TECHNICAL PRESS

WASHINGTON, D. C.

CONTENTS

PAGE
Preface[VII]–[VIII]
Conclusions regarding the divisions of the Pleistocene[1]–[15]
Limits of the Pleistocene[1]
The Blanco Pliocene[1]
Divisions of the Pleistocene[2]
Elevation of Continent[3]
Connections of North America with South America and Asia[3]
Sources of vertebrates[4]
Richness of Pleistocene life[4]
Evolution during the Pleistocene[5]
Extinction of species[6]
The earliest Pleistocene, the Nebraskan[7]
The Aftonian interglacial[10]
The Yarmouth interglacial[12]
The Illinois glacial[12]
The Sangamon interglacial[12]
The Peorian interglacial[13]
The Wisconsin and the Wabash beds[13]
Coastal Plain terraces[13]
Conspectus of Geology and Vertebrate Palæontology of the Pleistocene[14]–[15]
Finds of Pleistocene cetaceans in eastern North America[17]–[20]
Ontario[17]
Quebec[18]
Vermont[19]
New Brunswick[19]
North Carolina[20]
South Carolina[20]
Florida[20]
Finds of Pleistocene Pinnipedia in eastern North America[21]–[30]
Grinnell Land[21]
Nova Scotia[21]
New Brunswick[21]
Quebec[21]
Ontario[23]
Maine[23]
New Hampshire[25]
Massachusetts[25]
New Jersey[26]
Virginia[28]
North Carolina[29]
South Carolina[29]
Finds of Pleistocene Xenarthra in eastern North America[31]–[44]
New Jersey[31]
Pennsylvania[31]
Ohio[31]
Indiana[32]
Illinois[33]
Virginia[34]
West Virginia[34]
South Carolina[35]
Georgia[36]
Florida[37]
Alabama[40]
Mississippi[40]
Tennessee[41]
Kentucky[43]
Finds of mastodons in eastern North America[45]–[128]
Ontario[45]
Cape Breton Island[46]
Massachusetts[47]
Connecticut[47]
New York[48]
New Jersey[63]
Pennsylvania[68]
Ohio[70]
Michigan[80]
Indiana[88]
Illinois[100]
Wisconsin[110]
Maryland[112]
Virginia[113]
West Virginia[115]
North Carolina[115]
South Carolina[118]
Georgia[120]
Florida[121]
Alabama[124]
Mississippi[124]
Tennessee[127]
Kentucky[128]
Finds of Elephas primigenius in eastern North America[130]–[146]
Ontario[130]
New York[131]
New Jersey[132]
Pennsylvania[133]
Ohio[134]
Michigan[137]
Indiana[138]
Illinois[140]
Wisconsin[143]
Maryland[144]
Virginia[145]
North Carolina[145]
Florida[145]
Tennessee[146]
Kentucky[146]
Finds of Elephas columbi in eastern North America[147]–[161]
Ontario[147]
Vermont[148]
New York[149]
New Jersey[149]
Pennsylvania[150]
Ohio[150]
Michigan[151]
Indiana[151]
Illinois[152]
Maryland[154]
North Carolina[155]
South Carolina[155]
Georgia[157]
Florida[157]
Kentucky[160]
Finds of Elephas imperator in eastern North America[162]–[164]
South Carolina[162]
Florida[162]
Alabama[164]
Finds of Elephas sp. indet. in eastern North America[166]–[182]
Ungava[166]
Ontario[166]
Vermont[167]
New York[167]
Pennsylvania[168]
Ohio[168]
Michigan[171]
Indiana[171]
Illinois[175]
Wisconsin[178]
Maryland and District of Columbia[178]
Virginia[178]
West Virginia[179]
North Carolina[179]
Florida[179]
Mississippi[180]
Tennessee[181]
Kentucky[181]
Finds of Equidæ in eastern North America[183]–[202]
Massachusetts[183]
New York[183]
New Jersey[184]
Pennsylvania[184]
Ohio[185]
Indiana[186]
Illinois[187]
Maryland and District of Columbia[188]
Virginia[189]
West Virginia[190]
North Carolina[190]
South Carolina[191]
Georgia[193]
Florida[194]
Alabama[200]
Mississippi[200]
Tennessee[201]
Kentucky[202]
Finds of tapirs in eastern North America[203]–[210]
Pennsylvania[203]
Ohio[203]
Indiana[203]
Maryland[204]
Virginia[204]
South Carolina[204]
Georgia[206]
Florida[206]
Mississippi[208]
Tennessee[209]
Kentucky[209]
Rhinoceroses in Florida[211]
Finds of peccaries in eastern North America[212]–[223]
New York[212]
New Jersey[213]
Pennsylvania[213]
Ohio[214]
Michigan[215]
Indiana[216]
Illinois[218]
Wisconsin[219]
Maryland[220]
Virginia[221]
West Virginia[221]
South Carolina[221]
Florida[222]
Tennessee[222]
Kentucky[223]
Finds of camels in eastern North America[224]–[225]
Pennsylvania[224]
Florida[224]
Tennessee[225]
Finds of Odocoileus in eastern North America[226]–[234]
Ontario[226]
New York[226]
New Jersey[226]
Pennsylvania[227]
Ohio[227]
Michigan[227]
Indiana[228]
Illinois[229]
Wisconsin[230]
Maryland[230]
Virginia[231]
West Virginia[231]
North Carolina[231]
South Carolina[231]
Florida[232]
Mississippi[233]
Tennessee[234]
Kentucky[234]
Finds of Cervus canadensis in eastern North America[235]–[243]
Ontario[235]
Vermont[235]
New York[235]
New Jersey[237]
Pennsylvania[237]
Michigan[237]
Indiana[238]
Illinois[239]
Wisconsin[240]
Maryland[242]
North Carolina[242]
South Carolina[242]
Georgia[243]
Florida[243]
Tennessee[243]
Kentucky[243]
Finds of Rangifer in the Pleistocene of eastern North America[244]–[247]
Grinnell Land[244]
Ontario[244]
Vermont[244]
Connecticut[244]
New York[245]
New Jersey[245]
Pennsylvania[246]
Illinois[246]
Wisconsin[247]
Kentucky[247]
Finds of musk-oxen in eastern North America[248]–[255]
Grinnell Land[248]
New Jersey[248]
Pennsylvania[248]
Ohio[249]
Michigan[250]
Indiana[251]
Illinois[253]
West Virginia[254]
Mississippi[254]
Kentucky[255]
Finds of extinct bisons in eastern North America[256]–[265]
Ontario[256]
Pennsylvania[256]
Ohio[257]
Indiana[257]
Illinois[259]
Wisconsin[259]
Maryland[259]
Virginia[259]
South Carolina[260]
Georgia[261]
Florida[262]
Alabama[264]
Mississippi[264]
Kentucky[265]
Finds of Bison bison in eastern North America[266]–[271]
Ontario[266]
Massachusetts[266]
New York[266]
New Jersey[267]
Pennsylvania[267]
Indiana[268]
Illinois[268]
Wisconsin[270]
Kentucky[270]
Finds of Castoroides in eastern United States[272]–[280]
New York[272]
Pennsylvania[272]
Ohio[273]
Michigan[275]
Indiana[276]
Illinois[278]
South Carolina[279]
Georgia[280]
Mississippi[280]
Tennessee[280]
Pleistocene Geology of eastern North America and its fossil vertebrates[281]–[406]
Ontario[281]
Quebec[288]
New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton Island[289]
New England[290]
New York[294]
New Jersey[299]
Pennsylvania[306]
Ohio[324]
Michigan[330]
Indiana[331]
Illinois[334]
Wisconsin[340]
Maryland and District of Columbia[344]
Virginia[351]
West Virginia[354]
North Carolina[355]
South Carolina[361]
Georgia[368]
Florida[372]
Alabama[384]
Mississippi[385]
Tennessee[393]
Kentucky[400]

ILLUSTRATIONS

Plates.
Map [1.]Pleistocene cetaceans in eastern North America.
[2.]Pleistocene Pinnipedia in eastern North America.
[3.]Pleistocene Xenarthra in eastern North America.
[4.]Pleistocene Xenarthra in Florida.
[5.]Pleistocene mastodons in eastern North America.
[6.]Eastern New York, western Massachusetts, and Connecticut, showing relation of mastodon localities to areas of sea-level in Late Wisconsin.
[6A.]Pleistocene mastodons in New Jersey.
[7.]Pleistocene mastodons in Ohio.
[8.]Pleistocene mastodons in Michigan.
[9.]Pleistocene mastodons in Indiana.
[10.]Pleistocene mastodons in Florida.
[11.]Elephas primigenius in eastern North America.
[12.]Elephas columbi in eastern North America.
[13.]Elephas columbi in Florida.
[14.]Elephas imperator in southeastern United States.
[15.]Elephas imperator in Florida.
[16.]Elephas sp. indet. in eastern North America.
[17.]Pleistocene horses in eastern North America.
[18.]Pleistocene horses in Florida.
[19.]Pleistocene tapirs in eastern North America.
[20.]Pleistocene peccaries in eastern North America.
[21.]Pleistocene camels in eastern North America.
[22.]Pleistocene species of Odocoileus in eastern North America.
[23.]Cervus canadensis in Pleistocene of eastern North America.
[24.]Rangifer in Pleistocene of eastern North America.
[25.]Pleistocene musk-oxen in eastern North America.
[26.]Extinct bisons in Pleistocene of eastern North America.
[27.]Bison bison in Pleistocene of eastern North America.
[28.]Castoroides in eastern North America.
[29.]Castoroides in Ohio.
[30.]Castoroides in Indiana.
[31.]Areas in New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont occupied by water at sea-level in Late Wisconsin stage.
[32.]Isobases of Late Glacial uplift.
[33.]J. W. Spencer’s view of preglacial drainage of the region of the Great Lakes.
[34.]Wisconsin glacier in New York, lakes Newberry and Maumee, and localities of mastodons.
[35.]Glacial map of Ohio.
[36.]Distribution of Pleistocene mammals in Ohio.
[37.]Glacial map of Indiana.
[38.]Glacial map of Illinois. Shows also localities of Pleistocene vertebrates.
[39.]Coastal plain of North Carolina, with localities of Pleistocene animals and plants.
[40.]Sketch map of Skidaway Island, near Savannah, Georgia.
[41.]Bigbone Lick and vicinity.
Text-figures.
Fig. 1.Geological section of Twin Creek, near Beecher, Will Co., Illinois[108]
2.Section across gully at Whitehall, Wisconsin[242]
3.Region about Toronto, Ontario[282]
4.Eastern Ontario, showing limit of marine and fresh-water beaches[286]
5.South shore-line of the Champlain sea[287]
6.Preglacial drainage of the Upper Ohio[293]
7.Geologic section of Fish House beds at Camden, New Jersey[302]
8.Vicinity of Trenton, New Jersey, showing distribution of the Trenton gravels[305]
9.Geologic sections at Trenton, New Jersey[305]
10.Northern Pennsylvania, showing glaciated areas[309]
11.Section of Port Kennedy bone cave at time of first exploration, 1871[318]
12.Section of Port Kennedy bone cave at time of last exploration, 1896[318]
13.Metatarsal of Ovis sp. indet., from Kendall Co., Illinois[338]
14.Relation of the driftless area to the surrounding glaciated areas[342]
15.Diagram showing the supposed terraces of the Maryland coastal plain[345]
16.Section across Potomac River near Big Pool, Maryland, showing gravel-covered terraces[347]
17.Generalized section across Allegheny Valley at Parkers Landing, W. Va.[349]
18.Tooth of Hydrochoerus pinckneyi[365]
19.Jaw and tooth of a wolf from Charleston, South Carolina[366]
20.Coastal plain of Georgia[369]
21.Geologic section from north to south through the phosphate deposits of Florida[377]
22.Geological map of Mississippi embayment[388]
23.County map of Tennessee, to show where Pleistocene fossils have been found[395]
24.Vertical section of Bigbone Cave, Elroy, Van Buren Co., Tennessee[398]
25.Section on bank of Tennessee River at Nashville[400]

PREFACE.

The writer has been engaged for several years on an investigation of the Pleistocene geology of North America and of the Vertebrata which have been discovered in the deposits of this epoch. It had been his expectation to publish the results of all his studies at the same date. However, on consultation with Dr. John C. Merriam, it was agreed that it would be better to publish immediately that part which pertains to the region lying east of the Mississippi River and, as to the country further north, that east of longitude 95°.

At the outset the writer was convinced that, before just conclusions could be reached, it was necessary to know what fossil materials had been collected and under what geological and geographical conditions. He therefore made as thorough a search as possible of the literature for reports of discoveries of fossil vertebrates. Also, when in scientific journals or in newspapers the finding of fossils was recorded, recourse was had to correspondence, thus securing much exact information as to locality, kind of matrix, depth, and other important data. Often photographs have been obtained and even the materials themselves. The writer has also visited many museums and colleges throughout the country and examined their collections. Even in the smaller institutions, where perhaps only a few objects have been secured and preserved, some of these have furnished important information. Regret may be expressed that in the larger museums and colleges, as well as the smaller ones, too often there have been preserved only meager or no records regarding the history of what would otherwise be valuable specimens.