TABLE OF CONTENTS GUIDE NO. 4

[DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS][697] to 720

Classification—series system—danger in series arclight system—constant current system—parallel system—arrangementof feeder and mains in parallel system—series-parallelsystem—center of distribution—Edisonthree wire system—evolution of the three wire system—balancedthree wire system—balancing of three wiresystem—copper economy in three wire systems—Dobrowolskythree wire system—modifications of threewire system—three wire storage battery system—threewire double dynamo system—three wire bridge system—threewire three brush dynamo system—Dobrowolsky threewire system—three wire auxiliary dynamo system—threewire compensator system—extension of the three wireprinciple—five wire system—dynamotor—connections ofbalancing set—balancing coils—distribution by dynamomotor sets—boosters and their uses—auxiliary bus bar.

[WIRES AND WIRE CALCULATION][721] to 764

Preliminary considerations—various wires—copper wire—ironwire—German silver wire—standard of copperwire resistance—relative conductivity of different metalsand alloys—conductors—cable for elevator annunciators—coveredconductors—rubber covered conductors—rubber insulatedtelephone and telegraph wires—weather proof conductors—twistedweather proof wires—precautions in usingweather proof conductors—slow burning wire; where used—slowburning weather proof wire; where used; how installed—miscellaneousinsulated conductors—safe carrying capacityof wire—pothead wires—circular mils—squaremils—mil foot—lamp foot—ampere foot—center ofdistribution—wire gauges—B. & S. standard wiregauge—micrometer screw gauge—calculating gauge—tableof various wire gauges—table of lamp feet forrubber covered wires—lamp table for weather proofwires—symmetrical and unsymmetrical distribution—wiringtable for light and power circuits—table of wireequivalents; how to use—table of cable capacities—incandescentlamps on 660 watt circuits—"tree" and"modified tree" system of wiring—distribution with sub-feeders—wrongand right methods of loop wiring—table,of amperes per motor; of amperes per dynamo—calculationsfor three wire circuit—three wire circuit panelboard—size of the neutral wire.

[INSIDE WIRING][765] to 798

The term "wiring"—open or exposed wiring—selectionof wires—installation—disadvantages of open wiring—splicing—pitchof wires—crossing of wires—wiring acrosspipes—practical points relating to exposed wiring—methodsof carrying wires, through floors; on walls—protectingexposed wiring on low ceilings—various porcelain knobsand cleats—wires used in mouldings—standard woodenmoulding—kick box—usual character of moulding work—practicalpoints relating to wiring in mouldings—tappingoutlets—arc light wiring—arc lamps on low pressureservice—circular fixture block—concealed knob andtube wiring; objections; method of installation—arrangementof switch and receptacle outlet in knob and tubewiring—switch boxes—rigid conduit wiring; advantage—typesof rigid conduit; requirements—-conduit box—disadvantagesof unlined conduit—flexible conduit wiring—Greenfieldflexible steel conduit—"fishing"—insulatingpoint—canopy insulator—fish plug and method of insertion—methodof installing conduits in fireproof buildings—serviceentrance to rubber conduit system—conduletoutlet to arc lamp—hickey—methods of bending large conduits—armouredcable wiring; features; installation.

[OUTSIDE WIRING][799] to 824

Materials for outside conductors—tensile strength ofcopper wire—pole lines—pole constructing tools—woodenpoles—preservation of wooden poles—preservation processes—methodsof setting wooden poles in unsuitable soil—reinforcedconcrete poles—cross arms—lineman's portableplatform—poles for light and power wires—spacing of poles—erectingthe poles—guy anchors—method of raisinga pole—method of pulling anchor into place—guys forpoles—head and foot guying—guying corner poles—guystubs and anchor logs—climbers—wiring the line—payout reels—method of stringing wires—"come alongs"—tensionon wires—sag table—lineman's block and fallwith "come alongs"—attaching wire to insulator—splicing;American wire joint; McIntire sleeve and sleeve joint—transpositions—insulators—overheadcable construction—petticoatinsulator—Clark's "antihum"—service connectionsand loops—method of making series, and parallelservice connections—joint pole crossing—service wires.

[UNDERGROUND WIRING][825] to 844

City conditions—underground systems—various conduits—vitrifiedclay pipe conduit—vitrified clay orearthenware trough conduit—joints in multiple-duct vitrifiedclay conduit—concrete duct conduits—methods oflaying conduit—method of laying single duct vitrified clayconduit—method of laying multiple duct clay conduit—woodenduct conduits—objection to use of wood;remedy; adaptation wooden built-in conduits; method ofinstallation—wrought iron or steel pipe conduits; methodof installation—porcelain bridgework or carriers—cast ironpipe and trough conduit; advantages—fibre conduits; joints—Edisontube system—underground cables—metalsheaths on underground cables—pot heads—General Electricmanhole junction box—pot head connections.

[WIRING OF BUILDINGS][845] to 864

Preliminary considerations—electrician's instructions—locationof receptacles—ceiling buttons—hallway wiring—selectionof wiring system—three wire convertiblesystem—method of wiring—location of panel boards—currentrequired on each floor of building—arrangementof feeders—installation of motors—largest size of feederpermissible—method of cutting pocket in floor—outletbaseboard—completed pocket—how to examine partitioninteriors—house plan of conduit wiring—attachment ofmains to knobs—precautions in making joints—wiringfor heating appliances—wiring with combination ofmoulding, flexible tubing or conduit in non-fire proofbuilding—feeder system for large hotel.

[SIGN FLASHERS][865] to 884

Classification—Carbon flashers—wiring diagram for Dull'scarbon flashers—brush flashers—knife flashers—flashertransmission gearing—simple on and off flashers—flash systemof gas lighting—high speed flashers—lighting flashers—wiringdiagram for flags—diagram showing method ofwiring for high speed effects on single lines—method ofwiring for a torch—wiring diagram for high speeds—Dull'slightning—script breakers—chaser flashers—thermoflashers—carriage calls—monogram for carriage calls—wiringdiagrams for sign illumination—-National carriagecall operating keyboard—clock monogram—Bett's clockmechanism for operating electric monogram time flasher—talkingsigns—two way thermal flasher.

[LIGHTNING PROTECTION][885] to 892

Lightning rods; why sharp points are used; erection—diagramshowing principle of air gap arrestor—variablegap arc breaker—location of lightning arrestor—carbonarresters with fuses for telephone lines—ground connection.

[STORAGE BATTERIES][893] to 968

Early experiments—theory—description of storage cell—electrolyte—effectof current passing through electrolyte—typesof storage batteries—Plant cells—Willard plates;wood separator—parts of "Autex" automobile cells—Faureor pasted type—comparison of Plant and Faureplates—the electrolyte; kind generally used; preparation;test; mixing acid and water; kind of vessel used;—specificgravity table—effect of deep vessel—density of electrolyte—hydrometersyringe—impurities in electrolyte—testsfor impurities; chlorine, nitrates, acetic acid, iron, copper,mercury, platinum—old electrolyte—voltage of asecondary cell—charging—connections for charging—charging;first time; period; regulation of voltage—Edisoncell data—frequency of charging—cadmium test—emergencyconnections for weak ignition battery—portabletesting instruments—charge indications—two methods ofcharging from a direct current lighting system—colors of theplates—how best results are obtained in charging—chargevoltage—two ways of charging—diagram of chargingconnections—how to keep charging current constant—testswhile charging; after charging—charge indications—behaviorof electrolyte during discharge—lead burningoutfit—"boiling"; causes—hydrogen gas generatorfor lead burning—quick charging—charging through thenight—charging period for new battery—Willard underhungbattery box for automobiles—high charging rates—"National"instructions for taking voltage readings—mercuryarc rectifier—capacity—table of capacity variation fordifferent discharge rates—how to increase the capacity—discharging;too rapidly rating; maximum rate—Edisonalternating current rectifier—attention after discharging—thebattery room—battery attendants—points oncare and management—placement of cells—how to avoidleakage—precautions when unpacking cells—assemblingcells—connections—precaution in joining terminals—batterytroubles—short circuiting; indication; location—overdischarge;buckling—sulphation of plates—data onNational cells; American cells; Autex cells—action in idlecell—lack of capacity—how to prevent lead poisoning—lowspecific gravity without short circuits; causes—treatmentof weak cells—pole testing paper—disconnectingcells—sulphuric acid specific gravity table—how totake a battery out of commission—Witham chargingboard—putting batteries into commission—cleaning jars—tableof voltage charge as affected by discharge rate—condensedrules for the proper care of batteries.

[STORAGE BATTERY SYSTEMS][969] to 996

Uses of storage batteries; their importance in powerplants—load curve showing use of storage battery as aidto the generating machinery—parallel connection of batteryand dynamo—"floating the battery on the line"—diagramshowing effect of battery in regulating dynamoload—connections and circuit control apparatus—diagramshowing action of battery as a reservoir of reservepower—three wire system with battery and dynamo—methodsof control for storage batteries—diagram of connectionsfor ignition outfit—variable resistance—end cellswitches—diagram of connection of battery equipment forresidential lighting plant—end cell switch diagram—featuresof end cell switch construction—end cell switch control—circuitdiagram for charging battery in two parallelgroups and discharging in series—reverse pressure cells; regulation—Holzer-Cabotdynamotor—boosters—applicationof series booster system—Bijur's battery system—loaddiagram—characteristics of series booster—shunt boosters;with battery—Entz' carbon pile booster system—applicationof shunt booster—circuit diagram for non-reversibleshunt booster and battery system—compound boosters;their connections—method of charging battery at onevoltage and supplying lights at a different voltage—connectionsof one form of differential booster—differentialboosters; with compensating coil; adaptation.

Classification—series system—danger in series arc light system—constant current system—parallel system—arrangement of feeder and mains in parallel system—series-parallel system—center of distribution—Edison three wire system—evolution of the three wire system—balanced three wire system—balancing of three wire system—copper economy in three wire systems—Dobrowolsky three wire system—modifications of three wire system—three wire storage battery system—three wire double dynamo system—three wire bridge system—three wire three brush dynamo system—Dobrowolsky three wire system—three wire auxiliary dynamo system—three wire compensator system—extension of the three wire principle—five wire system—dynamotor—connections of balancing set—balancing coils—distribution by dynamo motor sets—boosters and their uses—auxiliary bus bar.

Preliminary considerations—various wires—copper wire—iron wire—German silver wire—standard of copper wire resistance—relative conductivity of different metals and alloys—conductors—cable for elevator annunciators—covered conductors—rubber covered conductors—rubber insulated telephone and telegraph wires—weather proof conductors—twisted weather proof wires—precautions in using weather proof conductors—slow burning wire; where used—slow burning weather proof wire; where used; how installed—miscellaneous insulated conductors—safe carrying capacity of wire—pothead wires—circular mils—square mils—mil foot—lamp foot—ampere foot—center of distribution—wire gauges—B. & S. standard wire gauge—micrometer screw gauge—calculating gauge—table of various wire gauges—table of lamp feet for rubber covered wires—lamp table for weather proof wires—symmetrical and unsymmetrical distribution—wiring table for light and power circuits—table of wire equivalents; how to use—table of cable capacities—incandescent lamps on 660 watt circuits—"tree" and "modified tree" system of wiring—distribution with sub-feeders—wrong and right methods of loop wiring—table, of amperes per motor; of amperes per dynamo—calculations for three wire circuit—three wire circuit panel board—size of the neutral wire.

The term "wiring"—open or exposed wiring—selection of wires—installation—disadvantages of open wiring—splicing—pitch of wires—crossing of wires—wiring across pipes—practical points relating to exposed wiring—methods of carrying wires, through floors; on walls—protecting exposed wiring on low ceilings—various porcelain knobs and cleats—wires used in mouldings—standard wooden moulding—kick box—usual character of moulding work—practical points relating to wiring in mouldings—tapping outlets—arc light wiring—arc lamps on low pressure service—circular fixture block—concealed knob and tube wiring; objections; method of installation—arrangement of switch and receptacle outlet in knob and tube wiring—switch boxes—rigid conduit wiring; advantage—types of rigid conduit; requirements—-conduit box—disadvantages of unlined conduit—flexible conduit wiring—Greenfield flexible steel conduit—"fishing"—insulating point—canopy insulator—fish plug and method of insertion—method of installing conduits in fireproof buildings—service entrance to rubber conduit system—condulet outlet to arc lamp—hickey—methods of bending large conduits—armoured cable wiring; features; installation.

Materials for outside conductors—tensile strength of copper wire—pole lines—pole constructing tools—wooden poles—preservation of wooden poles—preservation processes—methods of setting wooden poles in unsuitable soil—reinforced concrete poles—cross arms—lineman's portable platform—poles for light and power wires—spacing of poles—erecting the poles—guy anchors—method of raising a pole—method of pulling anchor into place—guys for poles—head and foot guying—guying corner poles—guy stubs and anchor logs—climbers—wiring the line—pay out reels—method of stringing wires—"come alongs"—tension on wires—sag table—lineman's block and fall with "come alongs"—attaching wire to insulator—splicing; American wire joint; McIntire sleeve and sleeve joint—transpositions—insulators—overhead cable construction—petticoat insulator—Clark's "antihum"—service connections and loops—method of making series, and parallel service connections—joint pole crossing—service wires.

City conditions—underground systems—various conduits—vitrified clay pipe conduit—vitrified clay or earthenware trough conduit—joints in multiple-duct vitrified clay conduit—concrete duct conduits—methods of laying conduit—method of laying single duct vitrified clay conduit—method of laying multiple duct clay conduit—wooden duct conduits—objection to use of wood; remedy; adaptation wooden built-in conduits; method of installation—wrought iron or steel pipe conduits; method of installation—porcelain bridgework or carriers—cast iron pipe and trough conduit; advantages—fibre conduits; joints—Edison tube system—underground cables—metal sheaths on underground cables—pot heads—General Electric manhole junction box—pot head connections.

Preliminary considerations—electrician's instructions—location of receptacles—ceiling buttons—hallway wiring—selection of wiring system—three wire convertible system—method of wiring—location of panel boards—current required on each floor of building—arrangement of feeders—installation of motors—largest size of feeder permissible—method of cutting pocket in floor—outlet baseboard—completed pocket—how to examine partition interiors—house plan of conduit wiring—attachment of mains to knobs—precautions in making joints—wiring for heating appliances—wiring with combination of moulding, flexible tubing or conduit in non-fire proof building—feeder system for large hotel.

Classification—Carbon flashers—wiring diagram for Dull's carbon flashers—brush flashers—knife flashers—flasher transmission gearing—simple on and off flashers—flash system of gas lighting—high speed flashers—lighting flashers—wiring diagram for flags—diagram showing method of wiring for high speed effects on single lines—method of wiring for a torch—wiring diagram for high speeds—Dull's lightning—script breakers—chaser flashers—thermo flashers—carriage calls—monogram for carriage calls—wiring diagrams for sign illumination—-National carriage call operating keyboard—clock monogram—Bett's clock mechanism for operating electric monogram time flasher—talking signs—two way thermal flasher.

Lightning rods; why sharp points are used; erection—diagram showing principle of air gap arrestor—variable gap arc breaker—location of lightning arrestor—carbon arresters with fuses for telephone lines—ground connection.