The Age of the Reformation

by Preserved Smith

Quakers, 102.
Quinet, E., 718.
Quirini, 595.

Rabelais, F., 187.
and Reformation, 194 f., 197, 231 f.
given a benefice, 471.
anarchism, 606.
philosophy, 629.
love of life, 694.
Racau, 142.
Racovian catechism, 142.
Radewyn, 32.
Raleigh, W., 532.
Ramus, P., 637.
Ranke, L. von, 343, 367, 379, 721 f.
Raphael, Sanzi, 472, 492, 677 ff., 686.
Ratisbon
League of, 114.
Diet of, 122.
Book of, 122.
Colloquy of, 127, 169.
Recorde, R., 616
Reinach, S., 735.
Reformation
antecedents, 4 ff.
causes, 20-29, 743 f.
and Renaissance, 47, 187 f., 231 ff., 730, 732 f., 749 f.
and morals, 503 f.
and capitalism, 515.
historiography in 16th century, 585 ff.
and state, 593 ff.
and education, 664 ff.
and art, 684 f., 689 f.
and books, 691.
parallels to, 744 f.
religious changes, 745 ff.
political and economic changes, 747 f.
intellectual changes, 749 f.
the word, 700.
various interpretations, 699-750.
Protestant, 699 ff., 739 f.
Catholic, 701 ff., 740 f.
political, 703 ff.
economic, 106, 708, 724 ff.
rationalist, 706 ff.
French Revolutionary, 713 ff.
romantic, 715 ff.
liberal, 716 ff., 742.
scientific, 719 ff.
Darwinian, 729 ff.
Teutonic, 736 f., 747.
Reformation of the Emperor Frederic III, 90.
Reformation of the Emperor Sigismund, 89 f.
Reinhold, E., 621, 623.
Rembrandt, 276.
Renaissance, 4.
and Reformation, 47, 187 f., 231 ff., 730, 732 f., 743, 749 f.
in France, 187.
in Netherlands, 239.
Renan, 742.
Renard, 320 f.
Renaudie, 210 f.
Reni, G., 689.
Requesens, L., 263.
Reuchlin, J., 54 f., 103.
Reval, 534.
Rheims, 252, 672.
Rheticus, G. J., 610, 620 ff.
Rhodes, 449.
Ribadeneira, 588.
Riccio, D., 366.
Richmond, Duke of, 287, 471.
Ridley, 299, 322.
Riga, 144, 534.
Rink, M., 100.
Ritschl, 723.
Robertson, J. M., 731.
Robertson, W., 367, 709.
Robespierre, 716.
Robinson, J. H., 743.
Rode, H..240.
Rodrigo, 416.
Rogers, J., 322.
Rohrbach, J., 94, 98.
Rome
and Luther, 64, 67.
sack of, 185, 372, 380, 456.
population, 456.
university of, 471, 673.
administration, 481, 504.
pilgrimages, 499.
prostitutes, 507.
and Copernicus, 618.
St. Peter's Church, 686.
Pasquino and Marforio, 693.
Rönnow, 137.
Ronsard, P. de, 231 f., 693.
Rosenblatt, W., 508.
Rostock, University of, 670.
Roth, C., 529.
Rotterdam, 235, 260.
Rouen, 197, 214.
Rousillon, 426.
Rovere family, 15, 18.
Rubeanus, C., 55, 103 f.
Rudolph II, Emperor, 268.
Russell, B., 735.
Russia, 446 f., 534, 551.
Ruthenians, 138.
Rüxner, G., 90.
Ruysbroeck, John of, 32, 34.

Saal, M. von der, 120. Sabatier, P., 737 f., 742. Sachs, H., 86 f., 696. Sacraments Catholic doctrine of, 27, 745. Protestant doctrine of, 72 ff., 301, 314, 625, 745 f. Sacro Bosco, J. de, 615. Sadoleto, 169, 566. St. Andrews, 355, 358, 360. St. Bartholomew, massacre of, 217 f., 261 f., 387, 597. St. David's, 323. St. Gall, 101, 157, 160, 645. St. Quentin, battle of, 200. Saints, worship of, 28 f., 57, 206, 747. Salamanca, University of, 400, 673. Salerno, University of, 11. Salisbury, 323. Salmeron, 393, 401. Samosata, Paul of, 627. Sanchez, F., 639. Samson, B., 151. Sanders, N., 325, 588, 702. Sandomir, 142. San Gallo, 686. Santayana, G., 734 f. Saracens, 448. Saragossa, University of, 12. Sardinia, 456. Sarpi, P., 377, 390, 395, 423, 705 f. Satyre Menippée, 226 f. Savonarola, 16 ff., 51, 580, 649 Savoy, 35, 168, 372, 395, 455 f., 658. Charles III, Duke of, 168. Louise of, 185. Saxony division into Albertine and Ernestine, 119 note. Albertine George, Duke of, 24, 56, 119, 191, 283, 528, 554 f., 700. Henry, Duke of, 119. Maurice, Duke and Elector of, 119. alliance with Charles V, 127 f. attacks John Frederic, 128. becomes elector, 128. captures Magdeburg, 129. turns against Charles V, 130, 393. death, 130. and Council of Trent, 393. Ernestine nationalism, 44. indulgences, 66. mentioned, 74. Peasants' War, 91 ff. Anabaptists, 103, 644. becomes Lutheran, 113. brigandage, 505. church property, 551. Frederic, Elector of, 77, 82, 93. supports Luther, 66, 79, 81, 104, 113, 283. John, Elector of, 113, 283, 595, 644. signs Protest, 115. votes against Ferdinand, 118. John Frederic the Elder, Elector and Duke of, 305. expels Bishop of Naumburg, 120. defeated and captured by Charles V, 128. freed, 130. loses electoral vote, 128. John Frederic the Younger, Duke of, 132. Scaliger, J. J., 575, 585. Scandinavia, 21, 135 ff., 350. Schaffhausen, 146, 157, 160. Schärtlin, 128. Scheldt barred by Holland, 274. Schenck, M., 134. Schenitz, J., 518. Schleswig-Holstein, 136. Schmalkalden, League of, 118 ff., 187, 197, 300 f., 305 f. Schmalkaldic War, 126 ff., 198, 200, 376, 383, 393. Schmidt, 712. Schönberg, 622. Schools, 12, 471, 662 ff. Schoonhoven, 264. Schwenckfeld, C. von, 164. Schwyz, 146, 153. Science, 609-24. inductive method, 609. mathematics, 609 ff. zoölogy, 611 f. anatomy, 612 f. physics, 613 ff. geography, 615 f. astronomy, 616 ff. schools, 666. Scotland and England, 279, 309, 351 f., 358 f., 369. condition, 350 ff. and France, 351 f., 358 f. Reformation, 352 ff., 359 ff., 369 f. the kirk, 364, 369 f. Black Acts, 369. population, 453 f., 458. theater, 485. duelling, 486. brigandage, 505. serfdom, 553. Scott, R., 659 f. Scotus, Duns, 34. Sea power, 490 f. Sebastian, King of Portugal, 446. Seckendorf, 701. Selim I, Sultan, 449, 748. Sell, K., 737. Semblançay, 518. Seneca, 162. Serfdom, 89 f., 97 f., 552 f. Seripando, 417. Servetus, M., 177 f., 613, 626 f., 645. Severn, 322. Seville, 341, 416, 457, 524 f. University of, 12. Seymour, T., 315. Shakespeare, W., 424, 581, 693, 698. Sicily, 416, 455. Sickingen, F. von, 56, 83 f., 505, 550, 684. Sidney, H., 348. Sidney, P., 336, 501. Siena, 375, 381. Sievershausen, battle of, 130. Sigismund, Emperor, 39. Sigismund I, King of Poland, 139 ff. Sigismund II, King of Poland, 141 ff. Sigismund III, King of Poland, 144. Sigüenza, University of, 12. Sikhism, 745. Silver, production of, 473 ff., 516 f. Simmel, F., 726. Simons, M., 244. Sixtus IV, Pope, 16, 412. Sixtus V, Pope, 223, 341, 387 f., 504 f., 670. Skelton, J., 283. Sleidan, 587 f., 704 f. Smith, H.. 635. Socinians, 376. Somascians, 397. Somerset, E. Seymour, Duke of, 310, 352, 359. Sophocles, 574. Soto, H. de, 437. Sozini, F., 145, 375, 626. Sozini, L., 142, 145, 375. Spain universities, 12, 673. Charles V, 76. literature, 135. and Netherlands, 238, 246 ff., 430, 488. and England, 318 f., 332, 339 ff., 348, 431 f. Armada, 341 f., 387, 433. civilization, 350. and papacy, 378 ff. and Counter-reformation, 389. Jesuits, 405. colonies, 407, 425, 430 f., 435 ff. Inquisition, 412 ff. censorship, 419. unification, 426. revolt of Communes, 78, 427 f., 477, 550, 552. revolt of Hermandad, 78, 428, 552. empire, 430. Cortes, 428 f. and Portugal, 432 f. and Moors, 433 f. population, 455 ff. coinage, 463. finances, 480, 522. navy, 490 f. clergy, 494. trade, 524 f. the Mesta, 624. reform of calendar, 624. judged by Froude, 717. Spencer, H., 718. Spenser, E., 327, 347, 692 f. Spinoza, B., 276. Spires, 666. Diet of (1526), 114. Diet of (1529), 109, 115, 644. Diet of (1542), 122. Diet of (1544), 123. Sprenger, J., 654. Spurs, battle of the, 279. Staël, de, 715. Sterling, 356. Steven Báthory, King of Poland, 144. Stevin, S., 610, 614. Stockholm, 9, 136. Stourbridge, 523. Stow, J., 582. Strabo, 574. Strassburg, 31, 101, 110, 113, 169, 260, 464, 506, 658. Strauss, D. F., 719. Stühlingen, 91, 93. Stunica, D., 622. Suffolk, 323. Charles Brandon, Duke of, 316. Henry Grey, Duke of, 316. Suleiman, Sultan, 187, 449. Sully, Duke of, 215, 218, 228. Sumatra, 443, 616. Surrey, Earl of, 693. Suso, H., 31. Sussex, 323. Swabia, 93 ff., 119. Sweden universities, 12. Reformation, 113, 137 f. Christian II, 136. war with Poland, 139. population, 458. a law of, 511. church property, 551. Switzerland, 88, 146 f. Reformation, 146-181. civilization, 350. population, 454. Symonds, J. A., 398, 730. Syria, 449, 535.

Taborites, 40.
Tacitus, 574, 606.
Tangier, 446.
Tapper, 254.
Tartaglia, N., 610, 614.
Tartars, 139, 447.
Tasso, T., 374, 449, 628, 692 f.
Tauler, J., 31, 65.
Tetzel, J., 66 f.
Teutonic Order, 31, 44 f., 113, 139, 618.
Tewkesbury, J., 299.
Theater, 485, 695 ff.
Theatines, 384, 397.
Theocritus, 574.
Theognis, 574.
Thierry, 718.
Thorn, 618.
Edict of, 140.
Thou, de, 217, 703.
Thucydides, 574.
Tierra del Fuego, 616.
Tintoretto, 677.
Titian, 677 f.
Tobacco, 498.
Toledo, 428, 457.
Enriquez de, 502.
Toleration, 641-51.
Peace of Augsburg, 131.
Edict of Nantes, 229 f.
and Bible, 573.
intolerance of Catholics, 641 ff.
intolerance of Protestants, 643 ff.
Renaissance, 649.
Reformation, 650 f., 750.
Tolstoy, L., 730.
Tordesillas, Treaty of, 435.
Torgau, League of, 114.
Torquemada, 643.
Toul, 184, 200.
Toulouse, 214.
Tournai, 235, 274.
Tours, 195, 197.
Transubstantiation,
rejected by Wyclif, 37.
rejected by Taborites, 40.
attacked by Melanchthon and Luther, 70, 72.
Lateran Council, 108.
in Augsburg Confession, 117.
in England, 306, 314.
and Council of Trent, 393.
Transylvania, 144 f.
Treitschke, 736 f., 742.
Trent, Council of, 388-96.
and Protestants, 127, 383, 389 f., 393.
decrees in France, 215.
reforms, 231, 382, 388, 393 ff., 486.
decrees in England, 333 f.
opening, 381, 390.
and Pius IV, 385.
preparation, 389 ff.
constitution, 390 f.
dogmatic decrees, 391 ff., 566.
result, 395 f.
and Index, 420 ff.
and charity, 561.
political theory, 606.
and reason, 625.
and Louvain, 672.
and art, 690.
judged by Sarpi, 705.
Trèves, 74, 84, 657 f.
University of, 11, 666.
Diet of Trèves-Cologne, 530.
Trie, William, 177.
Trinity College, Dublin, 349, 671.
Troeltsch, E., 732 ff.
Tübingen, University of, 11.
Tunis, 121.
Tunstall, C., 38, 282, 284, 305
Turks,
capture Constantinople, 16.
war with Germany, 46, 116, 122, 132.
war with Hungary, 144.
conquer Transylvania, 145.
alliance with France, 200.
and papacy, 383.
and Spain, 432.
empire, 448 ff.
army, 489.
trade, 535.
Tuscany, 372.
Duke of, 613.
Tyler, Wat, 37.
Tyndale, W., 284 f., 300, 304, 355, 570 f., 596.

Udal, N., 471, 663.
Ukraine, 140.
Ulm, 113, 128.
Ulster, 348.
Unitarians, 142 f., 145, 177, 375, 626, 646.
Universities
in fifteenth century, 11 f.
and Reformation, 12.
reform of, 72.
and Henry VIII, 287.
pay of professors, 471.
in sixteenth century, 668 ff.
Unterwalden, 146, 153.
Upsala, University of, 12.
Uri, 146, 153.
Ursulines, 397.
Usingen, 637.
Usury, 72, 529 f., 608 f.
Utrecht, 235, 238, 240, 252, 268, 272, 274.
Union of, 272, 650.

Vaga, P. del, 690.
Valais, 146 f.
Valangin, 161.
Valdes, J. de, 376.
Valence, University of, 11.
Valencia, 428.
University of, 12.
Valla, L., 16, 48 ff., 649.
Donation of Constantine, 48,70.
Annotations on New Testament, 49, 566 f.
Dialogue on Free Will, 50, 105.
On Monastic Life, 50.
On Pleasure, 50.
Vallière, J., 191.
Van Dyke, 276.
Varthema, L. de, 446.
Vasari, G., 582 f., 676, 679.
Vassy, massacre of, 214.
Velasco, 457.
Velasquez, 433.
Venezuela, 457.
Venice, 372, 402, 512.
war with Julius II, 19.
alliance with France, 186.
and Reformation, 375 f.
Inquisition, 417, 658.
trade, 442, 525, 535.
population, 456.
coinage, 463 f.
bank, 522.
church property, 551.
art, 677.
Verdun, 184, 200.
Vergerio, P. P., 377, 390.
Vergil, Polydore, 581, 703.
Vermigli, P. M., 213, 312, 322, 375.
Verona, 455.
Vespucci, A., 436, 606 f.
Vettori, 704.
Vienna, 448 f.
Concordat of, 45.
University of, 149, 406, 666, 670.
Vienne, 168, 177.
Vieta, F., 610 f.
Villalar, battle of, 428.
Villavicenzio, L. da, 561.
Villers, C. de, 714.
Villiers, 258 f.
Vilvorde, 284 f.
Vitrier, J., 26, 57.
Vives, L., 559 f., 574, 606, 609, 667.
Voes, H., 242.
Volmar, M., 162.
Voltaire, 388, 707 f.
Volterra, D. da, 690.

Wages and salaries, 469 ff., 556 f.
Waitz, 737.
Waldenses, 35, 82, 203.
Waldo, P., 35.
Waldseemüller, M., 616.
Wales, 298, 323, 453, 458, 559.
Arthur, Prince of, 286 f.
Walker, W., 739.
Walloons, 260, 270 f.
Walsingham, 305, 499.
Walsingham, F., 347.
Warham, W., 557.
Warsaw, Compact of, 143, 650.
Waterford, 347.
Wealth of the world, 458 ff.
Weber, M., 728.
Wedderburn, James, 355.
Wedderburn, John, 355.
Weinsberg, 94.
Weiss, N., 738.
Welser bank, 520 f.
Werner, 715.
Wernle, 739.
Westeras, Diet of, 137.
West Indies, 274, 436 f., 524, 535.
Westmoreland, 304.
Weyer, J., 658 f.
White, Andrew D., 731.
Widmanstetter, A., 622.
Wied, H. von, 120.
Wieland, 711.
Wilna, 144.
Wilson, W., 743.
Winchester, 323, 662.
Wishart, G., 357 f.
Witchcraft, 63, 422, 651-61.
ancient magic, 651 f.
the witch, 652 f.
the devil, 653.
the Inquisition, 655.
Protestantism, 655 f.
the witch hunt, 656 ff.
growing skepticism, 658 ff.
Wittenberg, 66, 81 ff., 96 f., 128, 240, 301, 322 note,
354 f., 390, 461, 464, 560 f.
University of, 11, 64, 287, 471, 494, 502, 509,
620 ff., 639, 670, 696 f.
Concord, 110.
Articles, 301.
Wolsey, T., 243, 518, 671.
character and policy, 280 f., 292, 294.
and Reformation, 282 f., 355.
death, 288.
Women, position of, 361, 509 f.
Worms, 284.
Concordat of, 43.
Diet of (1495), 75.
Diet of (1521), 78 ff., 96, 282, 398.
Diet of (1545), 123.
Edict of, 81, 85, 114, 116, 241, 479.
Colloquy of, 122, 134.
Wullenwever, G., 118.
Württemberg, 79, 128.
Ulrich, Duke of, 79, 90, 119.
Wurzach, 95.
Würzburg, 114, 350, 454, 658.
Wyatt, Sir T. (conspirator), 318.
Wyatt, Sir T. (poet), 693.
Wyclif, J., 12.
life and doctrine, 36 ff., 42, 284.
condemned at Constance, 39 f.
and Reformation, 41, 289, 354, 744.
and Bible, 571.

Xavier, F., 400, 408 f., 499, 736.
Xenophon,574.
Ximénez, 426, 565.

Yorkshire, 302 f., 544.
Ypres, 560.

Zapolya, J., 144.
Zasius, U., 103.
Zeeland, 256, 260, 263 f., 270 ff.
Zierickzee, 264.
Zug, 146, 153.
Zuiderzee, battle of, 262.
Zütphen, 262, 272.
Henry of, 240.
Zurich
Anabaptists, 101, 154, 645.
joins Swiss Confederacy, 146.
Zwingli, 151.
Reformation, 152 ff.
theocracy, 156.
defeat at Cappel, 158 ff.
Bullinger, 160.
English Bible printed at, 300.
dancing, 500.
brothels, 506.
university, 671.
Zwickau, 82 f.
Zwilling, G., 81, 83.
Zwingli, A., 152.
Zwingli, U.
and Luther, 108 ff., 151 f., 154.
death, 110, 159.
and Melanchthon, 134.
and Calvin, 164, 166.
early life, 148 ff.
mocks indulgences, 150 f.
at Zurich, 151.
a Reformer, 152 ff.
marriage, 152.
and Erasmus, 153.
and Anabaptists, 154 ff., 645.
political schemes, 157 f.
True and False Religion, 158.
Exposition of the Christian Faith, 158.
First Peace of Cappel, 158.
at battle of Cappel, 158 f.
character, 159.
influence in France, 196.
doctrine of the eucharist, 108 ff., 154, 241.
influence in England, 284, 299.
and Council of Trent, 392.
on Index, 420.
biblical exegesis, 569.
political theory, 596.
on usury, 608 f.
on reason, 626.
on education, 671.
judged by Bossuet, 703.
judged by Voltaire, 708.
judged by Gibbon, 710.
Zwolle, 240.