[8.] Compare the position of Chiang as Party Leader in China with that of the Führer in Germany, as described in Fritz Morstein Marx, Government in the Third Reich, 2d ed., pp. 62 ff., New York and London, 1937.
[9.] See the news reports in The China Weekly Review (Shanghai), vol. 84, pp. 150 ff., 1938.
[10.] See Fundamental Laws of the Chinese Soviet Republic, p. 18, New York, 1934. Edgar Snow's Red Star Over China, New York, 1938, is the best book on the Chinese Communists. P. Miff, Heroic China, New York, 1937, is a useful condensed history of Communism in China based on the material currently available in the Soviet press. Mao Tse-tung, Wang Ming and others, China: The March Toward Unity, New York, 1937, contains some of Snow's material and also translations of important speeches and manifestoes regarding the inauguration of a United Front policy. A considerable amount of Chinese Communist material is to be found in the magazines The Voice of China (now suspended), Shanghai, and China Today, New York.
[11.] For a description of the nature and organization of the pro-Japanese Peking regime of 1937-1938 see Andrew W. Canniff, "Japan's Puppets in China," Asia, vol. 38, pp. 151-153, 1938. The new Nanking regime is described in the China Weekly Review (Shanghai), Apr. 2, 1938.
[12.] Tsui Shu-chin, "The Influence of the Canton-Moscow Entente upon Sun Yat-sen's Revolutionary Tactics," The Chinese Social and Political Science Review (Peiping), vol. 20, pp. 101 ff., 1936.
[13.] For biographies of Chiang K'ai-shek see Chen Tsung-hsi, Wang An-tsiang, and Wang I-ting, General Chiang Kai-shek, the Builder of New China, Shanghai, 1929; Gustav Amann, Chiang Kaishek und die Regierung der Kuomintang in China, Berlin and Heidelberg, 1936, which is only incidentally a biography of Chiang, since its scope is that of providing nation-wide reportage; Hollington K. Tong, Chiang Kai-shek, 2 vols., Shanghai, 1937; and Robert Berkov, Strong Man of China, Boston, 1938. The Japanese retired Admiral Ishimaru Tota published a sensational life of Chiang (which appeared in Chinese as Chiang Chieh-shih Wei-ta, Shanghai, 1937); since Mr. Ishimaru's other works have been translated into English, this one may soon be available for Western readers.
[CONCLUSION]
Government in China has in the Republican era undergone one of the most significant transformations to be found anywhere in the world's political experience. The oldest society on earth found itself forced to redefine its position and to reconstruct its ways of thought and internal means of organization. Pressure from without compelled China to adopt the modern state. Chinese society was required to incorporate this state and all implied institutions in its routine living. The earlier period of the Republic marks an epoch in which modern forms had been established in harmony with the accepted standards of the Western state system. Chinese society fell into chaos beneath the up-to-date superstructure. The later period witnessed the correlation of state and society by coordination of ideological, military, and governmental power. From the collapse of the Manchu rule in 1911 to the operative zest of the National Government at Nanking in 1937 there was a revolution in the processes of government which for completeness can compare with any century of Western transformation.