[525]. This sentence follows the original word for word and phrase for phrase. Its significance depends wholly on the precise meaning to be attached to such words as “dead,” “free,” “latent,” and to attempt any sharper formulation of the processes in English would require not only the definition of these (or other) basic terms but also extended description of what they imply.
The Second Law of Thermodynamics is something which is absorbed by, rather than specified for, the student. Elsewhere in this English edition, indications have been frequently given to enable the ordinary student to follow up matters referred to more allusively in the text. But in this difficult domain such minor aids would be worthless. All that is possible is to recommend such students to make a very careful study of some plain statement of the subject like Professor Soddy’s “Matter and Energy” (especially chapters 4 and 5) and to follow this up—to the extent that his mathematical knowledge permits—in the articles Energy, Energetics and Thermodynamics in the Ency. Brit., XI ed.—Tr.
[526]. See foot-note, p. 157.
[527]. The application of the idea of “lifetime” to elements has in fact produced the conception of “half-transformation times” [such as 3.85 days for Radium Emanation.—Tr.].
[528]. The text of this paragraph has been slightly condensed, as in such a field as this of philosophical mathematics partial indications would serve no useful purpose. The mathematical reader may refer to the articles Function, Number, and Groups in the Ency. Brit., XI ed.—Tr.
INDEX
Prepared by David Μ. Matteson
- Aachen Minster, and style, [200]
- Abaca, Evaristo F. dall’, sonatas, [283]
- Abel, Niels H., mathematic problem, [85]
- Absolutism, contemporary periods, table [iii]
- Abydos, [58n.];
- contemporaries, table [ii]
- Abyssinia, cult-buildings, [209]
- Academy, contemporaries, table [i]
- Acanthus motive, history, [215]
- Acheloüs, as god, [403]
- Achilles, archetype, [203], [402]
- Acre, battle, [150]
- Acropolis, contemporaries, table [ii]. See also [Parthenon]
- Act, and portrait, [262], [266], [270]
- Action, in Western morale, [342]
- Actium, battle, [381]
- Activity, as Western trait, [315], [320];
- as quality of Socialism, [362-364]
- Actuality, as test of philosophy, [41];
- significance, [164]
- Adam de la Hale. See [La Hale]
- Addison, Joseph, type, [254]
- Adolescence, initiation-rites as symbol, [174n.]
- Adrastos, cult, [33n.]
- Ægina temple, sculpture, [226], [244]
- Æschines, portrait statue, [270]
- Æschylus, tragic form and method, [129], [320], [321];
- Æsthetics, and genius in art, [128]
- Æther, contradictory theories, [418]
- Agamemnon, contemporaries, table [iii]
- Aggregates, theory, [426]
- Aglaure, cult, [406]
- Ahmes, arithmetic, [58]
- Ahriman, Persian Devil, [312]
- Aim, and direction, [361];
- nebulousness, [363]
- Aksakov, Sergei, and Europe, [16n.]
- Albani, Francesco, linear perspective, [240];
- colour, [246]
- Albani villa, garden, [240]
- Albert of Saxony, Occamist, [381]
- Alberti, Leone B., gardening, [240]
- Alcamenes, contemporary mathematic, [78];
- period, [284]
- Alchemy, as symbol, [248];
- Alcibiades, and Napoleon, [4];
- Alcman, music, [223]
- Alembert, Jean B. le R. d’, mathematic, [66], [78];
- Alexander the Great, analogies, [4];
- Alexander I of Russia, and Napoleon, [150]
- Alexandria, as a cultural left-over, [33], [73n.], [79];
- Alfarabi, and extension, [178];
- Algebra, defined, significance of letter-notation, [71];
- Diophantus and Arabian Culture, [71-73];
- Western liberation, [86];
- contemporaries, table [i].
- See also [Mathematics]
- Algiers, origin of French war, [144n.]
- Alhambra, courtyard, [235]
- Alien, and “proper”, [53]
- Alkabi, and extension, [178]
- Alkarchi, contemporaries, table [i]
- Al-Khwarizmi, mathematic, [72];
- contemporaries, table [i]
- Alkindi, and dualism, [307];
- contemporaries, table [i]
- Allegory, motive and word, [219n.]
- Almighty, philosophical attitude toward, [123]. See also [Religion]
- Alphabet, and historical consciousness, [12n.] See also [Language]
- Alsidzshi, mathematic, [72]
- Altar of the Unknown God, Paul’s error, [404]
- Amarna art, contemporaries, table [ii]
- Ambrosian chants, and Jewish psalmody, [228]
- Amenemhet III, pyramid, [13];
- Amida, and Arabian art, [209]
- Analogies, superficial and real historical, [4], [6], [27], [38], [39];
- necessity of technique, [5]
- Analysis, and Classical mathematic, [69];
- Anamnesis, and comprehension of depth, [174]
- Ananke, and Tyche, [146]
- Anarchism, basis, [367], [373]
- Anatomy, in Classical and Western art, [264];
- Michelangelo and Leonardo, [277]
- Anaxagoras, and ego, [311];
- Anaximander, and chaos, [64];
- popularity, [327]
- Ancestral worship, cultural basis, [134], [135n.]
- Ancient History, as term, [16]
- Anecdote, and Classical tragedy, [318];
- Western, [318n.]
- Angelico, Fra, and the antique, [275]
- Anthesteria, [135n.]
- Antigone, and Kriemhild, [268]
- Antiphons, and Jewish psalmody, [228]
- Antisthenes, character of Nihilism, [357];
- and diet, [361]
- Antonello da Messina, Dutch influence, [236]
- Apelles, contemporaries, table [ii]
- Aphrodisias Temple in Caria, as pseudomorphic, [210]
- Aphrodite, as goddess, [268];
- in Classical art, [268]
- Apocalypses, and world-history, [18n.];
- contemporaries, table [i]
- Apollinian soul, explained, [183]. See also [Classical Culture]
- Apollo Didymæus Temple, form-type, [204]
- Apollo of Tenea, contemporaries, table [ii]
- Apollodorus of Athens, unpopularity, [35];
- Apollodorus of Damascus, Roman architecture, [211]
- Apollonius Pergæus, and infinity, [69];
- mathematic, [90]
- Appius Claudius, contemporaries, table [iii]
- Arabesque, algebraic analogy, [72];
- Arabian Culture, and polar idea of history, [18];
- mathematic, significance of algebra, [63], [71-73];
- expressions, [72];
- and Late-Classical, [73], [209], [212], [214];
- and Marycult, [137];
- prime symbol, cavern, [174], [209], [215];
- soul and dualism, [183], [305-307], [363];
- “inside” architectural expression, [184], [199], [200], [224];
- religious expression, [187], [188], [312], [401];
- and Russian art, [201];
- autumn of style, [207];
- art as single phenomenon, [207-209];
- art research, [209];
- dome space-symbolism, [210-212];
- ornamentation, [212];
- fetters, [212];
- emancipation, hurry, [213];
- and mosaic, [214];
- arch-column, [214];
- Acanthus motive, [215];
- and portraiture, [223], [262];
- architecture in Italy, [235];
- music, [228];
- and Renaissance, [235];
- gold as symbol, [247];
- political concept, [335];
- will-lessness, [309], [311];
- art and spectator, [329];
- and world-history, [363];
- nature idea, chemistry, [382-384], [393];
- religion in Late-Classical, [407];
- spiritual epochs, table [i];
- art epochs, table [ii]
- Arabian Nights, as symbol, [248]
- Arbela, battle, [151]
- Arcadians, provided history, [11]
- Arch, and column, [214], [236]
- Archæology, and historical repetition, [4];
- Archery, Eastern and Western, [333n.]
- Archimedes, style, [59];
- Architecture, ahistoric symbolism of Classical, [9], [12n.];
- symbolism of Egyptian, [69], [189], [202];
- transition to and from Arabian, [72], [73];
- Rococo as music, [87], [231], [285];
- as early art of a Culture, mother-art, [128], [224];
- undurable basis of Classical, [132], [198];
- column, and arch, [166], [184], [204], [214], [236], [260n.], [345];
- dimension and direction, cultural relation, [169n.], [177], [184], [205], [224];
- symbolism in Chinese, [190], [196];
- imitation and ornament, becoming and become, [194-198], [202];
- history of techniques and ideas, [195];
- of Civilization period, [197];
- stage of Russian, [201];
- Classical, feeble development of style, [204];
- pseudomorphic Late-Classical, basilica, [209], [212], [214];
- Arabian, dome type, [208], [210-212];
- Western façade and visage, [224];
- cathedral and infinite space, forest character, [198-200], [224], [396];
- Arabian in Italy, [235];
- place of Renaissance, [235];
- Michelangelo and Baroque, [277];
- and cultural morale, [345];
- contemporary cultural epochs, table [ii].
- See also [Art]; [Baroque]; [Egyptian Culture]; [Doric]; [Gothic]; [Romanesque]
- Archytas, irrational numbers and fate, [65n.];
- Arezzo, school of art, [268]
- Aristarchus of Samos, and Eastern thought, [9];
- Aristogiton, statue, [269n.]
- Aristophanes, and burlesque, [30], [320n.]
- Aristotle, ahistoric consciousness, [9];
- entelechy, [15];
- contemporaries, [17], table [i];
- and philosophy of being, [49n.];
- mechanistic world-conception, [99], [392];
- and deity, [124], [313];
- tabulation of categories, [125];
- as collector, [136n.];
- as Plato’s opposite, [159];
- on tragedy, [203], [318], [320], [321], [351];
- on body and soul, [259];
- on Zeuxis, [284];
- and inward life, [317];
- and philanthropy, [351];
- and Civilization, [352];
- and diet, [361];
- culmination of Classical philosophy, [365], [366];
- Arithmetic, Kant’s error, [6n.];
- and time, [125], [126].
- See also [Mathematics]
- Army, Roman notion, [335]
- Arnold of Villanova, and chemistry, [384n.]
- Art and arts, irrational polar idea, [20];
- as sport, [35];
- and future of Western Culture, [40];
- as mathematical expression, [57], [58], [61], [62], [70];
- Arabian, relation to algebra, [72];
- and vision, [96];
- causal and destiny sides, [127], [128];
- Western, and “memory,” [132n.];
- mortality, [167];
- religious character of early periods, [185];
- lack of early Chinese survivals, [190n.];
- as expression-language, [191];
- and witnesses, [191];
- imitation and ornament, [191-194];
- their opposition, becoming and become, [194-196];
- typism, [193];
- so-called, of Civilization, copyists, [197], [293-295];
- meaning of style, [200], [201];
- forms and cultural spirituality, [214-216];
- as symbolic expression of Culture, [219], [259];
- expression-methods of wordless, [219n.];
- sense-impression and classification, [220], [221];
- historical boundaries, organism, [221];
- species within a Culture, no rebirths, [222-224];
- early period architecture as mother, [224];
- Western philosophical association, [229];
- secularization of Western, [230];
- dominance of Western music, [231];
- outward forms and cultural meaning, [238];
- and popularity, [242];
- space and philosophy, [243];
- cultural basis of composition, [243];
- symptom of decline, striving, [291], [292];
- trained instinct and minor artists, [292], [293];
- cultural association with morale, [344];
- contemporary cultural epochs, table [ii].
- See also [Imitation]; [Ornament]; [Science]; Style; arts by name
- Aryan hero-tales, contemporaries, table [i]
- Asklepios, as Christian title, [408n.]
- Astrology, cultural attitude, [132], [147]
- Astronomy, Classical Culture and, [9];
- Ataraxia, Stoic ideal, [343], [347], [352], [361]
- Atheism, and “God”, [312n.];
- Athene, as goddess, [268]
- Athens, and Paris, [27];
- Athtar, temples, [210]
- Atlantis, and voyages of Northmen, [332n.]
- Atmosphere, in painting, [287]
- Atomic theories, Boscovich’s, [314n.];
- Augustan Age, Atticism, [28n.]
- Augustine, Saint, and time, [124], [140];
- Augustus, as epoch, [140];
- statue, [295]
- Aurelian, favourite god, [406];
- contemporaries, table [iii]
- Avalon, and Valhalla, [401]
- Avesta. See [Zend Avesta]
- Aviation, Leonardo’s interest, [279]
- Avicenna, on light, [381];
- contemporaries, table [i]
- Axum, empire, and world-history, [16], [208], [209n.], [223]
- Baader, Franz X. von, and dualism, [307]
- Baal, shrines as basilicas, [209n.];
- Baalbek, basilica, [209n.];
- Sun Temple as pseudomorphic, [210]
- Babylon, and time, [9], [15];
- Baccio della Porta. See Bartolommeo[Bartolommeo]
- Bach, John Sebastian, contemporaries, [27], [112], [417], table [ii];
- Bachofen, Johann J., Classical ideology, [28];
- on stone, [188]
- Backgrounds, in Renaissance art, [237];
- in Western painting, [239];
- in Western gardening, [240].
- See also [Depth-experience]
- Bacon, Francis, Shakespeare controversy, [135n.]
- Bacon, Roger, world-conception, [99];
- Bähr, Georg, architecture, [285]
- Baghdad, autumnal city, [79];
- Ballade, origin, [229]
- Bamberg Cathedral, sculpture, [235]
- Barbarossa, symbolism, [403]
- Baroque, mathematic, [58], [77];
- musical association, [87], [228n.], [230];
- as stage of style, [202];
- sculpture as allegory, [219n.];
- origin, [236];
- depth-experience in painting, [239];
- in gardening, [240];
- portraits, [265];
- Michelangelo’s relation, [277];
- philosophy, reason and will, [308];
- soul, [313], [314];
- contemporaries, table [ii].
- See also [Art]
- Bartolommeo, Fra (Baccio della Porta), and line, [280];
- dynamic God-feeling, [394]
- Basilica, as pseudomorphic type, [209], [210];
- Basilica of Maxentius (Constantine), Arabian influences, [212]
- Basra School, philosophy, [248], [306];
- contemporaries, table [i]
- Basso continuo. See [Thoroughbass].
- Baths of Caracalla, Syrian workmen, [211], [212]
- Battista of Urbino, portrait, [279]
- Baudelaire, Pierre Charles, sensuousness, [35];
- Bayle, Pierre, and imperialism, [150]
- Bayreuth. See [Wagner]
- Beauty, transience, cultural basis, [194];
- as Classical rôle, [317]
- Become, Civilization as, [31], [46];
- philosophers, [49n.];
- explained, relationships, [53];
- and learning, [56];
- and extension, [56];
- and mathematical number, [70], [95];
- relation to nature and history, [94-98], [102], [103];
- and symbolism, [101];
- and causality and destiny, [119];
- and problem of time, [122];
- and mortality, [167];
- in art, [194].
- See also [Becoming]; [Causality]; [Nature]; [Space]
- Becoming, and history, [25], [94-98], [102], [103];
- Beech, as symbol, [396]
- Beethoven, Ludwig van, contemporary mathematic, [78], [90];
- Bell, as Western symbol, [134n.]
- Bellini, Giovanni, and portrait, [272], [273]
- Benares, autumnal city, [99]
- Benedetto da Maiano, and ornament, [238];
- and portrait, [272]
- Bentham, Jeremy, and imperialism, [150];
- Berengar of Tours, controversy, [185]
- Berkeley, George, on mathematics and faith, [78n.]
- Berlin, megalopolitanism, [33];
- Berlioz, Hector, contemporaries, table [ii]
- Bernard of Clairvaux, Saint, contemporaries, [400], table [i]
- Bernini, Giovanni Lorenzo, architecture, [87], [231], [244], [245];
- contemporaries, table [ii]
- Bernward, Saint, as architect, [107n.], [206]
- Berry, Duke of, Books of Hours, [239]
- Beyle, Henri. See [Stendhal]
- Bible, and periodic history, [18];
- as Arabian symbol, [248].
- See also [Christianity]
- Biedermeyer, contemporaries, table [ii]
- Binchois, Égide, music, [230]
- Binomial theorem, discovery, [75]
- Biography, and portraiture, [12];
- Cultures and, [13], [14];
- and character, [316];
- and Western tragedy, [318].
- See also [Portraiture]
- Biology, and preordained life-duration, [108];
- Bismarck, Fürst von, wars and cultural rhythm, [110n.];
- Bizet, Georges, “brown” music, [252]
- Blood, Leonardo’s discovery of circulation, [278]
- Blue, symbolism, [245], [246]
- Boccaccio, Giovanni, and Homer, [268n.]
- Body, as symbol of Classical Culture, [174];
- and geometrical systems, [176n.];
- in Arabian philosophy, [248];
- and soul, Classical expression, [259-261].
- See also [Sculpture]; [Spirit]
- Böcklin, Arnold, act and portrait, [271n.];
- Boehme, Jakob, contemporaries, table [i]
- Bogomils, iconoclasts, [383]
- Bohr, Niels, and mass, [385], [419]
- Boltzmann, Ludwig, on probability, [380n.]
- Boniface, Saint, as missionary, [360]
- Book, and cult-building, [197n.]
- Books of Hours, Berry’s, [239]
- Books of Numa, burning, [411]
- Boomerang, and mathematical instinct, [58]
- Borgias, Hellenic sorriness, [273]
- Boscovich, Ruggiero Giuseppe, and physics, [314n.], [415]
- Botticelli, Sandro, Dutch influence, [236];
- Boucher, François, and body, [271]
- Boulle, André C., Chippendale’s ascendency, [150n.]
- Bourbons, analogy, [39]
- Boyle, Robert, and element, [384]
- Brahmanism, transvaluation, [352];
- Buddhist interpretation of Karma, [357];
- contemporaries of Brahmanas, table [i].
- See also [Indian Culture]
- Brain, and soul, [367]
- Bramante, Donato d’Angnolo, plan of St. Peter’s, [184]
- Brancacci Chapel, [237], [279]
- Brass musical instruments, colour expression, [252n.]
- Bronze, and Classical expression, [253];
- Brothers of Sincerity, on light, [381];
- contemporaries, table [i]
- Brown, symbolism of studio, [250], [288];
- Leonardo and, [280]
- Bruckner, Anton, end-art, [223];
- “brown” music, [252]
- Bruges, loss of prestige, [33];
- as religious, [358]
- Brunelleschi, Filippo, linear perspective, [240];
- Bruno, Giordano, world, [56];
- Brutus, M. Junius, character, [5]
- Buckle, Henry T., and evolution, [371]
- Buddhism, and Civilization, end-phenomenon, materialism, [32], [352], [356], [357], [359], [409];
- Burckhardt, Jacob, Classical ideology, [28];
- on Renaissance, [234]
- Buridan, Jean, Occamist, [381]
- Burlesque, Classical, [30], [320]
- Busts, Classical, as portraits, [269], [272]
- Buxtehude, Dietrich, organ works, [220]
- Byron, George, Lord, and Civilization, [110]
- Byzantinism, as Civilization, [106];
- and portraiture, [130n.];
- style, [206];
- Acanthus motive, [215];
- allegorical painting, [219n.];
- contemporaries, [tables ii], [iii].
- See also [Arabian Culture]
- Byzantium, tenement houses, [34n.]
- Cabeo, Nicolaus, theory of magnetism, [414]
- Caccias, character, [229]
- Cæsar, C. Julius, analogies, [4], [38];
- Cæsarism, and money, [36];
- contemporary periods, table [iii]
- Calchas, cult, [185]
- Calculus, and Classical astronomy[astronomy], [69];
- Calderon de la Barca, Pedro, plays as confession, [264]
- Calendar, Cæsar’s, [133]
- Caliphate, Diocletian’s government, [72], [212];
- deification of caliph, [405]
- Callicles, ethic, [351]
- Calvin, John, predestination and evolution, [140n.], [141];
- Can Grande, statue, [272]
- Cannæ, as climax, [36]
- Canning, George, and imperialism, [149n.]
- Cantata, and orchestra, [230]
- Canzoni, character, [229]
- Caracalla, and citizenship and army, [335], [407]
- Carcassonne, restoration, [254n.]
- Cardano, Girolamo, and numbers, [75]
- Care, and distance, [12];
- Carissimi, Giacomo, music, pictorial character, [230], [283]
- Carneades, and mechanical necessity, [393]
- Carstens, Armus J., naturalism, [212]
- Carthage. See [Punic Wars]
- Carthaginians, and geography, [10n.], [333]
- Castle, and cathedral, [195], [229]
- Catacombs, art, [137n.], [224]
- Categories, tabulation, [125]
- Catharine of Siena, Saint, and Gothic, [235]
- Cathedral, as ornament, [195];
- and castle, [229];
- forest-character, [396];
- contemporaries, table [ii].
- See also [Gothic]; [Romanesque]
- Cato, M. Porcius, Stoicism and income, [33]
- Cauchy, Augustin Louis, notation, [77];
- Causality, history and Kantian, [7];
- and historiography, [28];
- and number, [56];
- and pure phenomenon, [111n.];
- and destiny and history, limited domain, [117-121], [151], [156-159];
- and space and time, [119], [120], [142];
- and principle, [121];
- and grace, [141];
- and reason, [308];
- and Civilization, [360];
- and destiny in natural science, [379];
- and mechanical necessity, [392-394].
- See also [Become]; [Destiny]; [Nature]; [Space]
- Cavern, as symbol, [200], [209], [215], [224]
- Celtic art, as Arabian, [215]
- Centre of time, and history, [103]
- Ceres, materiality, [403]
- Cervantes, Miguel de, tragic method, [319]
- Ceylon, Mahavansa, [12]
- Cézanne, Paul, landscapes, [289];
- striving, [292]
- Chæronea, issue at battle, [35]
- Chalcedon, Council of, and Godhead, [209], [249]
- Chaldeans, astronomy, Classical reaction, [147]
- Chamber-music, as summit of Western art, [231]
- Chan-Kwo period, contemporaries, table [iii]
- Character, and person, [259];
- Chardin, Jean B. S., and French tradition, [289]
- Chares, Helios and gigantomachia, [291]
- Charity. See [Compassion]
- Charlemagne, analogies, [4], [38];
- contemporaries, table [iii]
- Charles XII of Sweden, analogy, [4]
- Chartres Cathedral, sculpture, [235], [261]
- Chemistry, thoughtless hypotheses, [156n.];
- Cheops, dynasty, [58n.]
- Chephren, dynasty, [58n.];
- Chian, contemporaries, table [iii]
- Children, Western portraiture, [266-268]. See also Motherland.
- Chinese Culture, historic feeling, [14];
- imperialism, [37];
- philosophers, [42], [45];
- time-measurement, [134n.];
- ancestral['ancestral] worship, [135n.];
- and care, [136];
- attitude toward state, [137];
- economic organization, [138];
- destiny-idea, landscape as prime symbol, [190], [196], [203];
- lack of early art survivals, [190n.];
- and tutelage, [213];
- music, [228];
- gardening, [240];
- bronzes, patina, [253n.];
- portraiture, [260], [262];
- Civilization, [295];
- soul, perspective as expression, [310n.];
- passive morale, [315], [341], [347];
- and discovery, [333], [336];
- political epochs, table [iii].
- See also [Cultures]
- Chippendale, Thomas, position, [150n.]
- Chivalry, southern type, [233n.]
- Chorus, in art-history, [191];
- in Classical tragedy, [324]
- Chosroes-Nushirvan, art of period, [203]
- Chóu Li, on Chóu dynasty, [137]
- Chóu Period, and care, [137];
- contemporaries, table [iii]
- Christianity, comparisons, [4];
- Eastern, and historical-periods, [22n.];
- and poor Stoics, [33n.];
- as Arabian, [72], [402];
- Mary-cult, Madonna in art, [136], [267], [268];
- destiny in Western, [140];
- architectural expression of early, [208-211];
- colour and gold as symbols, [247-250];
- in Western art, spiritual space, [279];
- dualism in early, [306];
- “passion”, [320n.];
- Eastern, and home, [335];
- Western transformation of morale, [344], [347], [348];
- and Buddhism, [357];
- of Fathers and Crusades, [357n.];
- missionarism, [360];
- God-man problem as alchemistic, [383];
- and mechanical necessity, miracles, [392], [393];
- elements of Western, [399-401];
- foreign gods as titles, [408n.]
- See also [Religion]
- Chronology, relation of Classical Culture, [9], [10];
- Chrysippus, and Stoicism, [33], [358];
- and corporeality, [177]
- Chuang-tsü, practical philosophy, [45]
- Chun-Chiu Period, contemporaries, table [iii]
- Cicero, M. Tullius, analogy, [4]
- Cimabue, Giovanni, and nature, [192];
- Cimarosa, Domenico, ease, [292]
- Cistercians, soul, [360]
- Citizenship, Classical concept, [334]. See also [Politics]
- Civilization, defined, as destiny of a Culture, [31-34], [106], [252], [353], [354];
- and the “become”, [31], [46];
- and megalopolitanism, [32], [35];
- money as symbol, [34-36];
- and economic motives, [35];
- imperialism, [36];
- destiny of Western, [37], [38];
- and scepticism, [46], [409];
- Alexander-idea, [150];
- English basis of Western, [151], [371];
- Western, effect on history, [151];
- so-called art, [197], [293-295];
- style histories, [207];
- Western painting, plein-air, [251], [288], [289];
- and gigantomachia, [291];
- Manet and Wagner, [293];
- transvaluation of values, striving, [351], [353];
- Nihilism and inward finishedness, [352];
- manifestations, [353], [354];
- problematic and plebeian morale, [354], [355];
- and irreligion, [358];
- diatribe as phenomenon, [359];
- and biological philosophies, philosophical essence, [361], [367];
- natural science, [417];
- contemporary spiritual epochs, table [i];
- contemporary art epochs, table [ii];
- contemporary political epochs, table [iii].
- See also [Cultures]
- Clarke, Samuel, and imperialism, [150]
- Classical Culture, philosophy, culmination, [3], [45];
- ahistoric basis, [8-10], [12n.], [97], [103], [131-135], [254], [255], [264], [363];
- and chronology, [9], [10n.];
- and geography, [10n.];
- religious expression, bodied pantheon, later monotheistic tendencies, [10], [11], [13], [187], [312], [397], [398], [402-408];
- and mortality, funeral customs, [13], [134];
- portraiture, [13], [130], [264], [265], [269], [272];
- and archæology, [14];
- and measurement of time, [15];
- mathematic, [15], [63-65], [69], [77], [83], [84], [90];
- contemporary Western periods, [26];
- Western views, ideology, [27-31], [76], [81], [237], [238], [243], [254], [270], [323];
- “Classical” and “antike”, [28n.];
- civilization, Rome, Stoicism, [32-34], [36], [44], [294], [352];
- cosmology, astronomy, [63], [68], [69], [147], [330];
- cultural significance of mathematic, [65-67], [70];
- and algebra, [71];
- surviving forms under Arabian Culture, [72], [73], [208];
- opposition to Western soul, [78];
- and space, [81-84], [88], [175n.];
- “smallness”, [83];
- relation to proportion and function, [84], [85];
- popularity, [85], [254], [326-328];
- and destiny-idea, dramatic illustration, [129], [130], [143], [146], [147], [317-326], [424];
- care and sex attitude, family and home, [136], [266-268], [334-337];
- attitude toward state, [137], [147];
- and economic organization, [138];
- actualization of the corporeal only, sculpture, [176-178], [225], [259-261];
- soul, attributes, [183], [304], [305];
- architectural expression, [184], [198], [224];
- weak style, [203];
- art-work and sense-organ, [220];
- and music, [223], [227];
- and form and content, [242];
- and composition, [243];
- colour, [245-247];
- nature idea, statics, [263], [382-384], [392];
- and discovery, [278];
- painting, [287];
- will-less-ness, [309], [310];
- lack of character, gesture as substitute, [316];
- art and time of day, [325];
- morale, ethic of attitude, [341], [342], [347], [351];
- and “action”, [342n.];
- cult and dogma, [401], [410];
- and strange gods, [404];
- scientific periods, [424];
- spiritual epochs, table [i];
- art epochs, table [ii];
- political epochs, table [iii].
- See also [Art]; [Cultures]; [Renaissance]; [Science]
- Classicism, and dying Culture, [108];
- Claude Lorrain, landscape as space, [184];
- Cleanliness, cultural attitude, [260]
- Cleisthenes, contemporaries, table [iii]
- Cleomenes III, contemporaries, table [iii]
- Cleon, and economic organization, [138]
- Clepsydra, Plato’s, [15]
- Clock, and historic consciousness, [14];
- Clouds, in paintings, [239]
- Cluniac reform, and architecture, [185]
- Clytæmnestra, and Helen, [268]
- Cnidian Aphrodite, [108], [268]
- Cnossos art, [224n.], [293];
- contemporaries, table [ii]
- Cobbett, William, population theory, [185n.]
- Cognition, and nature, [94], [102], [103]
- Colleoni, Bartolommeo, statue, [238], [272]
- Colosseum, and real Rome, [44];
- Colossus of Rhodes, and gigantomachia, [291]
- Colour, Goethe’s theory, [157n.], [158n.];
- Columbus, Christopher, and Spanish ascendency, [148];
- Column, as symbol, [166], [184], [214], [260n.], [345];
- Compass, symbolism, [333]
- Compassion, times and meaning, [347-351];
- and Socialism, [362]
- Composition in art, cultural basis, [243]
- Comprehension, qualities, [99]
- Comte, Auguste, provincialism, [24];
- Confession, as Western symbol, [131], [140], [261], [264];
- absence in Renaissance art, [273]
- Confucius, and actuality, [42];
- and analogies, [357]
- Conic sections, contemporaries, table [i]
- Conquest, as Western concept, [336]
- Consciousness, phases, [154]
- Consecutives in church music, [188]
- Conservation of energy, and causality, [393];
- Constable, John, significance of colour, [251];
- and impressionism, [288]
- Constantine the Great, and artistic impotence, [294];
- Constantinople. See [Byzantium]; [Haggia Sophia]
- Consus, materiality, [403]
- Contemplation, defined, [95]
- Contemporaneity, intercultural, [26], [112], [177], [202n.], [220];
- Contending States, period in China, homology, [111]
- Content, and form, [242], [270]
- Contrition, sacrament as Western symbol, [261], [263]
- Conversion, impossibility, [345]
- Copernicus, Classical anticipation of system, [68], [139];
- Corelli, Arcangelo, sonatas, [226], [283];
- Corinth, and unknown gods, [404]
- Corinthian column, contemporaries, table [ii]. See also [Column]
- Corneille, Pierre, and unities, [323]
- Corot, Jean B. C., colour, [246], [289];
- Cosmogonies, contemporaries, table [i]
- Cosmology, cultural attitude, [63], [68], [69], [147], [330-332].
- See also [Astronomy]
- Counterpoint, and Gothic, [229];
- Counter-Reformation, Michelangelo and spirit, [275]
- Couperin, François, pastoral music, [240];
- colour expression, [252n.]
- Courbet, Gustave, landscapes, [288-290]
- Courtyards, Renaissance, [235]
- Cousin, Victor, and economic ascendency, [367]
- Coysevox, Antoine, sculpture, [232];
- decoration, [245]
- Cranach, Lucas, and portraiture, [270]
- Crassus Dives, M. Licinius, and city of Rome, [34]
- Cremation, as cultural symbol, [134]
- Cresilas, and portraiture, [130n.], [269]
- Crete, inscriptions, [12n.];
- Minoan art, [198]
- Cromwell, Oliver, and imperialism, [149];
- contemporaries, table [iii]
- Crusades, symbolism, [15n.], [198];
- Ctesiphon, school, [63]
- Cult and dogma, cultural attitudes, [401], [410], [411];
- in natural science, [412]
- Cultures, Spengler’s morphological theory, [xi];
- obligatory stages, symbols, [3], [4], [6], [38], [39];
- superficial and real analogies, [4], [6], [27], [38];
- theory of distinct cycles, [21], [22], [31], [78];
- divergent viewpoints, [23], [46], [131];
- as organisms, mortality, [26], [104], [109], [167];
- contemporary periods, [26], [112], [177], [202n.], [220];
- Civilization as destiny, [31-34], [106], [252], [353], [354];
- symmetry, [47];
- and notion of the world, language, [55];
- physiognomic meaning as essence of history, [55], [101], [104], [105];
- mathematical aspects, separation, [57-63], [67], [70];
- and universal validity, [60], [146], [178-180], [202], [287];
- number-thought and world-idea, [70];
- stages, [106], [107];
- application of term “habit” or “style”, [108], [205];
- recapitulation in life of individuals, [110];
- homologous forms, [111];
- separate destiny-ideas, [129], [145];
- comparative study, [145n.];
- as interpretation of soul, [159], [180], [302-304], [307], [313], [314];
- cultural and intercultural macrocosm, [165];
- particular, and nature, [169];
- kind of extension as symbol, [173-175];
- actualization of depth-experience, [175];
- plurality of prime symbols, [179], [180];
- tutelage, [213];
- art forms and spiritualities, [214-216];
- arts of form as symbolic expression, [219];
- significance of species of art, [222-224];
- as bases of morale, [315], [345-347];
- and times of day, [325];
- and nature-law, [377-380], [382], [387];
- scientific period, [381];
- religious springtimes, [399-402];
- renunciation, second religiousness, [424];
- characteristics of seasons, table [i];
- contemporary art epochs, table [ii];
- contemporary political epochs, table [iii].
- See also [Arabian]; [Art]; [Chinese]; [Classical]; [Egyptian]; [History]; [Indian]; [Macrocosm]; [Morphology]; [Nature]; [Spirit]; [Western]
- Cupid, as art motive, [266]
- Cupola. See [Dome]
- Curtius Rufus, Quintus, biography of Alexander, [4]
- Cusanus, Nikolaus. See [Nicholas of Cusa]
- Cuyp, Albert, landscape as portrait, [287]
- Cyaxares, and Henry the Fowler, [4]
- Cybele, cult, [406]
- Cynics, practicality, [45];
- Cypress, as symbol, [396]
- Cyrenaics, practicality, [45];
- contemporaries, table [i]