The History of the European Fauna

by R. F. Scharff

INDEX.

• Ablepharus pannonicus, [258]
• Accentor collaris, [316]
• • modularis, [317]
• Accidental distribution, [12], [26]
• Acipenser ruthenus, [29]
• Acme, [323]
• Adams, Leith, [112], [150]
• Ægean continent, subsidence of, [272]-[273]
• Agriolimax, [284]
• Alactaga jaculus, [204]
• Alca impennis, [92], [142]
• Alligator, accidental dispersal of, [14]
• Allolobophora Georgii, [115], [302]
• • veneta, [115], [302]
• Alpine Accentor, [316]
• • Chough, [317]
  • fauna, survival of, during Glacial period, [332]
  • flora, [341]-[348]
  • flora, age of, [78], [79]
  • flora, suitable conditions for, [78]-[79]
  • Hare, as a test of climate, [316]
  • Snow-finch, [318]
• Alps, component elements of fauna, [311]-[312]
• Alston, E. R., [312]
• Alytes cisternasii, [295]
• • obstetricans, [295]
• Amalia, [284]
• America, introductions from, [24]
• American beetles in the British Islands, [167]
• • plants, origin of, in the British Islands, [144]
  • plants in Ireland, [166]
  • sponges in Ireland, [166]
• Ampelis garrulus, [205]
• Amphibia of Europe, [193]-[194]
• • dispersal of, [21]
• Amphicoma, [268]
• Andalusian Bush-quail, [291]-[292]
• Anergates, [167]
• Anglo-Scotian fauna, [95]
• Animals as tests of climate, [71]-[75]
• Antelope, [39]
• Ants, European origin of, [161]
• Apollo, [325]
• Apus glacialis, [94], [167]
• Aralo-Caspian Sea and Arctic Ocean, connection between, [219]-[231]
• Arbutus unedo, [110], [307]
• Arctic animals in Caspian Sea, [238]
• • flora in Europe, [238]-[241]
  • Hare, origin of, [148]-[149], [158]-[159]
  • Hare, range of, [136]-[138]
  • Lepidoptera, [200]
  • plant-beds at Bovey Tracy, [238]
  • plants, [143]-[144]
  • plants, delicacy of, [185]
  • mollusca in Red Crag, [235]-[236]
  • Seal, [174]
  • sub-region, [132]
• Arctomys bobak, [204], [313]
• • marmotta, [313]
• Arion, [48], [299]
• • subfuscus, [49]
• Arionidæ, origin of, [48], [299]
• Asiminea Grayana, [99]
• Aucapitaine, Baron, experiments by, [15]
• Autochthonous species, [10]
• Azores, remains of a continent, [19]

• Bacillus, [269]-[270]
• Badger, distribution of, [43]
• Balea perversa, [298]
• Ball, J., [77], [345]-[347]
• Baltic Sea, fauna of, [174]
• Baltic and White Seas, connection between, [175]
• Banded Lemming, range of, [138]
• Barn Owl, [98]
• Barrett-Hamilton, G. E. H., [29], [90], [139], [149]
• Barriers to animal migration, [38]
• Barrington, R. M., [105]
• Bathyphantes nigrinus, [94]
• Baur, G., [19]
• Bearded Titmouse, [292]
• Beaver, [203]
• Beaver absent from Ireland, [121]
• Beddard, F. E., [19], [58]
• Bedriaga, J. von, [259]-[260]
• Beetles common to North America and Europe, [161]
• • American, in British Islands, [167]
• Bell (vide [Kendall and Bell])
• Black Cock, [143]
• Black Grouse, [336]
• Blanchard, E., [282]
• Blanus cinereus, [279], [294]
• Blethisa multipunctata, [93]
• Blytt, A., [34], [52], [79], [185], [239]
• Boar, distribution of, [44]
• Bobak Marmot, [204]
• Boettger, O., [48], [263]
• Bogdanov, M. M., [53]
• Bombinator, [259]-[260]
• • igneus, [259]
  • pachypus, [259]
• Bonnet, [306]
• Bonney, T. G., [66], [70], [83], [180], [229]
• Boulenger, G. A., [259]
• Boulder-clay, foraminifera in, [84]
• • origin of, [81], [175], [180]-[181], [229]-[230]
  • of Continental Europe, [180], [226]-[231]
• Bourguignat, J. R., [18], [47], [302]
• Bovey Tracy, arctic plant beds at, [238]
• Boyd, E., [104]
• Branchinecta palludosa, [167]
• Brandt, J. F., [51], [62], [107], [218], [222]
• Brauer, A., [132]-[133]
• Brehm, A. E., [139]
• Bristle-fern, [115]
• British flora during Glacial period, [163]
• British Islands, Lusitanian flora in, [288], [306]-[307]
• • submergence of, [127]
• Brooke, Sir V., [247], [250]
• Brunner von Wattenwyl, [270]
• Bufo calamita, [30]
• Buliminus detritus, [261]
• • fasciolatus, [261]
  • obscurus, [261]
  • pupa, [261]
• Bullfinch, origin of, [191], [255]-[256]
• Bulman, G. W., [114]
• Bunge, D., [219]
• Bush-quail, Andalusian, [291]-[292]
• Butterflies, Arctic distribution of, [159]-[161]
• • origin of North European, [55]

• Caccabis rufa, [29]
• Campylaea, sub-genus of Helix, [49], [321]
• Canary Islands, origin of, [19]
• Canis lagopus, [135]
• Capercaillie, [28], [143], [336]-[337]
• Capra ibex, [312]
• • ægagrus, [61], [312]
  • pyrenaica, [312]
  • sibirica, [312]
  • sinaitica, [312]
• Carabus, [199]
• Carduelis, [257]
• • caniceps, [258]
  • elegans, [257]
  • major, [257]
• Carpenter, G. H., [64], [94]-[95], [104], [114], [121]-[123], [288], [301]
• Caspian Fishes, [224]
• • post-pliocene deposits, [222], [226]
  • Sea, Arctic animals in, [238]
  • seal, [224]
• Castor fiber, [203]
• Cave deposits, mixture of Northern and Southern animals in, [54]
• Cenocosmic species, [24]
• Centre of distribution, [12], [43], [47]
• • origin, shifting of, [202]
• Cervidæ, origin of, [248]
• Cervus dama, [251]
• • elaphus, [246]-[250]
  • giganteus, [108], [251]
• Chamæleon vulgaris, [279]
• Chamois, [312]
• Charrs, origin of, [124]
• Chioglossa, [296]
• Chough, Alpine, [317]
• Christ, H., [52], [343]-[344]
• Christy, Miller, [105]
• Chrysochraon, [330]
• Cicindela, [197]-[198]
• Cinclus, [255]
• Clarke, Eagle, [105]
• Clausilia, [47], [262]-[264], [284]
• • bidentata, [47], [262], [284]
  • biplicata, [47]
  • laminata, [47]
  • Pauli, [48], [263]
  • Rolphii, [47]
• Claviger, [267]-[268]
• • testaceus, [268]
• Climate in Glacial period, [65], [81], [127], [149], [182]-[183]
• • in Pleistocene Europe, [208]-[209]
• Close, Maxwell, [129]
• Cod-fish, origin of, [143]
• Coecilianella, [17]
• Coenonympha typhon, [93]
• Cole, G. J., [83], [106]-[107]
• Coleoptera of Europe, origin of, [197]
• • common to Europe and North America, [161]
• Colias, [266]
• Coregonus, [124]
• • clupeoides, [124]
  • pollan, [124]
  • vandesius, [124]
• Cosmopolitan species, [24]
• Cottus, [92]-[93]
• • bubalis, [93]
  • gobio, [93]
  • quadricornis, [175]
  • scorpio, [93]
• Credner, R., [177]-[178]
• Cricetus frumentarius, [190]
• • vulgaris, [204]
• Crimea formerly an island, [35]
• Crimean fauna, [57]
• Croll, J., [66]
• Crocidura, [253]
• • etrusca, [253], [279]
• Cuniculus torquatus, [138]
• Current, Arctic, [172]-[173]
• Cyanopolius Cooki, [293]
• • cyanus, [293]
• Cyclostoma elegans, [16]

• Danais chrysippus, [267]
• Dartford Warbler, [288]
• Darwin, C., [13]-[15], [17]-[19], [25], [32]-[33], [339]
• Daudebardia, [323]
• Daulias luscinea, [192]
• Dawkins, Boyd, [53], [62]-[63], [72]-[73], [107], [112]-[113], [120], [208], [222]-[223], [282]
• Day, F., [29]
• Depéret, C., [44], [276]
• Dippers, origin of, [255]
• Discoglossus pictus, [279], [295]-[296]
• Dispersal of Amphibia, [59]
• • of beetles (apterous), [59]
  • of British butterflies, [113]
  • of earthworms, [58]
  • of planarian worms, [59]
  • of spiders, [59]
  • of wood-lice, [59]
• Distribution, centres of, [12], [43], [47]
• • discontinuous, [114]
• Dormouse, [316]
• • absent from Ireland, [121]
• Drapetisca socialis, [94]
• Dreyssensia polymorpha, [26], [230]-[231]
• Drift, a marine deposit, [129]
• Drude, O., [52], [77]
• Dryas octopetala, [79], [238]
• Dual origin, possibility of, [38]
• Dyer, Th., [79]

• Earth-worms, distribution of, [19], [23], [58]
• Edelweiss, [266], [342]
• Egean Continent, subsidence of, [272]-[273]
• Eider-duck, range of, [141]
• Elephantidæ, origin of, [202], [252]-[253]
• Elephas primigenius, [214], [252]
• Emery, C., [161], [167]
• Endemic species, [10]
• Engler, A., [52], [145], [171], [176], [282], [341]-[342]
• English Hare, [29]
• Ephydatia crateriformis, [94]
• Epoccus, [167]
• Erebia, [325]-[326]
• • æthiops, [325]-[326]
  • epiphron, [325]
  • glacialis, [326]
  • lappona, [326]
• Eremias, [258]
• Erratics, [181]-[182]
• Eryx jaculus, [259]
• Euphorbia hiberna, [307]
• European beetles, origin of, [197]
• • butterflies, origin of, [200]
  • land and fresh-water mollusca, origin of, [196]
  • mammals, origin of, [106], [193]
• Eurynebria complanata, [302]
• Evotomys Nageri, [314]
• Extension of range, mode of, [38]

• Fallow Deer, [251]
• Falsan, A., [66], [68]-[69], [71], [73]
• Feilden, H. W., [13], [77], [84]-[85], [164]
• Finmark, Greenland mollusca on coast of, [171]
• Fire-toads, origin of, [259]
• Fischer, P., [103]
• Fishes, Caspian, [224]
• "Flotsam and jetsam" theory, [20]
• Foraminifera in boulder-clay, [84]
• Forbes, E., [64], [101], [110], [114]-[115], [171], [288], [339]
• Forest-Bed an inter-glacial deposit, [70]
• • corresponding to continental inter-glacial deposits, [120]
  • fauna of, [232]-[234]
  • mollusca, [212]-[213]
• Fossil glaciers, [220]
• Fresh-water faunas, origin of, [177]
• Fringilla, [293]
• • cœlebs, [293]
  • madeirensis, [293]
  • montifringilla, [293]
  • spodiogenys, [293]
  • teydea, [293]
• Frog, introduction of, into Ireland, [30]-[31]

• Gadow, H., [139]
• Galapagos Islands, [19]
• Galeodes, [270]
• Gammaracanthus relictus, [179]
• Gardner, J. S., [145]
• Garnieria, sub-genus of Clausilia, [48]
• Gasterosteus aculeatus, [92]
• Gaudry, A., [73], [273]
• Geikie, Sir A., [116], [309]
• Geikie, J., [59], [66]-[67], [70], [75]-[76], [80]-[83], [116], [129], [163], [182], [216]-[217], [226]-[227], [233], [235], [238]
• Geographical changes, importance of, [64]
• Geomalacus maculosus, [5], [49], [99], [102], [115], [298]-[299]
• Gervais, E., [150]
• Glacial climate in France, [150]
• • period, climate of, [65]-[81], [127], [149], [182]-[183]
  • period in Scandinavia, [176]
  • period, survival of animals and plants during, [65]
• Glaciation of Ireland, [129]
• Glutton, [119], [203]
• Goldfinch, origin of, [257]
• Gonepteryx, [296]-[297]
• • cleobule, [297]
  • cleopatra, [296]
  • rhamni, [296]
• Gould, J. E., [20]
• Great Auk, range of, [92], [142]
• Greenland flora, [161]-[162]
• • flora, survival of, [163]-[164]
  • miocene temperature in, [146]
  • mollusca on coast of Finmark, [171]
  • Tertiary plants, [144]-[145]
• Grouse, [91], [334]
• • black, [336]
• Gulo luscus, [119], [203]

• Haacke, W., [147]
• Hamilton, John, [161]
• Hamster, [190], [204]
• Hanitsch, R., [94]
• Hare, [2], [29], [90]
• • Arctic, [2], [90]-[91]
  • English, [29]
• Hare, Alpine, as a test of climate, [316]
• Harlé, E., [150]
• Harmer, F. W., [182]
• Harvest-mouse, [3], [190]
• Harvie-Brown, J. A., [105]
• Haughton, W., [86]
• Hazel-grouse, [337]
• Hedge Accentor, [317]
• Hedley, C., [20]
• Heer, O., [144]-[145]
• Helix, [4]
• • acuta, [102], [298]
  • aculeata, [298]
  • aspersa, [24], [195]
  • ericetorum, [298]
  • fusca, [298]
  • lapicida, [4]
  • obvoluta, [4], [297]
  • pisana, [102], [298]
  • pomatia, [15], [32], [195], [262]
  • revelata, [102]
  • rotundata, [122], [274], [298]
  • ruderata, [212]-[213]
• Herdman, W. A., and Lomas, J., [236]
• Herring, origin of, [143]
• Heteromeyenia Ryderi, [94]
• Hofman, E., [54]
• Hooker, Sir J., [99], [161]
• Hopatroides thoracicus, [268]
• Howorth, Sir H., [73]
• Hyalinia, antiquity of, [50]
• Hyla, [260]
• • arborea, [260]-[261], [280]
  • chinensis, [260]