[428]. “He who hath ears to hear, let him hear”—there is no claim to power in these words. But the Western Church never conceived its mission thus. The “Glad Tidings” of Jesus, like those of Zoroaster, of Mani, of Mahomet, of the Neo-Platonists and of all the cognate Magian religions were mystic benefits displayed but in nowise imposed. Youthful Christianity, when it had flowed into the Western world, merely imitated the missionarism of the later Stoa, itself by that time thoroughly Magian. Paul may be thought of as urgent; the itinerant preachers of the Stoa were certainly so, as we know from our authorities. But commanding they were not. To illustrate by a somewhat farfetched parallel—in direct contrast to the physicians of the Magian stamp who merely proclaimed the virtues of their mysterious arcana, the medical men of the West seek to obtain for their knowledge the force of civil law, as for instance in the matter of vaccination or the inspection of pork for trichina.
[429]. For the Buddhist Four Truths see Ency. Brit., XI ed., Vol. IV, p. 742. English translation of Kant’s Kritik der praktischen Vernunft by T. K. Abbott.—Tr.
[431]. See p. [205] and [222] et seq.
[432]. See Vol. II, p. 334.
[433]. The philosophy and dogma of charity and almsgiving—a subject that English research seems generally to have ignored—is dealt with at length in Dr. C. S. Loch’s article Charity and Charities, Ency. Brit., XI ed.—Tr.
[434]. Not only as local sovereigns enforcing order, like the good Bishop Wazo of Liége who fought down his castled robber-barons one by one in the middle of the 11th Century, but even as high commanders for the Emperor in distant Italy. The battle of Tusculum in 1167 was won by the Archbishops of Köln and Mainz. English history, too, contains the figures of warlike prelates—not only leaders of national movements like Stephen Langton but strong-handed administrators and fighters. The great Scots invasion of 1346 was met and defeated by the Archbishop of York. The Bishops of Durham were for centuries “palatines”; we find one of them serving on pay in the King’s army in France, 1348. The line of these warlike Bishops in our history extends from Odo the brother of William the Conqueror to Scrope, archbishop and rebel in Henry IV’s time.—Tr.
[435]. A paraphrase of the opening of “John Tanner’s Revolutionist’s Handbook,” Ch. V.—Tr.
[436]. See Vol. II, pp. 116 et seq.
[437]. Rousseau’s Contrat Social is paralleled by exactly equivalent productions of Aristotle’s time.