FRICTION-LOSS IN POUNDS PRESSURE, FOR EACH 100 FEET OF LENGTH IN DIFFERENT SIZE CLEAN IRON PIPES DISCHARGING GIVEN QUANTITIES OF WATER PER MINUTE. ALSO VELOCITY OF FLOW IN PIPE, IN FEET PER SECOND.
G. A. Ellis, C. E.
| Gallons discharged per minute. | 1⁄2 Inch. | 3⁄4 Inch. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Veloc. in Pipe per second. | Friction Loss in pounds. | Veloc. in Pipe per second. | Friction Loss in pounds. | |
| 5 | 8.17 | 24.6 | 3.63 | 3.3 |
| 10 | 16.3 | 96.0 | 7.25 | 13.0 |
| 15 | . . . | . . . | 10.9 | 28.7 |
| 20 | . . . | . . . | 14.5 | 50.4 |
| 25 | . . . | . . . | 18.1 | 78.0 |
| Gallons discharged per minute. | 1 Inch. | 11⁄4 Inch. | ||
| Veloc. in Pipe per second. | Friction Loss in pounds. | Veloc. in Pipe per second. | Friction Loss in pounds. | |
| 5 | 2.04 | 0.84 | 1.31 | 0.31 |
| 10 | 4.08 | 3.16 | 2.61 | 1.05 |
| 15 | 6.13 | 6.98 | 3.92 | 2.38 |
| 20 | 8.17 | 12.3 | 5.22 | 4.07 |
| 25 | 10.2 | 19.0 | 6.53 | 6.40 |
| 30 | 12.3 | 27.5 | 7.84 | 9.15 |
| 35 | 14.3 | 37.0 | 9.14 | 12.04 |
| 40 | 16.3 | 48.0 | 10.4 | 16.1 |
| 45 | . . . | . . . | 11.7 | 20.2 |
| 50 | . . . | . . . | 13.1 | 24.9 |
| 75 | . . . | . . . | 19.6 | 56.1 |
| Gallons discharged per minute. | 11⁄2 Inch. | 2 Inch. | ||
| Veloc. in Pipe per second. | Friction Loss in pounds. | Veloc. in Pipe per second. | Friction Loss in pounds. | |
| 5 | 0.91 | 0.12 | . . . | . . . |
| 10 | 1.82 | 0.47 | 1.02 | 0.12 |
| 15 | 2.73 | 0.97 | . . . | . . . |
| 20 | 3.63 | 1.66 | 2.04 | 0.42 |
| 25 | 4.54 | 2.62 | . . . | . . . |
| 30 | 5.45 | 3.75 | 3.06 | 0.91 |
| 35 | 6.36 | 5.05 | . . . | . . . |
| 40 | 7.26 | 6.52 | 4.09 | 1.60 |
| 45 | 8.17 | 8.15 | . . . | . . . |
| 50 | 9.08 | 10.0 | 5.11 | 2.44 |
| 75 | 13.6 | 22.4 | 7.66 | 5.32 |
| 100 | 18.2 | 39.0 | 10.2 | 9.46 |
| 125 | . . . | . . . | 12.8 | 14.9 |
| 150 | . . . | . . . | 15.3 | 21.2 |
| 175 | . . . | . . . | 17.1 | 28.1 |
| 200 | . . . | . . . | 20.4 | 37.5 |
| Gallons discharged per minute. | 21⁄2 Inch. | 3 Inch. | ||
| Veloc. in Pipe per second. | Friction Loss in pounds. | Veloc. in Pipe per second. | Friction Loss in pounds. | |
| 25 | 1.63 | 0.21 | 1.13 | 0.10 |
| 50 | 3.26 | 0.81 | 2.27 | 0.35 |
| 75 | 4.90 | 1.80 | 3.40 | 0.74 |
| 100 | 6.53 | 3.20 | 4.54 | 1.31 |
| 125 | 8.16 | 4.89 | 5.67 | 1.99 |
| 150 | 9.80 | 7.00 | 6.81 | 2.85 |
| 175 | 11.4 | 9.46 | 7.94 | 3.85 |
| 200 | 13.1 | 12.47 | 9.08 | 5.02 |
| 250 | 16.3 | 19.66 | 11.3 | 7.76 |
| 300 | 19.6 | 28.06 | 13.6 | 11.2 |
| 350 | . . . | . . . | 15.9 | 15.2 |
| 400 | . . . | . . . | 18.2 | 19.5 |
| 450 | . . . | . . . | 20.4 | 25.0 |
| 500 | . . . | . . . | 22.7 | 30.8 |
| Gallons discharged per minute. | 4 Inch. | 6 Inch. | ||
| Veloc. in Pipe per second. | Friction Loss in pounds. | Veloc. in Pipe per second. | Friction Loss in pounds. | |
| 50 | 1.28 | 0.09 | . . . | . . . |
| 75 | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . |
| 100 | 2.55 | 0.33 | 1.13 | 0.05 |
| 150 | 3.83 | 0.69 | 1.70 | 0.10 |
| 200 | 5.11 | 1.22 | 2.27 | 0.17 |
| 250 | 6.39 | 1.89 | 2.84 | 0.26 |
| 300 | 7.66 | 2.66 | 3.40 | 0.37 |
| 350 | 8.94 | 3.65 | 3.97 | 0.50 |
| 400 | 10.2 | 4.73 | 4.54 | 0.65 |
| 450 | 11.5 | 6.01 | 5.11 | 0.81 |
| 500 | 12.8 | 7.43 | 5.67 | 0.96 |
Note.—The quantity of a fluid discharged through a pipe or an orifice is increased by heating the liquid: because heat diminishes the cohesion of the particles, which exists to a certain degree, in all liquids.
FRICTION LOSS IN POUNDS PRESSURE, FOR EACH 100 FEET OF LENGTH IN DIFFERENT SIZE CLEAN IRON PIPES DISCHARGING GIVEN QUANTITIES OF WATER PER MINUTE. ALSO VELOCITY OF FLOW IN PIPE, IN FEET PER SECOND.
G. A. Ellis, C. E.
| Gallons discharged per minute. | 6 Inch. | 8 Inch. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Veloc. in Pipe per second. | Friction Loss in pounds. | Veloc. in Pipe per second. | Friction Loss in pounds. | |
| 250 | 2.84 | 0.26 | 1.59 | 0.07 |
| 500 | 5.67 | 0.98 | 3.19 | 0.25 |
| 750 | 8.51 | 2.21 | 4.79 | 0.53 |
| 1,000 | 11.3 | 3.88 | 6.38 | 0.94 |
| 1,250 | . . . . | . . . . | 7.97 | 1.46 |
| 1,500 | . . . . | . . . . | 9.57 | 2.09 |
| Gallons discharged per minute. | 10 Inch. | 12 Inch. | ||
| Veloc. in Pipe per second. | Friction Loss in pounds. | Veloc. in Pipe per second. | Friction Loss in pounds. | |
| 250 | 1.02 | 0.03 | 0.71 | 0.01 |
| 500 | 2.04 | 0.09 | 1.42 | 0.04 |
| 750 | 3.06 | 0.18 | 2.13 | 0.08 |
| 1,000 | 4.08 | 0.32 | 2.84 | 0.13 |
| 1,250 | 5.10 | 0.49 | 3.55 | 0.20 |
| 1,500 | 6.12 | 0.70 | 4.26 | 0.29 |
| 1,750 | 7.15 | 0.95 | 4.96 | 0.38 |
| 2,000 | 8.17 | 1.23 | 5.67 | 0.49 |
| 2,250 | . . . . | . . . . | 6.38 | 0.63 |
| 2,500 | . . . . | . . . . | 7.09 | 0.77 |
| 3,000 | . . . . | . . . . | 8.51 | 1.11 |
| Gallons discharged per minute. | 14 Inch. | 16 Inch. | ||
| Veloc. in Pipe per second. | Friction Loss in pounds. | Veloc. in Pipe per second. | Friction Loss in pounds. | |
| 500 | 1.04 | 0.017 | 0.80 | 0.009 |
| 1,000 | 2.08 | 0.062 | 1.60 | 0.036 |
| 1,500 | 3.13 | 0.135 | 2.39 | 0.071 |
| 2,000 | 4.17 | 0.234 | 3.19 | 0.123 |
| 2,500 | 5.21 | 0.362 | 3.99 | 0.188 |
| 3,000 | 6.25 | 0.515 | 4.79 | 0.267 |
| 3,500 | 7.29 | 0.697 | 5.59 | 0.365 |
| 4,000 | 8.34 | 0.910 | 6.38 | 0.472 |
| 4,500 | . . . . | . . . . | 7.18 | 0.593 |
| 5,000 | . . . . | . . . . | 7.98 | 0.730 |
| Gallons discharged per minute. | 18 Inch. | 20 Inch. | ||
| Veloc. in Pipe per second. | Friction Loss in pounds. | Veloc. in Pipe per second. | Friction Loss in pounds. | |
| 500 | 0.63 | 0.005 | . . . . | . . . . |
| 1,000 | 1.26 | 0.020 | 1.02 | 0.012 |
| 1,500 | 1.89 | 0.040 | . . . . | . . . . |
| 2,000 | 2.52 | 0.071 | 2.04 | 0.042 |
| 2,500 | 3.15 | 0.107 | . . . . | . . . . |
| 3,000 | 3.78 | 0.150 | 3.06 | 0.091 |
| 3,500 | 4.41 | 0.204 | . . . . | . . . . |
| 4,000 | 5.04 | 0.263 | 4.08 | 0.158 |
| 4,500 | 5.67 | 0.333 | . . . . | . . . . |
| 5,000 | 6.30 | 0.408 | 5.11 | 0.244 |
| 6,000 | 7.56 | 0.585 | 6.13 | 0.348 |
| 7,000 | . . . . | . . . . | 7.15 | 0.472 |
| 8,000 | . . . . | . . . . | 8.17 | 0.612 |
| Gallons discharged per minute. | 24 Inch. | 30 Inch. | ||
| Veloc. in Pipe per second. | Friction Loss in pounds. | Veloc. in Pipe per second. | Friction Loss in pounds. | |
| 1,000 | 0.72 | 0.005 | 0.45 | 0.002 |
| 2,000 | 1.44 | 0.020 | 0.91 | 0.006 |
| 3,000 | 2.16 | 0.047 | 1.36 | 0.012 |
| 4,000 | 2.88 | 0.067 | 1.82 | 0.022 |
| 5,000 | 4.60 | 0.102 | 2.27 | 0.035 |
| 6,000 | 4.32 | 0.146 | 2.72 | 0.048 |
| 7,000 | 5.04 | 0.196 | 3.18 | 0.065 |
| 8,000 | 5.76 | 0.255 | 3.63 | 0.083 |
| 9,000 | 6.47 | 0.323 | 4.08 | 0.105 |
| 10,000 | 7.19 | 0.398 | 4.54 | 0.131 |
Note.—The velocity with which a liquid issues from an infinitely small orifice in the bottom or sides of a vessel that is kept full is equal to that which a heavy body would acquire by falling from the surface level to the level of the orifice.