[25.] See Pacific Affairs for 1934 and 1935, for articles by George Taylor and others dealing with reconstruction.
[26.] Linebarger, op. cit. in note 21, chap. VII, "The Programs of Min Shêng," discusses these points at greater length.
[27.] See P. H. B. Kent, The Twentieth Century in the Far East, p. 364, London, 1937, for an extract from the mandate sent by the Chinese-Manchu Emperor Ch'ien-lung to England's George III.
[28.] See G. E. Hubbard, Eastern Industrialization and Its Effect on the West, London, 1935, for a very illuminating survey. J. E. Orchard, Japan's Economic Position, New York, 1930, is equally informative. Much current information will be found in Far Eastern Survey (semimonthly, New York), and Amerasia (monthly, New York) on economic matters. Pacific Affairs (quarterly, New York) and International Affairs (bimonthly, London) possess book review sections which are useful guides to the literature. The Bulletin of Far Eastern Bibliography (quarterly, Washington, D. C.) is the most complete guide of its kind, but has just completed its initial volumes.
THIRD PART
GOVERNMENTS
Chapter VI
[THE EMPIRE]
The governing of China is not and has not been confined to governments. In many instances the working of specific institutions called governments has been of less importance than that of other establishments and organizations. The problems of government in Republican China are affected but not determined by the fate of individual governments. Movements and armies have predetermined action; governments have reflected it. Government in China may be divided into three chief periods. The first extends from prehistory to 221 b. c. The second is the imperial period.[1] The third—the Republican epoch—did not begin until 1912, although it was foreshadowed in the nineteenth century.