Life of Elie Metchnikoff, 1845-1916

by Olga Metchnikoff

• Iamanouchi, M., [211]
• Immunity, [122];
  • opposing theories of Behring and Metchnikoff, [148], [149], [150], [151];
  • ancient and modern theories of, [168]-70;
  • Metchnikoff’s exposition of, [171]-180
• Immunity in Infectious Diseases, [170]
• Infantile cholera, [207], [220]-21
• Inflammation, Metchnikoff’s lectures on, [152]-3
• Intestinal flora, problem of, [196]-8, [206];
  • further researches, [220], [235], [280];
  • experiments with rats, [221], [222]
• Intracellular digestion, Metchnikoff’s studies of, [57], [105], [107], [110], [116], [170], [277], [278]

• Jaurès, assassination of, [240]
• Jelly-fish, Metchnikoff’s monograph on embryology of, [126]
• Jenner and method of antivariolic vaccination, [168]
• Journal de Moscou, Elie Metchnikoff’s first publication in, [33]
• Jupille, M., [155]

• Kalmuk steppes, Metchnikoff’s journey to, [82]-3;
  • description of, [215]-16;
  • Metchnikoff’s anthropological work among natives of, [84]-5;
  • liability of natives to tuberculosis, [210]-11;
  • Pasteur Institute expedition to, [212];
  • description of, [215]-17
• Keferstein, Prof., [54]
• Kent, Saville, discoveries of Protospongia, [110]
• Kharkoff, [1], [16], [20];
  • Lycée, progress in, [28];
  • University, ancient methods in, [31]-2, [37], [40]
• Kherson, peasants’ grievances and vexatious conduct in, [113], [114]
• Kirghiz steppes, endemic plague in, [211];
  • Russian plague mission to, [211], [215], [218];
  • description of, [214]
• Kleinenberg, Prof., encouragement of Metchnikoff, [118], [119]
• Kleps, [169] n.
• Koch, Prof., [265];
  • attitude to Metchnikoff’s theory, [133], [149]
• Kölliker, Prof., [37]
• Kovalevsky, Alexander, friendship with Metchnikoff, [49], [58];
  • work of, [51], [52], [61], [62], [72], [73], [108];
  • divides Baer Prize with Metchnikoff, [58]
• Kriloff, [26]
• Kühne, [41]

• Latapie, M., [155]
• Law of Life, The, [223]
• Leçons sur la pathologie comparée de l’inflammation, [152]-3
• Leube, Dr., [231]
• Leuckart, Prof., [43]-5, [46]
• Lilienfiorse, [199]
• Lister, Dr., [148]
• Loeffler, [265]
• London Congress, [149]-50
• Lubarsch, attacks on Metchnikoff’s theory, [232]
• Lucernaria, [73]

• Macaques or Barbary apes, [124];
  • Metchnikoff’s typhoid experiments with, [207]-8
• Macrophages, [163]-4, [166], [178], [184]
• Madeira, [75]
• Maeterlinck, Maurice, [228]-9
• Maisonneuve, M., [191]
• Malaga, gardens of, [124]
• Manoukhine, Dr., [231]
• Martin, Dr., [256], [273]
• Medusæ, [72], [73], [116]
• Mertens, [76], [79]
• Messenger of Europe, Metchnikoff’s contributions to, [208]-9, [239] n.
• Messina, Metchnikoff’s work at, [61]
• Messina, the Metchnikoff home at, [115]
• Messina, earthquake at, 1908, [115], [116]
• Metazoa, [277]
• Metchnikoff, Dmitri Ivanovitch, devotion to his brother’s family, [5], [17], [21], [28];
  • appearance and character, [5]-6;
  • other references, [12], [14]
• Metchnikoff, Elie (or Ilia), parents’ home at Panassovka, [1]-3;
  • birth of, [3];
  • appearance and disposition in childhood, [8]-11;
  • early indications of unusual intelligence, [9], [16], [20];
  • an adventurous journey to Slaviansk, [12]-15;
  • life at Kharkoff, [16]-18;
  • develops natural history tastes with Hodounof, [20]-22;
  • ancestry, [23]-7;
  • entry into and progress at Kharkoff Lycée, [28]-34;
  • friendships and their influence, with Bogomoloff, [29],
    • with Tschelkoff, [32]-3, [42],
    • with Kovalevsky, [48] seq.,
    • with Cienkovsky, [59]-60,
    • with Kleinenberg, Virchow, and others, [118]-19,
    • with Pasteur, [132] seq.,
    • various, [56], [58]-9, [63], [65], [93], [137];
  • adopts atheism and shows continued interest in natural history, [29]-30;
  • love of music, [31], [34], [54]-5, [93];
  • plans a scientific career, [31];
  • early publications, [33], [41];
  • devotion to his mother, [35], [93]-4;
  • early love affairs, [35]-6;
  • abortive journey to Würzburg, [37]-9;
  • at Kharkoff University, [40]-42;
  • an early controversy with Kühne, [41];
  • influenced by Darwin, [41], [50];
  • early researches and privations in Heligoland, [43]-5;
  • letters to his mother quoted, [44]-6, [65]-9;
  • at Giessen Congress, [45];
  • work and relations with Leuckart, [45]-8;
  • eyesight troubles, [46], [62], [82]-3, [105];
  • visit to Geneva, [46]-8;
  • researches, Mediterranean, [48]-53, [56]-7, [61] seq.,
    • in the Crimea, [59]-60,
    • at Spezzia, etc., [70]-73,
    • anthropological among Kalmuks, [84]-5,
    • in intracellular digestion and Ephemeridæ, [105]-11, [116],
    • in infectious diseases, [128],
    • in tuberculosis and phagocytosis, [133];
  • at Pasteur Institute, [135]-6,
    • in cholera, [154]-157,
    • in immunity, [168]-80,
    • in senile atrophies and intestinal flora, [182]-9, [191], [196]-8, [206]-8, [220] seq.,
    • in syphilis, [189]-91,
    • in infantile cholera and typhoid, [207]-8, [220],
    • in tuberculosis and plague among Kalmuks, [210]-19;
  • silk-worm moth, [238]-9, [251];
  • contribution to foundation of comparative embryology, [51], [56];
  • studies in Germany and opinion of German scientists, [54]-5, [57];
  • illnesses, [55]-56, [65], [104], [181], [217], [222], [229] seq., [249];
  • return to Russia and Odessa University appointment, [58]-60;
  • appointed Zoology Professor at Petersburg, [61];
  • interest in educational questions, [63], [100];
  • life at Petersburg, [63]-4, [71] seq.;
  • engagement and first marriage, [66]-70;
  • reappointed to Odessa University and difficulties of appointment, [73], [75], [78], [98] seq.;
  • his philosophical theory and its evolution, [74]-7, [184]-9, [191]-5, [209], [222]-4, [228]-9, [281]-3;
  • visit to and life at Madeira, [75]-7;
  • death of first wife, [79];
  • attempts suicide, [80]-81;
  • Mlle. Fédorovitch’s description of, [83];
  • journey to Astrakhan steppes, [82]-3;
  • studies of childhood, [86];
  • meeting with family of second wife and growing intimacy, [86]-8, [94];
  • Setchénoff’s description of, [88];
  • harmony of second marriage, [89]-95;
  • character and disposition [96]-8, [143]-5;
  • views of women’s scientific capacity, [103];
  • inoculates himself with relapsing fever, [104];
  • and the phagocyte theory, first statement of, [110],
    • describes first inception of, [116]-17,
    • progress in, [117]-22, [126], [128], [142], [148], [150]-53, [158]-66, [183], [208]-9,
    • controversies and attacks on, [131], [133], [142], [147]-9;
  • difficulties over Russian estate management, [112]-14;
  • life at Messina, [115]-19;
  • again returns to Russia, [119];
  • journey through Spain to Tangiers, [123]-4;
  • life at Tangiers and Villefranche, [125]-6;
  • describes work at Bacteriological Institute, Odessa, [127]-8;
  • describes first meeting with Pasteur, [132];
  • Pasteur’s offer, [132];
  • visit to Berlin and reception by German scientists, [133];
  • work and influence at Pasteur Institute, [135]-146;
  • M. Roux’s appreciations of, [138]-9, [150], [159];
  • other appreciations, [141], [165];
  • life at Sèvres and Paris, [144]-5;
  • visit to England, [149];
  • triumph at London Congress, [150];
  • interest in Pfeiffer’s phenomenon, [158]-60;
  • theory and studies of natural death, [192]-5, [230]-35, [237]-8, [252];
  • receives Nobel Prize, [199];
  • journey to Sweden and Russia, [199]-200;
  • visit to Tolstoï, [200]-205;
  • expedition to Kalmuk steppes, [210] seq.;
  • unpleasant incident of lacto-bacilli fabrication, [225]-7;
  • kindness to friends, [227]-8;
  • descriptions of his own symptoms, etc., [229]-36, [250]-51, [263]-5;
  • holidays at St. Léger-en-Yvelines, [228], [237]-9, [251];
  • effect of war on, [239]-46, [261];
  • preface to Founders of Modern Medicine quoted, [247]-8;
  • plans a work on sexual questions, [249], [252], [260];
  • jubilee celebrations, [249]-50;
  • last illness, [254]-73;
  • last days at Pasteur Institute, [256]-73;
  • death, [273];
  • synopsis of work and achievements, [276]-81
• Metchnikoff, Madame, meeting with Metchnikoff, [87],
  • parents and family, [87]-8, [94],
  • marriage, [89], [90],
  • relations between husband and wife, [90]-95,
  • illness of, in 1880, [104],
  • loss of both parents, [112],
  • illnesses of, [123], [181], [252]
• Metchnikoff, Emilia Lvovna (née Nevahovna), appearance and disposition, [2], [5], [6], [93];
  • a capable housewife, [3];
  • a devoted mother, [4], [6], [13], [14], [18], [37];
  • delicacy of, [22];
  • ancestors, [26];
  • influence on Elie Metchnikoff’s choice of a career, [41];
  • endeavours to prevent Elie’s first marriage, [66];
  • letters to, from Elie quoted, [44]-5, [65]-69;
  • death of, [94]
• Metchnikoff, Elena Samoïlovna, [4], [8], [10]
• Metchnikoff, Ilia Ivanovitch, home at Panassovka, [1],
  • appearance and character, [2],
  • marriage, [2],
  • easy-going temperament, and extravagance, [2]-6,
  • attitude to his family and servants, [6]-7
• Metchnikoff, Ivan, [3], [8]
• Metchnikoff, Katia, appearance and character, [8],
  • marriage, [16], [21],
  • other references, [12], [14]
• Metchnikoff, Leo, [3], [8],
  • illness of, [19],
  • gifted but superficial nature of, [19], [46]-7;
  • activities in Geneva and connection with Garibaldi Movement, [46]-7, [80]
• Metchnikoff, Nicholas, birth of, [3];
  • appearance, [8];
  • his great-aunt’s favourite, [8], [10];
  • boyhood pursuits, [17]-18;
  • enters Kharkoff Lycée, [28];
  • life in Kharkoff, [31];
  • death of, [230]
• Microphages, [163]-4, [166]
• Morosoffs, the, of Moscow, [189]
• Moscow, Anthropological Society of, Metchnikoff’s report to, [85]
• Moscow, International Congress, 1897, [164]-5;
  • Skin Disease Research Society, [189]
• Müller, Fritz, For Darwin, [50]
• Müller’s Archives, Metchnikoff’s memoir on the Vorticella in, [41]
• [Myriapoda], embryology of, [76], [85]

• Naegeli, [169] n.
• Naples, cholera epidemic in, 1865, [53];
  • Metchnikoff’s first stay at, [49]-53,
  • second stay, [62]
• Napoleon, [260] n.
• Natural death, Metchnikoff’s studies of, [237], [280]-81
• Natural science, Metchnikoff’s campaign for the teaching of, [100]
• Nematodes, Metchnikoff’s discoveries, etc., [42], [46]
• Nevahovitch, Leo, [26]
• Nicholas I., [28]
• Nobel Prize, the, [199]
• Nocard, M., [265];
  • appreciation of Metchnikoff, [165]
• Norden, Dr., [231]

• Odessa, University of, [58]-9,
  • Metchnikoff’s work at, [60]-61, [98]-9,
  • party intrigues at, [75], [101],
  • rights to autonomy threatened, [101]-3,
  • Congress, 1883, [120],
  • bacteriological Institute founded at, [127]
• Oldenburg, Prince of, [129]

• Panassovka, the home of the Metchnikoffs, [1], [3],
  • fire at, [20]-21
• Parenchymella, explanation of, [109]-110
• Paris, International Congress, 1900, [170]
• Paris, air raids on, [246]
• Pasteur, antirabic inoculations, [127],
  • Metchnikoff’s first interview with, [132],
  • friendship with Metchnikoff and interest in phagocyte theory, [137],
  • experiments in vaccination and immunity, [168]-9,
  • death of, [181],
  • discovery of lactic fermentation microbe, [193],
  • age at death, [265]
• Pasteur Institute, the, [132],
  • Metchnikoff’s work and influence at, [134]-142, [144],
  • Metchnikoff’s appreciation of, [139],
  • effect of outbreak of European War on, [244]-5;
  • celebration of Metchnikoff’s jubilee, [249]
• Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia, [24], [25], [26]
• Petersburg, [2], [19],
  • Congress of Russian Naturalists at, 1867, [60]-61,
  • difficult conditions of Metchnikoff’s work at, [63]-4, [71],
  • foundation of Bacteriological Institute at, [129]
• Petersburg Geographical Society, [82]
• Petrushka, [4], [12], [13]
• Pettenkoffer, [154], [236]
• Pfeiffer, [265],
  • experiments in extracellular destruction of microbes, [158]-60, [165]-6, [175];
  • attacks on Metchnikoff’s theory, [232]
• Phagocytella, [110], [126]
• Phagocytes, origin of Metchnikoff’s theory of, [51], [57], [278],
  • • development of theory, [110], [111], [113], [120]-22, [142],
    • inception of theory, [116]-19,
    • Baumgarten’s hostile criticism of theory, [126];
  • application of theory to erysipelas, [128],
    • opposition to theory, [131], [151],
    • controversy, [148],
    • renewed experiments for proving theory, [148], [149], [150], [151], [152], [153], [279];
  • vindication of, at Buda-Pest Congress, [159], [160];
  • experiments with toxins and poisons, [160]-62;
  • experiments with antitoxins, [162]-164,
    • and doctrine of immunity, [170]-80,
    • and senility, [183], [280]
• Phagocytosis, Metchnikoff’s first paper on, read at Odessa Congress of Physicians and Naturalists, 1883, [120]
• Phyllirhoë, [175]
• Picot, E., Chronicle of John Neculua quoted, [23]
• Pirquet’s test, [211]
• Pleomorphism of Microbes, Metchnikoff’s memoir, 1888, [211]
• Poland, Revolution in, 1830, [26]
• Polypi, [72]
• Popular Star, [29]
• Preyer, theory of fatigue and sleep, [194]
• Protospongia, discovery of, by Saville Kent, [110]
• Pushkin, [2], [26]

• Radlkoffer, The Crystals of Proteic Substances, [33]
• Rasputin, [219]
• Recklinghausen, [169] n.
• Relapsing fever, experiments to prove phagocytic reaction, [129]
• Renon, Dr., [255]
• Rotifera, [193], [237]-8
• Rousseau, J. J., Confessions and the Nouvelle Héloïse, [260] n.
• Roux, Dr., [137], [255],
  • appreciation of Metchnikoff quoted, [138]-9, [141], [159], [249];
  • collaboration with Metchnikoff, [150], [162], [163], [164],
  • wins Osiris Prize, [189];
  • reply to campaign against Metchnikoff, [226];
  • friendship with and visits to Metchnikoff in his last illness, [257], [267], [273]
• Rubinstein, M., [260]

• St. Léger-en-Yvelines, [228], [237]
• Salimbeni, Dr., [163], [184], [211], [215], [256], [266], [272]-3
• Sanarelli, Dr., discovery of choleriform bacilli, [156]
• Sarepta, [217]-18
• Schaudinn, discovery of syphilitic treponema, [190]
• Scorpion, the, Metchnikoff’s researches concerning the development of, [71]
• Senility and death, Metchnikoff’s views on and researches, [182]-8, [191]-5
• Serums, their action, [177]
• Setchénoff, Prof., [52]-3, [71], [73], [78], [239];
  • autobiography quoted, [88]
• Sèvres, Metchnikoff Villa at, [144], [145]
• Siphonophora, [72]
• Slaviansk, adventurous journey of the Metchnikoff family to, [12]
• Spain, Metchnikoff’s eventful journey through, [80]
• Spatar, Joury Stepanovitch, [26]
• Spatar, Nicholas Milescu, exploits and adventures of, [23]-4,
  • mission to China, [24],
  • literary activities and services to Peter the Great, [25],
  • death of, [25]
• Spezzia, the Metchnikoffs sojourn at, [70]-71
• Sponges and Echinodermata, Metchnikoff’s study of, [61], [72], [106], [117]
• Stepanita, Prince, his dealings with Nicholas Milescu Spatar, [24]
• Syphilis, Metchnikoff’s researches on, [189]-91, [280]