts and addresses issued by the council, [254], [255];
excommunication of, [259];
abandoned by his friends and supporters, [260], [261];
his princes threaten to elect a king in his place, [261];
determines to make his submission to Gregory, ib.;
his fortunes begin to revive, [266];
his arrival at the Castle of Canossa, ib., [269];
his penances, [270];
his bond of repentance accepted by Gregory, ib.;
received again into the Church, ib., [271];
his attitude towards Gregory, [272];
refuses his consent to the council of arbitration, [281];
Gregory appeals to St. Peter to judge of his dealings with, [282]-[285];
again excommunicated and dethroned, [285];
his council for the deposition of Gregory, [289], [290];
chooses an anti-Pope, [290];
success of his enterprises, ib.;
crowned Emperor by his anti-Pope, [292];
seizes the Leonine city, [293];
submits his cause to a council convoked by Gregory, [295];
this council proves fruitless, [296];
becomes master of Rome, ib., [297];
evacuates the city, [299]-[300].
See[Emperors, the rival].
Hildebrand, his wanderings about the world, [184];
surroundings of his early life, ib., [185];
at the monastery of Cluny, [186];
patronised by the Emperor, Henry III., ib., [187];
influence of his experience of the Church in Germany upon, [188];
beginning of his public life, ib.;
follows the deposed Gregory VI. into exile, [189];
in Germany again, [190];
becomes a counsellor of Bruno, [191];
his plan for Bruno's conduct successful, [193];
offices conferred upon, by Leo IX., ib.;
sets in order the monastery of St. Paul, [195];
his work in Rome under Leo, [200];
selects a German prelate as Pope, ib.;
becomes adviser to the Empress Agnes, [202];
solicits the intervention of Tuscany in the election of the Popes, [204], [207];
the actual possessor of the power of two weak Popes, [205], [206];
holds a council in Rome, [206];
his new law for the election of the Popes, [207], [208];
his aims and purposes, [208], [211];
his dream of the Church as disinterested arbitrator in all quarrels, [211], [212];
did he desire universal authority? [212];
begins his reign under Nicolas II., ib.;
his letter to a powerful archbishop, [213];
secures for Rome complete independence in the choice of Popes, [215];
his sanction of the invasion of England by the Normans, [221];
supports the Conqueror's spoliation of Saxon abbeys, ib.;
summons Henry IV. to appear before the papal court, [224];
development of his ideal of the Church's sovereignty, ib., [225];
chosen and elected Pope, [225]-[227];
his abstemious habits, [297].
See[Gregory VII].
Innocent III., his wide-spread activity, [308];
his family, ib., [309];
his education, [309];
becomes a canon of St. Peter's, [310];
appointed Cardinal, [313];
his book on the vanity of life, [313]-[315];
elected Pope, [316];
his address to the assembly after his consecration, [319]-[322];
endeavours to strengthen his hold upon Rome, [322]-[324];
changes the constitution of the city, [323];
regains possession of the Papal States, [325], [326];
acts as guardian to Frederic of Sicily, [326];
profits by the inactivity of the Empire, ib.;
sides against Philip, [332], [333];
supports Otho, [333];
unable to enforce his authority over the German prelates, [334];
excommunicates Philip, ib.;
his part in the ten years' struggle between Philip and Otho, [335];
crowns Otho as Emperor, [338];
Otho breaks faith with, [339], [340];
his dealings with Philip Augustus, [340]-[343];
pronounces interdict upon France, [341], [342];
his activity, [344];
pronounces interdict upon England, [345];
excommunicates King John, ib.;
his acceptance of John's oath, [349];
his dealings with John unworthy of his character, ib., [350];
his instructions to the Crusaders, [353];
protests against the use made of the expedition, [354];
his letter on heresy, [356];
on the interpretation of the Bible by sectarians, ib.;
his attitude towards the Albigenses, [357], [358];
sends missionaries to them, [358];
proclaims a crusade against them, [359];
his career a failure, [361]-[363];
strengthened Papal authority over the Church, [364];
his address to the fourth Lateran Council, [365]-[369];
and the appeal of the Provençal nobles, [371];
befriends Raymond of Toulouse, [372];
rouses the Italian towns to aid in a crusade, [373];
his death, [374];
small result of his activities, ib.;
Roman populace at enmity with, [375];
his gifts to his brother Richard, ib.;
buildings erected by, [376];
his character, ib.;
the greatness of his ideals, [514].
Jerome, [28], [37], [42], [43], [66], [77];
quoted, [7], [19], [57], [58], [63], [69], [70], [110], [114];
on the daily life of a Roman priest, [11], [12];
accused of being concerned in Melania's disappearance, [33];
his life in the desert, [44], [45];
his Epistle to Heliodorus, [45], [46];
enters into religious controversy, [46], [47];
his usefulness recognised by the Church in Rome, [48];
lodged in Marcella's palace, [49];
his friendship with Paula, ib., [69];
his life among the Roman ladies, [50]-[54];
his position in Roman society, [54];
begins his translation of Scripture, ib.;
popular resentment against, [59], [62], [63], [69], [70];
engages in the controversy regarding celibacy, [60];
his letter on virginity quoted, ib., [61];
his letter to Paula on her daughter's death, [68], [69];
forced to retire from Rome, [72];
his letters to Asella, [72]-[76];
joins Paula's caravanserai, [79];
founds a convent at Bethlehem, [82];
how his translation of the Scriptures was finished, [84]-[88];
entreats Marcella to abandon the world, [91];
puzzled by Fabiola's curiosity, [95];
his judgment in the case of a divorced woman, [96];
his controversy with Rufinus, [100], [101].
Julius II., a fighting Pope, [582];
a patron of artists, [583], [589];
pulls down the ancient St. Peter's, ib., [587], [591];
secures the States of the Church, [587];
employs Raphael, [589], [590];
his portrait by Raphael, [590];
his death and career, [590]-[592].
Lateran Council, the first, Gregory's letter convoking, [235];
its decrees against simony and marriage of priests, [236]-[238];
lay investiture prohibited by the second Council, [239];
reception of the Emperor's letters by Gregory in, [256]-[259];
demands the excommunication of Henry, [259];
decides the case of the rival emperors, [281]-[285];
the fourth, Pope Innocent's address to, [365]-[369];
ordinances passed by, [370], [371];
gives judgment for de Montfort against the Provençal nobles, [371], [372].
Leo IV., the Leonine city enclosed by, [541]-[543].
Leo IX., confers offices upon Hildebrand, [193];
his tour of reformation, [195]-[199];
at the Council of Rheims, [198];
his use of the power of excommunication, [199];
his last enterprise and his death, ib., [200].
See[Bruno, Bishop].
Leo X., [515], [516];
little troubled by the rebellion against the Papacy, [592], [595];
his attitude towards Luther, [596], [597];
obliged to fight for the Patrimony, ib.;
amuses himself with his painters and his court, ib., [598];
his patronage of Raphael the chief element in his fame, [598];
his career, [599].
Louis of Bavaria, [384];
his reception in Rome, [320], [321];
his coronation, [390], [391];
declares Pope John deposed, [392];
elects a new Pope, ib.;
recrowned by his anti-Pope, ib., [393];
his departure from Rome, [393].
Luther, Martin, [595];
Pope Leo's attitude towards, [596].