Government in Republican China - Paul Myron Anthony Linebarger

P. M. A. L.

Durham, N. C.,
August, 1938.

FIRST PART MOVEMENTS
	Page
Foreword by Fritz Morstein Marx	[vii]

Acknowledgments	[xi]

Introduction	[1]
Duality or Confluence?	[1]
The Peculiarities of Old China	[2]
The Peculiarities of Modern China	[6]
The World Significance of Chinese Government	[7]
The Main Factors in Modern Chinese Government	[9]
The Approach	[11]
CHAPTER I
Confucianism	[13]
The Ages before Confucius	[13]
The Ideology Called Confucian	[15]
Government in the Confucian Ideology	[18]
The Replacement of the Confucian Ideology	[22]
The Chief Movements in the Rebuilding of China	[24]
Confucianism in the Republic	[26]
CHAPTER II
The Rise of Nationalism	[31]
Nationalism: Patriotic Anti-Manchu Phase	[31]
Nationalism: Revolutionary Modernist Phase	[34]
Nationalism: Republican Phase	[36]
Nationalism: Constitutionalist Phase	[38]
The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen	[41]
Opportunist Movements and Their Anticonstitutional Effects	[44]
Christianity as a Political Force	[48]
Nationalism: Social Revolutionary Phase	[50]
CHAPTER III
Battling Creeds	[57]
Nationalism: Governing Phase	[57]
Independent Marxism in China	[63]
Japanese Efforts to Participate in Creating a New China	[69]
Patriotism: The United Front	[72]
SECOND PART ARMIES
CHAPTER IV
Warriors	[76]
Military Rule and Political Economy	[76]
The Downfall of the Charioteers	[79]
Military Elements in Chinese Imperial History	[83]
The Military Organization of the Manchu Dynasty	[86]
The Army and the Republican Revolution	[97]
CHAPTER V
Causes	[102]
The Age of the War Lords	[102]
The Age of Air Conquest	[108]
Governmental and Political Role of the Armies	[113]
War and the Agrarian Economy	[115]
Imperialism and Chinese Wars	[119]
THIRD PART GOVERNMENTS
CHAPTER VI
The Empire	[126]
Government to the End of the Warring States	[126]
The Chinese Imperial Government	[129]
Family, Village, and Hui	[136]
Governmental Changes Foreshadowing the Republic	[139]
CHAPTER VII
The Revolution	[145]
The Presidency of Sun Yat-sen and the Republican Revolution	[145]
The Parliamentary Republic	[149]
The Presidential Dictatorship of Yüan Shih-k'ai	[152]
The Phantom Republic in Peking	[155]
The Governments of Sun Yat-sen in Canton	[160]
The Nationalist Government, Soviet in Form	[162]
CHAPTER VIII
Reconstruction	[167]
The National Government of China	[167]
The Chinese Soviet Republic	[182]
Other Governments in China	[184]
The Growth of Government in China	[186]

Conclusion	[191]
The Collapse of the Imperial Society	[191]
The Nature of the Transformation	[192]
The Problems of Government in China	[193]
The Question of Chinese Political Survival	[195]

Chronology of Dynasties	[197]

Index	[199]

[INTRODUCTION]

The origins of Chinese society may reach half a million years into the past. Anthropologists have suggested that Sinanthropus Pekinensis, among the earliest forms of man, resembles the modern Chinese more closely than he does any other modern race. In what specific period the earliest ancestors of the Chinese came to China is not known. It is certain, however, that about 1500 b. c. there existed a well-developed civilized society in the Yellow River valley, and that this same society has lived on—modified by the centuries, but in unbroken continuity—down into the present. China has outlasted Crete, Tyre, Greece, and Rome. The Aztec empire, which arose in Mexico when China was already ancient, has become only a memory, while China is still vital. How is it that China's institutions survive, while those of other nations did not? How real are Chinese institutions today? What, precisely, is the Republic of China?

CONTENTS

[INTRODUCTION]