The Age of the Reformation

by Preserved Smith

Gaetano di Tiene, 397.
Galateo, J., 375.
Galen, 513, 574.
Galileo, 424, 621 f.
Gama, Vasco da, 3, 10 f., 441 ff.
Gambling, 485.
Gandia, Duke of, 517.
Garland, John of, 663.
Garv, N., 347.
Gascony, 216.
Gasquet, 740.
Gelasius, Pope, 418.
Gembloux, battle of, 269.
Geneva
evangelized by Zwingli's missionaries, 158, 160.
Calvin at, 168 ff.
constitution, 168 f.
theocracy, 170 ff.
immigration, 174 f., 204, 321.
Libertines, 175 f.
capital of Protestantism, 179.
under Beza, 181.
Knox at, 358 f.
dancing, 500.
witch persecution, 656, 658.
school, 668, 671 f.
university, 671.
Genoa, 381, 456, 468, 520, 525.
Gentillet, 591.
Germaine de Foix, Queen of Spain, 398.
German Theology, The, 31.
Germany
universities, 11, 53, 670 f.
mystics, 30 ff.
nationalism, 43 ff.
humanism, 53.
condition, 74 ff.
Peasants' War, 87-95, 552.
causes, 87 ff.
Twelve Articles, 92 f.
suppression, 94 f.
Luther, 97 f.
effect of, 155, 192, 531, 593 f.
rebellion of the Knights, 83 f., 505.
religious statistics, 132 f.
effect of religious controversy, 134.
French Calvinists in, 204.
and Netherlands, 237 ff.
Ascham's opinion of, 327.
civilization, 350.
and Italy, 371.
and Spain, 372.
Counter-reformation, 388.
and Council of Trent, 395.
Jesuits in, 405 ff.
censorship, 419.
and Reformation, 425.
population, 454, 458.
coinage, 463.
inns, 499 f.
mines, 522 f.
trade, 526 f.
agriculture, 543.
serfs, 553.
labor, 554 f.
poor-relief, 560 f.
constitution, 595 f.
reform of calendar, 624.
witch hunt, 657 f.
schools, 665.
books, 691.
Gertruidenberg, 251.
Gesner, C., 611 f.
Ghent, 236 f., 240, 256, 269 f., 272 f., 454.
Pacification of, 265, 270.
Ghislieri, see Pius V.
Giberti, M., 382.
Gibbon, E., 167, 710 f.
Gilbert, H., 532 f.
Gilbert, W., 615, 639.
Gilds, 3 ff., 263 f., 537 ff.
Giorgione, 677.
Gipsies, 558.
Giulio Romano, 680, 690.
Giustiniani, 280.
Glarus, 146, 149, 157.
Glasgow, 354; 368.
University of, 12.
Glencairn, Earl of, 360.
Gloucester, 323.
Goa, 408, 443, 445.
Goch, J. Pupper of, 420.
Goethe, J. W. von, 697, 711 f.
Gold, production of, 473 ff., 516 f.
Gonzalez, 588.
Gosson, 658.
Gotha, 128.
Gouge, J., 519.
Granada, 426, 433.
Granvelle, A. P., 250 ff.
Gratius, O., 55.
Gravamina, 45 f.
Gravelines, battle of, 200.
Great Schism, 14.
Greek, 16, 53, 667 ff.
classics, 574 ff.
Gregory VII, Pope, 43.
Gregory XI, Pope, 36, 44.
Gregory, XIII, Pope,
and St. Bartholomew, 218 f., 387.
and Elizabeth, 337 f., 387.
pontificate, 386 f.
reform of Calendar, 624.
Gregory XIV, Pope, 226.
Greifswald, University of, 11, 670.
Grenoble, 195.
Gresham, T., 534.
Grey, Lady Jane, 316 ff., 511.
Gribaldi, M., 178 f.
Grimani, 575.
Grisar, H., 741.
Grisons, Confederacy of, 146 f.
Groningen, 235, 238.
Groote, G., 32.
Grotius, H., 276, 704.
Gruet, J., 176.
Grumbach, 132.
Guadegni, T., 520.
Guam, 440.
Guelders, 235, 238, 262, 272.
Guicciardini, F., 373, 422, 580, 704.
Guicciardini, L., 454.
Guinea, 533.
Guinegate, 279.
Guines, 200, 280 f., 319.
Guise
Claude, Duke of, 199.
Francis, Duke of, 199 f., 210 f., 214, 319, 597.
Henry, Duke of, 217 f., 221, 223 f.
Guizot, 714.
Gustavus Vasa, King of Sweden, 137 f.
Gutenberg, J., 8 f.

Haarlem, 101, 262. Hagenau, 122. Hague, 240. Haiti (Espaniola, Hispaniola), 436, 533. Hales, J., 608. Hall, E., 284, 582, 703. Hallam, H., 723. Hamburg, 113, 454, 559. Hamilton, P., 354. Haring, C. H., 475. Harnack, A. von, 739. Harrington, 706. Harrison, 498, 547. Harzhorn, E., 420. Haug bank, 521. Hawkins, 339, 533. Health, public, 486 f., 511 ff. Hebrew, 53 f., 668, 672. Hegel, 719 f. Hegius, 662. Heidelberg, 67; Heilsberg, 618. Heimburg, Gregory of, 46. Heine, H., 112, 715 f. Helmont, 255. Helmstadt, University of, 670. Henlein, P., 688. Henry VII, King of England, 279, 517. Henry VIII, King of England, and France, 186, 279. character, 277 ff. and Luther, 277, 287 f., 472. Empson and Dudley, 279. and Scotland, 279, 356. and Charles V, 280 f. "Defender of the Faith," 283. divorce from Catharine, 286 f., 290 f., 704, 708. Supreme Head of the Church, 289 ff., 293. will, 316, 321. and Ireland, 346, 348. finances, 461. government, 477, 479. navy, 491. commercial policy, 526. and Polydore Vergil, 581. and Sanders, 588. and Melanchthon, 605. and education, 666. portrait, 683. Henry II, King of France character, 198 f. suppresses Protestantism, 203 f. death, 206 f. and Council of Trent, 393. income, 461. Henry III, King of France, 143, 219 ff., 600. Henry IV, King of France, 597. policy, 167, 212, 225. leader of Huguenots, 223 ff. character, 224 f. conversion, 227 f. Edict of Nantes, 228 f. Henry d'Albret, King of Navarre, 189. Henry, King of Portugal, 432, 446. Heracleides, 617. Herder, 718. Herodotus, 574. Hertford, 322. Hesse, 84, 113, 551. Philip, Landgrave of, suppresses Peasants' Revolt, 95. calls conference at Marburg, 109. attacks Würzburg and Bamberg, 114. signs Protest, 115. restores Ulrich of Wurttemberg, 119. commits bigamy, 119. expels Henry of Brunswick, 120. captivity, 128, 130. and Zwingli, 157. Heywood, J., 283. Hindoos, 443. Hippocrates, 513. Historiography in the sixteenth century, 579-588. humanistic, 579 ff. memoirs, 582. chronicles, 582. biography, 582 f. church history, 583 ff. later treatment of Reformation, see Reformation. Hobbes, T., 594. Höchstetter, C., 529. Hochstraten, J., 54. Hoen, 108, 240 f. Hofen, U. T. von, 160. Hoffberg, P. von, 538. Hoffmann, M., 101, 243. Holbein, H., 278, 548, 677, 683, 685. Holland, 76, 251. Anabaptists, 301. Reformation, 240, 250, 256, 270. war with Spain, 260, 263 f., 271 f., 274, 342. population, 454. Hollinshed, R., 582. Holyrood, 356. Homer, 574. Hooker, R., 344 f., 604, 606. Hooper, 314. Horn, Count of, 257, 259. Hotman, F., 218, 220, 223, 582, 598. Howard of Effingham, Lord, 342. Hübmaier, B., 92. Huguenots origin of the name, 208. character, 208 f. history, 210 ff. guaranteed liberty of worship, 228 f. in Netherlands, 248, 260. and England, 332. politics, 596 ff. caricatured, 685. judged by French secular historians, 704. judged by Michelet, 716. Hulst, F. van der, 242. Humanism patronized by papacy, 16. prepares for Reformation, 47, 61. turns against Luther, 102 ff. in Poland, 140. in Netherlands, 254 f. in Scotland, 354. decay, 692. Hume, D., 708 ff. Hungary, 144, 350, 449, 463. universities, 12. Huss, J. protected by a university, 12. death, 14, 39. life and work, 38 ff. influence on Luther, 41, 69, 71 f., 86, 744. influence in Poland, 140. followers in Bohemia, 144. on Index, 420. Hussites, 75, 80, 649. Hütlin, M., 558. Hutten, U. von, 684. mocks Julius II, 24. publishes Valla's Donation of Constantine, 49, 55, 70. character and work, 55 f. supports rebellion of knights, 83. incites peasants, 91. and Luther, 96. taunts Erasmus, 105. commercial ideas, 530. Hutton, M., 604. Huxley, 730.

Iceland, 137.
Idria, 528.
Imbart de la Tour, P., 736.
Incas, 439 f.
Independents, 102, 345 f.
Index of Prohibited Books, 32, 245, 381, 383, 388, 395,
420 ff., 591.
Congregation of, 422.
Index Expurgatorius, 422 f.
effect, 423 f.
and Copernicus, 622.
and Weyer, 659.
India, 10, 441 ff., 446, 523, 616.
Indians (American), 436 ff.
Individualism, 6, 28, 515, 677, 749.
Indulgences,
letters of first printed, 9.
theory and practice of, 23 f.
denounced by Wyclif, 37.
denounced by Huss, 39.
Erasmus's opinion of, 57.
attacked by Luther, 66 f.
in Denmark, 136.
in Switzerland, 151.
in Netherlands, 236.
and Fuggers, 527.
Inghirami, 51.
Ingolstadt, 51.
University of, 11, 406.
Innocent III, Pope, 14, 35.
Innocent VIII, Pope, 16 f., 35, 654.
Inquisition
in Netherlands, 242 ff., 257.
Spanish, 242, 412 ff., 431.
in Venice, 376.
and Loyola, 400.
medieval, 412.
procedure, 413.
penalties, 414.
number of victims, 414 f.
scope, 415.
in Spanish dependencies, 416.
Roman, 416 f.
Index, 420, 423.
in Portugal, 445.
suppresses books on anatomy, 613.
and philosophy, 628.
and Bruno, 639.
judged by modern Catholics, 642 f.
and witchcraft, 655, 658.
judged by Froude, 717.
Institoris, H., 654.
Intelligence, growth of, 12 f.
Intelligentsia, 551 f.
Inventions, 6 ff.
Ireland, 346-9, 453, 535.
Jesuits in, 405.
and Inquisition, 417.
Isabella, Queen of Castile, 76, 412, 426.
Isabella of Portgual, Queen of Spain, 432.
Isocrates, 574.
Italy
first printers in, 9.
lack of national feeling, 43, 372.
and Renaissance, 47, 372 f., 425.
decadence, 135.
invaded by France, 17, 185.
civilization, 350.
and Reformation, 371 ff.
Jesuits in, 405.
population, 455 f., 458.
coinage, 463 f.
hospitals, 514.
banks, 519 f.
trade, 525.
reform of calendar, 624.
universities, 673.
Ivan IV, Czar, 143, 447, 748.
Ivry, battle of, 225.

Jagiello dynasty, 139.
James IV, King of Scotland, 279, 352.
James V, King of Scotland, 199, 210, 352 f., 355 f., 580.
James VI, King of Scotland, 367, 369 f., 484, 505, 660.
James, W., 167, 740.
Jane Seymour, Queen of England, 299.
Janizaries, 449, 489.
Jansen, 276.
Jansenists, 406.
Janssen, J., 740.
Japan, 405, 408, 443, 616.
Jarnac, battle of, 215.
Java, 443, 616.
Jena, University of, 670.
Jerome, St., 192, 684.
Jerome of Prague, 14, 40.
Jerusalem, 400, 402, 499.
Jesus Christ, 13, 29, 63.
Jesuits, 396-411.
in Poland, 143 f.
in Bohemia, 144.
in France, 202, 216, 231.
in Netherlands, 249.
in England, 328, 336 f.
origins, 381, 402 f.
and Paul IV, 384.
at Council of Trent, 393 f.
typical, 398.
organization, 403 f.
obedience, 404 f.
growth, 405 f.
combat heresy, 405 ff.
foreign missions, 407 ff.
decay, 409 ff.
casuistry, 411, 506.
in Portugal, 445.
and tyrannicide, 605.
and philosophy, 628.
colleges, 666, 670 f.
art, 691.
judged by Michelet, 717.
Jetzer, J., 148, 708.
Jewel, J., 327, 344, 656.
Jews, 415 ff., 426, 445, 649.
Joan d'Albret, Queen of Navarre, 205, 213.
Joan of Arc, 581.
Joanna, Queen of Spain, 76, 477.
John the Baptist, 63.
John XXIII, Pope, 39.
John III, King of Portugal, 409, 445.
John III, King of Sweden, 138.
Jonas, J., 420, 508.
Josephus, 574.
Jovius, P., 580 ff., 703.
Jud, L., 157.
Julius II, Pope, 18 f., 24, 51, 686, 709.
Julius III, Pope, 383 f., 393, 420.
Justification by faith only,
Lefèvre, 53, 65.
Luther, 65 f., 86, 570, 625, 724, 745.
Contarini, 122.
At Ratisbon Colloquy, 127.
in France, 196, 206.
in England, 301, 314.
in Italy, 375, 377.
at Council of Trent, 392 f.
historical estimate of the doctrine, 745 f.

Kaiserberg, G. of, 530.
Kant, I., 165, 625, 715 f.
Kaulbach, 715.
Kautsky, K., 726.
Kawerau, O., 737.
Keller, L., 508.
Kempis, Thomas à, Imitation of Christ, 26, 32 f., 401.
Kent, 322.
Kett, 314.
Khair-ed-Din, 449.
Knodt, 729.
Knollys, 603.
Knox, J., 167.
at Geneva, 174, 358 f.
in England, 313, 325, 358.
political theory, 325, 363 f., 366, 602 ff.
character, 357 f.
early life, 358.
Monstrous Regiment of Women, 361.
and Mary, 364 ff.
on women, 361, 509.
and Buchanan, 580.
as an historian, 586 f.
Koberger, A., 510.
Köhler, W., 739.
Kohlhase, J., 505.
Königsberg, 526, 670.
Koran, 420, 584.
Kovalewsky, 729.
Kurdistan, 449.
Kurtz, 737.
Küstrin, J. von, 127, 130.

La Boétie, 599 f. Lactantius, 667. Ladrones, 440. Lagarde, P. de, 736. Lamprecht, K., 737. Lancaster, John of, 36. Landau, 495. Landstuhl, 84. Lang, A., 367. Lang, M., 557. Languedoc, 216. La Rochelle, 216, 219, 229, 260, 526. Las Casas, B. de, 436. Laski, J., 141, 312. Lasso, O., 689. Lateran Council, Fifth, 19, 418 f., 628. Latimer, H., 294, 299, 322, 495, 504. Latin, 53, 63, 451, 663 ff. classics, 574 ff. La Tour, 354. Laurent, 739. Laveleye, E. de, 737. Laynez, 394, 401. Lea, H. C., 423, 731. Lecky, 723. Lefèvre d'Étaples, J., early life, 52. biblical work, 52, 188, 196, 566, 570. justification by faith, 53, 65. and Farel, 160. and Calvin, 162. and French Reformation, 188 ff., 196 f. Le Fèvre, P., 400, 406. Leghorn, 535. Leicester, Robert Dudley, Earl of, 275, 331. Leinster, 348. Leipheim, 95. Leipzig University of, 38, 671. debate, 68 f., 77, 191. Interim, 129. Lemnius, S., 502 f. Lemonnier, 732. Leo X. character and policy, 19, 77. finance, 22. Concordat of Bologna, 43. and Diet of Augsburg (1518), 46. and indulgences, 66 ff. condemns Luther, 77. and Charles V, 81, 236. death, 84. attacked by Sachs, 86. and Henry VIII, 283. Oratory of Divine Love, 397. and Sapienza, 673. portrait, 678. and art, 688. Leo, Emperor, 744. Leon, P. de, 437. Leonardo da Vinci, income, 472. scientific work, 612 f., 637 f. anatomy, 613. physics, 613 f. astronomy, 617. on necromancy, 658. art, 674 ff. Lepanto, battle of, 266, 432, 490. Lerma, Duke of, 517 f. Leslie, J., 354. Lessing, 712. Levant, 442. Lewis, King of Hungary, 144. Leyden, 263. John of, 101 f. University of, 275, 673. L'Hôpital, M. de, 213, 215, 597. Liège, 235, 260. Lilienstayn, J., 40. Lille, 186, 559. Lima, 416. Lincolnshire, 303, 323. Lisbon, 9, 408, 442, 444, 524. Lister, G., 240. Lithuania, 138 ff. Livonia, 139. Livy, 667. Lochleven, 368. Loisy, A., 739, 741. Lollards, 38, 354, 649. Lombardy, 456. London, 288, 317, 332. first printers in, 9. Netherlanders in, 253. and Reformation, 281, 301, 322 f. population, 453. credit, 467. and theater, 485. brothels, 506. death-rate, 511 f. trade, 524, 533 f., 539, 548. pauperism, 559. Loretto, 499. Lorraine, 257. Charles, Cardinal of, 199, 210 f. Lotto, L., 376. Lotzer, 92. Louis XI, King of France, 42, 556. Louis XII, King of France, 19, 182 f. Louvain, University of, 77, 241, 245, 253, 378, 420, 422, 668, 672. Loyola, I., early life, 398 f. conversion, 399 f. and Luther, 400, 405. first disciples, 400 f. Spiritual Exercises, 401 f. founds Company of Jesus, 402 f. death, 405. autobiography, 588. judged by Lagarde, 736. Lübeck, 113, 118 f., 454. Lublin, 140. Union of, 141. Lucca, 420, 456. Lucerne, 146, 153. Ludolph of Saxony, 399. Luther, C. von Bora, 123, 288. Luther, M. career changes in his life-time, 3. alludes to New World, 11, 497. and University of Wittenberg, 12. influenced by mystics, 32 ff. nationalism, 44, 46 f. early life, 62 ff. becomes a friar, 64. inner development, 64 ff. journey to Italy, 64, 514. summoned to Augsburg (1518), 67 f. debates with Eck, 68 f. condemned by Catholic church, 77. burns bull and Canon Law, 78. at Diet of Worms, 79 f., 132, 398, 441, 741. under ban of the Empire, 81. at Wartburg, 81. opposes radicals, 82 ff., 96 ff. and Peasants' War, 91, 93, 97 f., 557 f. wins German ruling classes, 111. reforms church service and government, 112 f. illnesses, 123. marriage, 123 f., 284. death, 124, 322 note. real estate and income, 468, 471. anecdotes, 495 f., 580. closes brothels, 506 f. doctrines, opinions and character doctrine of eucharist, 36 (see controversy with Zwingli). justification by faith only, 65. declares councils can err, 69. literary genius, 111, 125. political theory, 116, 549, 594 ff., 606. opinion of polygamy, 120, 286, 507, 703. virulence, 123. character, 124 f. opinion of theater, 485. on Sunday observance, 171. on Aristotle, 637. opinion of war, 487. on hunting, 500. on Reformation, 504, 700 f. on lying, 506. on marriage, 506, 508 f. on education, 511, 665, 667. commercial ideas, 530 f., 608. on poor relief, 560. biblical criticism, 568 f., 572. refutes Koran, 584. on Copernican theory, 621. philosophy, 624 ff. on toleration, 642 ff. on witchcraft, 652, 655 f. on art and music, 687, 690. writings translates Valla on Donation of Constantine, 49. lectures on Bible, 64. Ninety-five Theses, 67, 281. Address to the Christian Nobility, 70 ff., 376, 530, 560. Babylonian Captivity of Church, 72 f., 120, 164, 282. translation of Bible, 73 f., 81, 111 f., 569 f. On Monastic Vows, 81. Bondage of the Will, 105 f., 164. hymns, 112, 354, 689, 737. catechisms, 112, 164, 407. Jack Sausage, 120. Schmalkaldic Articles, 121. Against the Papacy at Rome, 123. Table Talk, 124. influence and relations with contemporaries Lefèvre, 53. Hutten, 56. general influence, 62, 80 f., 83, 698. Sachs, 86 f. deserted by humanists, 102 ff. and Erasmus, 104 ff., 241, 649. and Zwingli, 107 ff., 150 ff., 154, 159 f. and Melanchthon, 133. invited to Denmark, 136. hailed by Bohemian Brethren, 144. and Calvin, 162, 165, 179 f. More, 167. influence in France, 188 ff., 203. influence in Netherlands, 239 ff. and Henry VIII, 277, 282 f., 285, 287. influence in England, 281 ff., 299 f., 312, 326, 635. influence in Scotland, 354 ff. influence in Italy, 373 ff., 380. influence on Catholic reform, 388. Index, 420. Loyola, 400, 405. Lemnius, 503. and Raphael, 678 f. and Dürer, 684. caricatured, 685. and Faust, 697. judged by posterity, Sleidan, 587, 705. earily biographers, 588. Des Périers, 629. Montaigne, 631 f. Charron, 633. Bruno, 639. R. Burton, 700. early Catholics, 702. Bossuet, 703. Vettori, 704. Guicciardini, 704. Brantôme, 704. Robertson, 709. Hume, 710. Gibbon, 710 f. Wieland, 711. Goethe, 712. Lessing, 712. Condorcet, 713. and French Revolution, 713 ff. and Romantic Movement, 715 ff. Mme. de Staël, 715. Heine, 715 f. Michelet, 716 f. Carlyle, 718. Emerson, 718. Herder, 718. Arndt, 718. German patriots, 718 f. Hegel, 720. Döllinger, 723 f. Bax, 725 f. Nietzsche, 730 f. Troeltsch, 733. Santayana, 734. Imhart de la Tour, 736. Lagarde, 736. The Great War, 737 f. Paquier, 738. Harnack, 739. Loisy, 739. W. James, 740. Grisar, 741. Acton, 741. secularization of the world, 748. Lutheranism, in England, 38, 308, 330. in Germany, 111, 133 f. in France, 195 ff. in Netherlands, 243 ff. in Italy, 376 f., 417. and papacy, 383. in Spain, 415 f. political theory, 594, 707. Luxemburg, 76, 238. Lyly, J., 635. Lyndsay, D., 351, 355 note, 356, 615. Lyons, 512, 523, 526, 556. Waldenses, 35. and Reformation, 192, 195, 218.

Maastricht, 258, 273. MacAlpine, J., 354. Macaulay, 432, 717. McGiffert, A. C., 739. Machiavelli, N. The Prince, 295, 589. and Index, 421 f. on war, 487 ff. ethics, 505 f. on classics, 576. as an historian, 580. political theory, 589 ff., 599, 601 f., 608. and Christianity, 628, 649. Mackinnon, 742. Madagascar, 443. Madeira, 441, 444. Madrid, 9. Treaty of, 185 f., 379. Madgeburg, 63, 66, 129. Magdeburg Centuries, 584 f. Magellan, F., 3, 440 f., 615. Magni, O., 138. Magrath, 417. Maitland, 365. Majorca, 415. Malabar, 524. Malacca, 443. Malay Peninsula, 446, 616. Maldonato, 106. Malines, 252 f., 262. Malory, T. La Morte d'Arthur, 692. Malta, 456. Manchester, 538. Manners, 500 ff. Manresa, 399, 401. Manichaeans, 418. Mansfeld, 62, 523, 662. Mantua, 121. Benedict of, 376. Isabella d'Este, Marchioness of, 376, 572. Manz, F., 645. Marburg, Colloquy at, 109 f. University of, 287, 354, 670. Marcellus II, Pope, 384. Marcion, 583, 744. Marcourt, A. de, 197. Marcus Aurelius, 574. Margaret d 'Angoulême, Queen of Navarre, 29, 324, 572, 676. and Reformation, 189 f., 194 f. Margaret Tudor, Queen of Scotland, 330, 352. Mariana, 605. Marignano, battle of, 147, 150, 185, 488. Marlowe, C., 635, 697. Marnix, P. van, 263. Marot, C., 187, 194, 197, 203, 232, 693. Marranos, 240, 445. Marriage, prohibited degrees, 22 f. Protestant regulation of, 112, 173. Catholic reform, 395. esteemed, 507 f. Marsiglio of Padua, 43. Mary, Mother of Jesus, worshiped, 29, 63, 148, 358, 495. Mary of Burgundy, Empress, 76, 235. Mary Tudor, Queen of England, 287, 291. foreign policy, 200, 319. and Netherlands, 248 f. succession, 316 f. marriage, 318 f., 432. religious policy, 319 ff. and Knox, 358, 361. censorship, 419. commercial policy, 526. and universities, 671. Mary Tudor, Queen of France, 281, 316, 432. Mary of Hapsburg, Queen of Hungary, 237, 244, 249. Mary of Lorraine, Queen of Scotland, 199, 352, 359, 361. Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, and England, 325, 330, 333 f., 336, 338, 340, 352, 365, 368. execution, 339 f., 368 f. marriage with Francis II, 210, 351, 359. birth, 356. and Knox, 364 ff. marriage with Darnley, 366. marriage with Bothwell, 367 f. Casket Letters, 367 f. deposed, 367, 602 f. dress, 466. and Buchanan, 580. Martyr, Peter, see Vermigli and Anghierra. Marx, C., 724 f. Masuccio, 50. Mathesius, 588. Mathews, S., 725. Matthews, T., 300. Matthys, J., 101 f. Maurenbrecher, 740. Maurer, H., 91. Maurolycus, 611. Maximilian I, Emperor, and Julius II, 19. and Luther, 68. policy, 75 f. death, 77. and Netherlands, 235, 238, 486. Maximilian II, Emperor, 132, 144, 258. Mayence, 8 f., 74, 666, 670. Albert, Elector of, 66, 79, 496. Berthold, Elector of, 418. Mayenne, Duke of, 225 ff., 492. Mayr, C., 528. Meaux, 192, 195, 202, 218. Mecca, 446. Medici, de', family, 15, 17, 519. Lorenzo the Magnificent, 19, 682. Lorenzo II, 198 f. Alexander, 250, 381. Cosimo, 372. Medina, 446, 513 ff. Medina Sidonia, Duke of, 341. Mediterranean, 442, 523. Melanchthon, P. doctrine of eucharist, 70. and Luther, 81, 111, 124, 133. and Peasants' War, 98, 558. at Marburg Colloquy, 109. drafts Augsburg Confession, 117. on polygamy, 120, 287. reforms Cologne, 121. negotiates with Catholics, 122. attacked by Lutherans, 129, 133. and Zwingli, 134. and Calvin, 164. and Servetus, 178. and France, 187, 203. and England, 299, 301, 312, 326 f. and Scotland, 356. on Index, 420. salary, 471. and Lemnius, 503. and Bible, 569. political theory, 596, 605. and Copernicus, 621 f. persecutes, 644 f. on education, 667. Mendelssohn, 715. Mercator, G., 616. Merindol, 203. Metz, 184, 200. Mexico, 416, 438 f., 474 f. Meyerbeer, 715. Mézeray, de, 704. Michaelangelo, 472, 681 ff., 686, 690. Michelet, J., 398, 716 f. Middleburg, 263. Milan, 185 f., 372, 380 f., 416 f., 456. Milne, W., 359. Miltitz, C. von, 68. Milton, J., 74, 423, 608, 668. Mirabilia Urbis Romae, 74. Mirandola, Pico della, 51 ff., 108, 374, 606. Miritzsch, M., 240. Mississippi, 437. Modena, 456. Mohács, battle of, 144. Mohammedanism, 433, 448, 583 f., 627, 707 f., 745. Moluccas, 408, 443. Monarchy, 476 f., 549. Moncontour, battle of, 215. Money value of, in the sixteenth century, 461 ff., 472 f. coins, 462 ff. interest, 467 f. power of, 548. Monod, G., 735. Monopolies, 85, 88, 528 ff. Mons, battle of, 216, 261. Montaigne, M. de, and New World, 11. and Reformation, 231 f. on torture, 482. on classics, 576 f. and La Boétie, 599 f. skepticism, 631 f. on toleration, 648. on witchcraft, 660 f. Montauban, 219. 229. Montbéliard, 161. Monte, A. C. del, 382. Montesquieu, 707. Montluc, B. de, 216, 582. Moutmorency, A. de, 185, 187, 517. Montpellier, 229. Mook, battle of, 263. Moors, 426, 428, 433 f. Morals, 503 ff. of clergy, 25, 493 f. Morata, O., 374. Moravians, see Bohemian Brethren. Moray, Earl of, 334, 367 f. More, T. Utopia, 11, 26, 509, 558, 606 f., 648, 698. debt to Lefèvre, 53. and Reformation, 167, 281 ff., 295, 299. on Henry VIII, 279, 295. death, 294 f. on persecution, 294 f., 648. drinks only water, 497. on hunting, 500. marriages, 508 f. and Bibles, 571. and religion, 633 f., 649. and witchcraft, 655. portrait, 683. judged by Robertson, 731 Moriscos, 415, 433 f., 517. Morley, Lord, 592. Mornay, P. Duplessis, 264, 598 f. Morocco, 446. Morone, 394. Mortmain, Statute of, 41. Morton, Earl of, 360. Moschus, 574. Moscow, 512. Mosheim, 712. Motley, 718. Mountjoy, Lord, 277. Mühlberg, battle of, 128, 238. Mühlhausen in Thuringia, 94. Mülhausen in Alsace, 160. Munich, 666. Münster, 101 f., 244. Münster, S., 420, 565. Münster, T., 82, 91, 94 f., 97, 112, 594, 701. Muret, 576. Murner, T., 472, 694. Muscovy, 139, 143 f., 447. Music, 689. Mutian, 54, 103. Myconius, 160, 313. Mystics, 29-34, 744.

Naarden, 262.
Namur, 267.
Nanak, 745.
Nantes
University of, 11.
Edict of, 228 f., 406, 650.
Naples
French in, 42, 186.
Spanish, 372, 380, 416 f.
Reformation, 375 f.
population, 456.
Narva, 534.
Nash, T., 635.
Nassau, 251.
Louis of, 257 ff., 263.
Nationalism
rise of, 5.
effect on church, 41-47.
in France, 182.
Naumburg, Bishop of, 120.
Negroes, 437, 525, 533.
Neo-Platonism, 51, 54.
Nesbit, J., 354.
Netherlands
mystics, 32 f.
Charles V, 78.
and French Calvinists, 204, 216.
constitution, 234 ff.
Mary, Regent of, 237, 244, 249.
Margaret of Austria, Regent of, 237.
relations with the Empire, 237 f.
Reformation, 239 ff., 271 ff.
and Spain, 246 ff., 254 ff., 488.
and Alva, 258 ff.
Northern Provinces declare independence, 272 ff., 602.
"Beggars," 256 ff., 342.
and England, 332, 344 f.
civilization, 350.
Jesuits, 405 f.
censorship, 419.
population, 453, 458.
post office, 486.
commerce, 531 ff.
agriculture, 547.
serfs, 553.
poor-relief, 559 f.
reform of calendar, 624.
Newcastle, 358.
Nice, Truce of, 121, 198.
Nicholas V, Pope, 16, 45, 566.
Nicoletto, 374.
Nietzsche, F., 730 f.
Niklashausen, Piper of, 87.
Nîmes, 219.
Bishop of, 205.
Nobility, 236, 491 f., 550.
Nola, 639.
Norfolk, 323.
Duke of, 334 f.
Norman, R., 615.
Normandy, 202.
North, T., 576.
Northumberland, John Dudley, Duke of, 316 f., 321.
Norway, 135, 137,458.
Norwich, 254, 315.
Novara, battle of, 150.
Noyen, 161.
Nuremberg, 74, 79, 86, 90, 128, 454, 483, 688.
humanism, 54.
Diet of (1522), 84 f., 528.
Diet of (1524), 85 f.
"godless painters," 103, 628.
revolts from Rome, 113.
Peace of, 118.
Dürer, 472, 684.
poor-relief, 560.

Occam, William of, 35 f., 43, 108, 625, 743.
Ochino, B., 174, 312, 375, 397, 420.
Oecolampadius, J., 108 ff., 156 f., 159, 161, 299,
312, 420, 508, 626.
Oldenbarneveldt, J. van, 275, 602.
Olivetan, 162, 196, 570.
Orange, Anne, Princess of, 251, 253.
Orange, Charlotte, Princess of, 251.
Orange, William, Prince of, 167, 246, 250 ff., 258.
character, 251, 274.
elected Statholder of Holland, 261.
death, 274, 340.
and England, 339.
Orellana, 438.
Orinoco, 436.
Orleans, University of, 162.
Reformation, 197, 202, 218.
States General, 212 f.
Osgood, H. L., 743.
Osiander, A., 420, 620, 623.
Oudewater, 264.
Overyssel, 235.
Oxford, University of, 36, 38, 281, 471, 639, 671, 687.
Oxfordshire, 314.

Pacific Ocean, 438, 440. Paciolus, L., 610. Pack, O. von, 114. Paderborn, University of, 670. Padua, University of, 618, 627. Paget, Lord, 310. Palatinate, 74, 79, 84, 121, 127. Frederic III, Elector Palatine, 121, 128. Palermo, 416. Palestrina, 384, 689. Palma, University of, 12. Pampeluna, 399 f. Papacy history of in the later Middle Ages, 13-20. triumphs over Councils, 15. secularization, 15. patronizes art and letters, 16. denounced by Wyclif, 37. rejected by Bohemian Brethren, 40. attacked by Marsiglio, 43. assailed by Valla, 49. rejected by Luther, 68 ff., 123, 388. dependent on Spain, 372. history, 1522-90, 377-88. and Turks, 449. finance, 480. judged by Creighton and Acton, 642, 741. Paquier, 738. Paracelsus, T., 513, 632, 638 f. Paraguay, 408. Paré, A., 513 f. Paris first printers at, 9. university of, 11, 42, 161, 190 f., 202 ff., 227, 250, 400, 422, 561, 566, 600, 642, 664. College of Montaigu, 161, 400 f., 669. Parlement of, 42, 184 f., 191, 227, 229, 406. and Reformation, 192, 195 ff., 213, 217, 221, 228. Jesuits, 202. besieged by Henry IV, 225 f., 455. population, 455. credit, 467. constabulary, 482. brothels, 507. hospitals, 514. trade, 539. Parker, 604. Parma, Duke of, 226, 456. Parma, Margaret of, 250, 256 f. Pascal, B., 398. Passau, Convention of, 130. Pastor, A., 626. Pastor, L. von, 740 f. Patten, S. N., 726. Paul the Apostle, 13, 52 f., 65, 98, 150, 356, 377, 418, 742. Paul II, Pope, 16. Paul III, 250. and oecumenical council, 121, 389 f. and Luther, 123. alliance with Charles V, 127. and Margaret of Navarre, 189. and Rabelais, 194. and England, 292 ff. pontificate, 381 ff. reforms, 381 ff. foreign policy, 383. and Jesuits, 401. and Inquisition, 416. and American Indians, 436. and Sapienza, 471, 673. and artists, 472, 504. and Copernicus, 620, 622. and philosophy, 628. Paul IV, 382, 384, 397, 417, 421 f. Paulet, Sir A., 339. Paulus Diaconus, 608. Pauperism, 558 ff. Pausanias, 574. Pavia, battle of, 94, 185, 372, 379, 459. Penz, G., 103, 628. Périers, Des, 629. Perrin, A., 176. Persia, 449. Perth, 360. Peru, 416, 438 ff., 474 f. Pescia, Domenico da, 18. Petrarch, 47. Petri, L., 138. Petri, O., 137. Pfefferkorn, J., 54. Philibert, E., 249. Philip IV of France, 14, 42. Philip the Handsome of Hapsburg, 76, 235. Philip II, King of Spain, 130, 132. and France, 212, 226 ff., 252. on St. Bartholomew, 218. and Netherlands, 246 ff., 272 ff., 602. marriage with Mary of England, 318 f. and Elizabethan England, 331 ff., 338, 362, 533. and papacy, 384 ff. and Council of Trent, 395. finances, 431. character and policy, 431 ff. and Portugal, 446. and Turks, 449 f. portrait, 678. Philippine Islands, 440 f. Philosophy, 624-40. Reformers, 624 ff. skeptics, 627 ff. science, 637 ff. Piacenza, 250, 456 Picardy, 161, 202. Piccolomini family, 15. Piedmont, 35. Pindar, 574. Pinkie, battle of, 359. Pirckheimer, W., 104, 106, 683. Pisa, 627. Council of (1409), 14. Schismatic Council of (1511), 19. Pistoia, 488. Pius II, Pope, 16, 24 f., 42, 350. Pius IV, Pope, 384 ff., 393 ff. Pius V, Pope, 334 f., 338, 386 f., 417, 422. Pizarro, 439 f. Plato, 51, 150, 418, 574, 606, 629. Pliny the Elder, 667. Plutarch, 574, 576, 619. Pocock, R., 48. Podiebrad, 40. Poggio, 51, 421. Poissy, Colloquy of, 213 f., 598. Poitiers, Diana of, 199. Poitou, 216. Poland, pays Peter's Pence, 21. suzerain of Prussia, 113. literature, 135. constitution, 138 f. wars, 139 f., 447. Reformation, 140-44. Henry III, 143, 219. civilization, 350. Counter-reformation, 388. and Council of Trent, 395. Jesuits, 405. population, 458. gilds, 540. reform of calendar, 624. Pole, R., 318 ff., 377, 382, 396, 591, 604. Political theory, 588-609. the state as power, 589 ff. republicanism, 592 ff. church and state, 593 ff. constitution, 595 ff. tyrannicide, 606. radicals, 606 f. economic, 607 ff. Pollard, A. F., 742. Polybius, 574. Polygamy, 102, 120, 507, 574. Pomponazzi, P., 105, 627, 649. Ponet, J., 604 f. Pontano, 508. Pontoise, Estates of, 598. Porta, J. B., della, 614. Portsmouth, 322. Portugal exploration, 10, 435. literature, 135. civilization, 350. and Council of Trent, 395. Jesuits, 405. colonies, 407 ff., 435, 441 ff. Inquisition, 416, 445. annexed to Spain, 432, 446. decadence, 444 ff. population, 458. navy,490. commerce, 524. reform of calendar, 624. Porzio, S., 627. Posen, 140, 144. Post Office, 468 f., 486. Praemunire, Statute of, 41 f., 289. Prague, University of, 38, 639. Predestination, doctrine of, 164 ff., 176, 249, 682. Prescott, 718. Pressburg, University of, 12. Prices, 88, 315, 464 ff. wheat, 464 f. animals, 465. groceries, 466. drygoods, 466 f. metals, 467. real estate, 468. books, 468. rise of, 473, 516 f., 608. Priscillian, 564. Printing, 3, 8 ff., 239, 349 f., 418 f. Probst, J., 240, 242. Proletariat, 552 ff. Prostitution, 506 f. Protestantism origin of the name, 115. period of expansion, 132, 388 f. varieties of, 179 f. in France, 229 ff. judged by Renan, 742. Provisors, Statute of, 41, 289. Prudentius, 667. Prussia, 113, 133, 139, 141, 350. Ptolemy, 574, 616 note, 617. Puglia, Francis da, 18. Pulci, 628. Puritans, 167, 286, 328, 339, 343 ff, 358, 483, 486, 604, 690.