The China of Chiang K'ai-Shek: A Political Study

by Paul Myron Anthony Linebarger

Durham, North Carolina
March 31, 1941

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WORLD PEACE FOUNDATION 40 Mt. Vernon Street, Boston, Massachusetts Founded in 1910

Board of Trustees George H. Blakeslee, President Frank Aydelotte James Phinney Baxter, 3d Harvey H. Bundy Leonard W. Cronkhite Stephen Duggan Harry A. Garfield Christian A. Herter Bruce C. Hopper Manley O. Hudson A. Lawrence Lowell J. Grafton Rogers Charles Seymour John H. Williams Henry M. Wriston General Staff S. Shepard Jones, Director Denys P. Myers, Research Marie J. Carroll, Reference Mary J. MacDonald, Treasurer

The World Peace Foundation is a non-profit organization which was founded in 1910 by Edwin Ginn, the educational publisher, for the purpose of promoting peace, justice and good-will among nations. For many years the Foundation has sought to increase public understanding of international problems by an objective presentation of the facts of international relations. This purpose is accomplished principally through its publications and by the maintenance of a Reference Service which furnishes on request information on current international problems. Recently increased attention has been focused on American foreign relations by study groups organized for the consideration of actual problems of policy.

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CONTENTS

		Frontispiece—Generalissimo Chiang K'ai-shek
			PAGE
	Introduction		[1]
		The Chinese Political Inheritance: Some Continuing Aspects	[1]
		China at the Outbreak of War	[6]
		The Beginning of Active Hostilities	[11]
		The Hankow Period	[15]
		The Chungking Period	[19]
I.		The Constitution	[21]
		The Yüeh-fa of 1931	[22]
		The Draft Permanent or Double Five Constitution	[25]
		The Issue of Constitutional Change	[31]
II.		The Political Organs of the National Government	[41]
		The Five-Power Constitution	[42]
		The Supreme National Defense Council	[46]
		The President of the National Government	[52]
		The Council of State	[53]
		The Executive Yüan	[56]
		The Military Affairs Commission	[60]
		The Judicial, Legislative, Examination and Control Yüan	[65]
III.		Consultative and Administrative Organs	[69]
		The People's Political Council	[69]
		The Administrative Pattern	[79]
		The Political Ministries	[81]
		Social and Cultural Agencies	[83]
		The Economic Ministries	[85]
IV.		Provincial, Local, and Special-Area Government	[98]
		Chart on Provincial and Urban Government	facing [98]
		The Provinces	[99]
		Local Government	[103]
		The Communist Zone	[111]
		Guerrilla Governments	[116]
V.		The Kuomintang	[124]
		The Party Constitutional System	[125]
		Party Organization	[129]
		The Kuomintang Bid for Leadership	[140]
		Intra-Kuomintang Politics	[142]
		The New Life Movement and Other Affiliates	[149]
VI.		The Communist and Minor Parties	[159]
		The Chinese Communists: Party and Leaders	[160]
		Communism: Patriotism or Betrayal?	[171]
		The National Salvation Movement	[175]
		The Third Party	[178]
		The Chinese National Socialist Party	[179]
		Social Democrats and La Jeunesse	[181]
VII.		Governing Institutions of the Japanese and Pro-Japanese	[183]
		The Japanese Army as a Chinese Government	[185]
		The Problem of Puppet States	[188]
		The Provisional and Reformed Governments	[192]
		The Reorganized National Government of Wang Ch'ing-wei	[197]
VIII.		Extra-Political Forces	[211]
		The Foundations of Chinese Government	[212]
		Mass Education	[214]
		Rural Reconstruction	[218]
		The Chinese Industrial Cooperatives	[223]
		Unorganized Pressure	[234]
IX.		Sun Yat-sen and Chiang K'ai-shek	[239]
		Sun Yat-sen	[240]
		The San Min Chu I	[250]
		Chiang K'ai-shek	[254]
		Chinese Appraisals of Chiang	[266]
		The Ideology of Chiang	[269]
	Conclusion		[273]
		The Chief Alternatives in China	[274]
		The United States in Chinese Politics	[277]
APPENDICES
			PAGE
Appendix I: Government Documents			[283]
	A.	The Government Draft of the Proposed Constitution	[283]
	B.	The System of Organization of the National Congress	[300]
	C.	Act of the Legislative Yüan, April 31, XXVI (1937) Governing the Election of Representatives to the National Congress	[302]
	D.	The Program of Resistance and Reconstruction	[309]
	E.	An Outline of War-time Controlment	[313]
	F.	A Chart of the Control Yüan from July 1937 to June 1940	[318]
	G.	Regulations Concerning the Organization of the Various Classifications of Hsien	[324]
	H.	A Chart of Government Organization	facing [330]
Appendix II: Documents on Party Politics			[331]
	A.	A Chart on Kuomintang Organization	facing [331]
	B.	Constitution of the San Min Chu I Youth Corps, Year XXVII (1938)	[331]
	C.	The Duties and General Activities of the San Min Chu I Youth Corps (Ch'ên Ch'êng)	[340]
	D.	The Hsiao-tsu (Small Group) Training Program	[354]
	E.	Party Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party	[359]
Appendix III: Materials on Policy			[371]
	A.	Reply to Questions (Chiang K'ai-shek)	[371]
	B.	What I Mean by Action, or A Philosophy of Action (Chiang K'ai-shek)	[373]
	C.	Definition of the Problems Concerning the Organization of the Various Classifications of Hsien (Chiang K'ai-shek)	[388]
		Chart on Hsien Classifications	facing [388]
	D.	A Discussion of Mao Tsê-tung's Comments on the Present State of International Relations (Ch'ên Kuo-hsin)	[403]
	E.	China's Long-range Diplomatic Orientation (Wang Ch'ung-hui)	[418]
Glossary			[423]
Index			[435]

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INTRODUCTION