Ontario Teachers' Manuals: Nature Study

by Ontario. Department of Education

ONTARIO TEACHERS' MANUALS

NATURE STUDY

AUTHORIZED BY THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION

TORONTO
THE RYERSON PRESS

Copyright, Canada, 1915, by
The Minister of Education for Ontario
Second Printing, 1918
Third Printing, 1923
Fourth Printing, 1924

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CONTENTS

	Page
Prefatory Note	[1]
Course of Study—Details	[3]
Chapter I
The Aims of Nature Study; General Methods	[13]
Concrete Material	[15]
Topics and material must suit the season; matter suited to the child; use of the commonplace; order of development of lesson; problems in observation; note-books and records	[15]
The School Garden	[19]
Suggestions; Garden Expenses	[20]
The Excursion	[23]
Its value; difficulties; frequency; suggestions for ungraded schools; the teacher's excursions; a type excursion	[23]
Collections	[29]
Animal Studies	[29]
Domestic animals; references	[29]
Birds; references	[30]
Insects; insect collections	[34]
Butterfly and moth collections	[37]
Plant Collections	[39]
Chapter II
Physical Science Phase of Nature Study	[42]
Instructions and General Method	[42]
Value of such lessons; conditions under which experiments should be performed	[42]
Correlations of physical science phase	[44]
List of Reference Books and Bulletins on garden and plant study, physical science, and animal study	[45]
Physical Science—Equipment for Forms III and IV	[47]
Desirable apparatus	[47]
Chemicals	[48]
Apparatus	[50]
Grenet cells; decomposition apparatus; pneumatic trough; spirit-lamp; barometer; hygrometer; hints	[50]
Time Apportioned to Nature Study	[53]
Chapter III. Form I: Autumn
Garden Work	[54]
Lessons on a Garden Plant—Pansy	[55]
Observation Exercises on the Dandelion	[57]
Correlation with literature and reading	[59]
Dwarf Nasturtium	[59]
Seeds	[60]
Field exercise; class-room lesson based on the collection	[60]
Seed Dispersal	[61]
Lesson on seeds that fly; correlations	[62]
Twigs and Buds	[62]
Lesson on Twigs	[62]
Further study of twigs; review lesson	[63]
Lesson on Buds	[65]
Review lesson; correlations	[65]
Leaves	[66]
Field exercises; class-room lesson on leaves	[66]
Garden Studies	[68]
Studies in the Pupil's individual Plot	[68]
Studies from the Garden as a Whole	[69]
Bulb Planting	[69]
Lesson on Bulbs and Bulb Planting	[69]
Planting the bulb	[70]
Chapter IV. Form I: Winter
Pet Animals	[72]
The Rabbit—Lesson on; correlations	[72]
The Domestic Cat—detailed study	[75]
The Pigeon—detailed study	[76]
Winter-blooming Plants—Observation and care of	[78]
Trees	[79]
Pines of the Locality	[79]
The White Pine	[79]
Field exercises; class-room lesson	[79]
The Elm—field exercise	[82]
Domestic Animals	[83]
The Horse; correlations	[83]
Domestic Birds	[85]
The Duck—class-room lesson	[85]
Chapter V. Form I: Spring
Garden Work	[87]
Garden Studies—window garden	[88]
Wild Flowers	[90]
Recognition of Wild Flowers	[91]
Lesson in Outline—Bloodroot; correlations	[91]
Insect Study	[93]
Cecropia, or Emperor-moth	[93]
Dragon-fly	[94]
Other Conspicuous Insects	[95]
Birds	[95]
The Robin	[96]
Field exercises; the nest, eggs, and young	[96]
The Song-sparrow	[97]
Field exercises; class-room lesson	[97]
The Sheep	[99]
Problems for Field Work	[99]
Chapter VI. Form II: Autumn
Bulb Planting Out-of-Doors	[101]
Bed for growing bulbs; planting of bulbs indoors	[101]
Garden Work	[103]
Seed selection; storing seeds; harvesting and storing of garden crops; class-room lesson; autumn cultivation	[103]
Garden Studies	[106]
Garden Records; correlations	[107]
Climbing Plants	[108]
Trees	[109]
Storing of Tree Seeds	[110]
A Flower	[110]
Type—Nasturtium	[110]
Soil Studies	[112]
Kinds of Soil	[112]
Animal Studies	[113]
Bird Migration; correlations	[113]
Common Wild Animals	[114]
General method for field work	[114]
The Wood-chuck	[116]
The Chipmunk—field exercises	[117]
The Eastern Swallow-tail Butterfly	[118]
Chapter VII. Form II: Winter
Care of Plants in the Home	[120]
Trees	[121]
Collection of Wood Specimens	[122]
Related Reading	[122]
The Dog	[123]
Class-room lesson; observation exercises; correlations	[123]
Lessons Involving Comparison	[125]
Cat and dog; experiments for assisting in the study of the cat; comparison of the horse and cow	[126]
The Squirrel	[129]
Field exercises; class-room lesson	[129]
Winter Birds	[130]
Field exercises; class-room lesson; correlations	[130]
Animals of the Zoological Gardens	[132]
Chapter VIII. Form II: Spring
Garden Work	[133]
Combating Garden Pests	[134]
Cutworms; root-maggots; flea-beetles	[134]
Seed Germination	[135]
Plants for Individual Plots	[137]
Studies Based on Observations of Growing Plants	[137]
Planting and care of sweet-peas	[138]
Wild Flowers	[139]
Weeds	[140]
The Apple Tree	[141]
Field exercise; class-room lesson; field exercise following class-room lesson	[141]
Bird Study	[143]
The Toad	[143]
Field exercises; class-room lesson; detailed study; life history of the toad	[143]
The Earthworm	[147]
Class-room lesson; references	[148]
The Aquarium	[149]
Aquarium Specimens	[150]
Mosquito; study of adult form; the development; references	[150]
Caddice-fly	[152]
Insects Suitable for Lessons in Form II	[153]
Chapter IX. Form III: Autumn
Garden Work	[154]
Treatment of Fungi	[154]
Treatment of Insects—cabbage-worm	[156]
Plants	[158]
Annuals, Biennials, and Perennials	[158]
Class-room lesson	[158]
Garden Studies	[159]
Annuals, biennials, perennials	[159]
Special Study of Garden Plants	[160]
Sweet-pea; pumpkin; corn; correlations	[160]
Seed Dispersal—Lesson	[164]
Detailed Study of Seed Dispersal—class-room lesson	[165]
Seed collections; man as a disperser of seeds	[166]
The Sugar Maple—field exercises	[168]
Maple Leaves—class-room lesson; correlations	[169]
Weed Studies	[170]
Observation lesson on weed seeds	[171]
Grasshopper—field exercises; class-room lesson	[172]
Aphides	[174]
Tomato Worm—the adult; the chrysalis	[175]
The Crow; correlations	[177]
Chapter X. Form III: Winter
Care of Plants in the Home	[178]
Plant Cuttings	[179]
Selection of cuttings; potting of rooted cuttings	[179]
Evergreens—class-room lesson	[181]
Collection of Wood Specimens	[182]
Related Reading	[183]
How Animals Prepare for Winter	[183]
Summary of Lessons; correlations	[184]
Chickens	[185]
Conversation lesson; arithmetic lesson; care and food of chickens	[185]
Physical Science Phase of Nature Study	[188]
Solids, Liquids, and Gases	[188]
Change of State	[189]
Expansion of Solids	[189]
Practical applications; questions for further investigation	[190]
Expansion of Liquids—applications	[192]
The Thermometer	[193]
Expansion of Air	[194]
Sources of Heat and Light	[194]
Notes for a Series of Lessons	[194]
Conduction—problems	[196]
Convection—problems, convection in gases; applications	[198]
Radiation of Heat—problems	[199]
Chapter XI. Form III: Spring
Window Boxes	[201]
Window Gardens	[201]
Suitable Plants; Fertilizer	[202]
Soil Studies—constituents	[203]
Garden Work	[206]
Tree Seeds	[207]
Transplanting—flowers, vegetables, tree seedlings	[208]
Budding	[209]
Cuttings—leaf cuttings, root cuttings, layering	[211]
Planting and Care of Herbaceous Perennials	[212]
Garden Studies—biennials	[212]
Wild Flowers	[213]
Study of the Trillium	[213]
Class-room lesson on the specimens	[213]
Adaptations of Animals	[215]
Bird Types	[217]
Woodpeckers—the downy woodpecker; observations	[217]
Flycatchers	[219]
Wrens	[219]
Insect Types	[220]
Cabbage-butterfly	[220]
Tussock-moth	[221]
Potato beetle	[222]
References	[222]
Fish—Observations; problems; references	[223]
Chapter XII. Form IV: Autumn
Garden Work	[225]
Herbaceous Perennials from Seed	[226]
Trees—Deciduous; references	[227]
Trees in Relation to their Environment	[228]
Fruits—Excursion to a well-kept orchard	[229]
Small Fruits	[230]
Autumn Wild Flowers—Milkweed; correlations	[230]
Trees—The White Pine	[232]
Outline of a class-room lesson on the white pine; correlations; references	[235]
Apples—Comparative Lesson on Winter Varieties	[239]
King, Baldwin, Northern Spy	[239]
Codling moth; references	[240]
Some Common Animal Forms; references	[242]
Centipeds and millipeds	[243]
Salamanders or newts	[243]
Spiders	[244]
Bird Studies	[245]
Chapter XIII. Form IV: Winter
Forest Trees	[246]
Evergreens; Wood Specimens	[246]
Fruits	[247]
Weeds and Weed Seeds	[248]
Physical Science Phase of Nature Study	[248]
Water Pressure—exercises	[248]
Study of Air	[249]
The barometer; the common pump; expansive force of air; composition of air; oxygen; carbon dioxide; impurities of air	[250]
Solutions of Solids	[255]
Solutions of Liquids	[256]
Solutions of Gases	[256]
Limestone	[256]
Carbon	[257]
Hydrogen	[258]
Magnets	[258]
Electricity	[259]
Steam	[260]
Farm tools—machines; problems	[260]
Chapter XIV. Form IV: Spring
Method of Improving Home and School Grounds	[263]
Making and Care of a Lawn; References	[264]
Soil Studies	[265]
Weight	[265]
Subsoils	[266]
Fertilizers—experiments	[268]
Soil-forming Agents	[268]
Tilling the Soil	[269]
Garden Work—experiments in plots out-of-doors	[270]
Function of Parts of Plants	[273]
How the plant gets its food from the soil; germination of some of the common grains	[274]
Weeds	[278]
Vines	[279]
Wild Flowers	[279]
Planting of Trees, Shrubs, and Herbaceous
Perennials in Home and School Grounds	[280]
Shade trees; transplanting	[281]
Animal Studies	[283]
Scale Insects	[283]
San José scale; oyster-shell bark-louse; cutworms; white grubs	[283]
Crayfish	[285]
Freshwater Mussel	[286]
Bird Study	[287]
Different Aspects of Nature Study	[288]

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