They taught nationalism not merely with the fury of their guns, or with the cruelties of their hysterical troops in Nanking. The Japanese fostered nationalism most strikingly when they drove inland the protagonists of nationalism. Students, merchants, engineers, soldiers, administrators, physicians, and scientists of the coast were forced into the far interior. Villagers to whom the sight of these modern Chinese was as rare as the sight of a lama in Arkansas now had such refugees dwelling among them. The effect of forced cultural cross-fertilization is yet to be seen, but it may prove to be of extraordinary significance. Chinese able to hold their own with any representative of the Western world can now be found in the remote valleys and plateaus of the hinterland—twentieth-century China and timeless China, united in their hatred of the invaders, and deeply aware of their new national unity, their desperate need for power.
Notes
[2.] See Wu Chih-fang, Chinese Government and Politics, pp. 147 ff., Shanghai, 1934.
[3.] The outline given and the description offered are brief and generalized because the Japanese invasion will probably lead to recurrent reorganization of the government. Shih Chao-ying and Chang Chi-hsien (editors), The Chinese Year Book, 1936-1937, have an excellent series of short descriptions by acknowledged authorities of the organs of government. Some of these are: Tsui Wei-wu, "Kuomintang," pp. 223-229; Ray Chang, "Central and Local Administrative Systems," pp. 230-240; Tsiang Ting-fu, "Executive Yüan," pp. 241-246; Hsieh Pao-chao, "Legislative Yüan," pp. 247-292; Hsieh Kuan-sheng, "Judicial Yüan," pp. 293-336; Chien Chih-shiu, "Control Yüan," pp. 337-347; Chen Ta-chi, "Examination Yüan," pp. 348-362; and Chu Shih-ming, "Army," pp. 946-955. This annual, which is written by Chinese in English and edited by Chinese, is not to be confused with the British China Year Book, 1912-; the latter gives a broad outline of Chinese government.
[4.] Kalfred Dip Lum, Chinese Government, Shanghai, 1934. The author was himself a member of this convention; his work, therefore, possesses unusual interest.
[5.] Tsiang Ting-fu, loc. cit. in note 3, pp. 244-245.
[6.] A number of French doctoral dissertations by Chinese students deal with Chinese local government. Although they are of uneven quality, some give considerable material not otherwise available in a Western language. Among these are Chang-Yu-Sing, L'Autonomie locale en Chine, Nancy, 1933; Hsu Han-hao, L'Administration provinciale en Chine, Nancy, 1931; Ku-Yen-Ju, Le Regime actuel le l'indépendance decentralisée en Chine, Nancy, 1931; and Loo Kon-tung, La Vie municipale et l'urbanisme en Chine, Lyon, 1934. Among the most valuable and informing pictures of hsien government is "Hsien Government and Functions" by W. H. Ma, The Chinese Recorder (Shanghai), vol. 68, pp. 506-512, 1937. The quotation is from p. 506. The Information Bulletins published by the Council of International Affairs, Nanking, 1936-1937, include much material on Chinese politics and government. Especially interesting are E. C. Tang, Five Years of the Control Yüan, Nanking, 1936, and C. L. Hsia, Background and Features of the Draft Constitution of China, Nanking, 1937.
[7.] See "An Account of the Hsien and Banner Council System of Manchoukuo," Contemporary Manchuria (Dairen), vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 92 ff., 1938.