The History of the European Fauna
R. F. Scharff
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  • Ice-Age, climate of, [65], [81]
  • Ice-bridge, migration on, [108]
  • Idotea entomon, [178], [224]
  • Ihering, H. von, [19], [20], [24]-[25]
  • Indigenous species, [10]
  • Inter-glacial deposit, the Forest-Bed an, [70]
    • periods, climate of, [181], [218]
  • Introduced species, [10], [23], [27]-[29]
  • Introduction by man, [32]-[33]
  • Introductions from America, [24]
  • Ireland, glaciation of, [129]
  • Irish and Scotch Hare, [136]
    • Elk, [108], [251]-[252]
  • Irish fauna, composition of, [63]
    • Stoat, [136]
  • Isle of Man, fauna of, [123]
  • Isotoma littoralis, [94]
  • Jeffreys, J. G., [27]
  • Jerboa, [204]
  • Jordan, H., [103]
  • Judd, J. W., [61]
  • Karpinski, H., [222]
  • Kendall, P. J., [125]
  • Kendall, P. J., and Bell, A., [174]
  • Kennard, A. S., [167]
  • Kennard, A. S., and Woodward, B. B., [4]
  • Kessler, H., [222]
  • Kew, H. W., [17], [23], [32]
  • Killarney fern, [115]
  • Kinahan, G. H., [107]-[108], [129]
  • Kirkdale Cavern, remains in, [54]
  • Kobelt, W., [49], [56], [58], [62], [75], [195]-[196], [212], [281], [297], [303], [321]-[323]
  • Köppen, F. T., [51], [62], [222], [248]
  • Krasan, F., [347]
  • Lagomys, origin of, [41], [203]
  • Lagopus, [334]
    • albus, [91], [142], [334]
    • hyperboreus, [334]
    • leucurus, [335]
    • mutus, [91], [142], [334]
    • rupestris, [334]
    • scoticus, [334]
  • Laminifera, sub-genus of Clausilia, [48]
  • Lamplugh, G. W., [107]-[108]
  • Land-connection between America and Northern Europe, [61]
    • British Islands and France, [59]-[60]
    • British Islands and Scandinavia, [61]
    • Europe and North Africa, [61]
    • Europe and North America, [61], [168]-[172]
    • Greece and Asia Minor, [61]
    • Greenland and Europe, [155], [159]
    • Ireland and Spain, [110]
  • Land Mollusca, migrations of, [9]
  • Land shells, West Indian, [21]
  • Lartet, E., [51], [73], [107], [150]
  • Lemming, range of, [138]-[140]
  • Leontopodium alpinum, [266], [342]
  • Lepus, [27], [29], [31]
    • alpinus, [136]
    • cuniculus, [27], [31], [291]
    • europæus, [29], [316]
    • glacialis, [136]
    • lacostei, [291]
    • variabilis, [2], [29], [136], [315]
  • Lepidoptera, range of, [159]-[160]
    • Arctic, [200]
    • surviving Glacial period, [54]
  • Leuckart, R., [176]
  • Lewis, Carvill, [129]
  • Limax, [284]
    • marginatus, [284]
    • maximus, [284]
  • Limnocalanus macrurus, [179]
  • Linyphia insignis, [94]
  • "Loess" fauna, [75], [196]
  • Lomas (vide [Herdman and Lomas])
  • Lovén, S., [177]
  • Lusitanian flora in British Islands, [288], [306]-[307]
    • spiders, [301]
  • Lydekker, R., [14], [22], [32], [58], [157], [183], [202], [248], [252]
  • Lyell, Sir C., [14], [22]
  • Lyrurus tetrix, [336]
  • Macroptychia, sub-genus of Clausilia, [48]
  • Madeira, [19]
    • molluscan fauna of, [25]
    • remains of a continent, [19]
  • Major, Forsyth, [45]-[46], [280], [282]
  • Mallet, R., [86]
  • Mammoth in Siberia, [214]-[217]
    • range of, [252]-[253]
  • Mammals, dispersal of, [9], [21]
  • Mantis religiosa, [269]
  • Maps, general plan of, [8]
  • Margaritana, [93]
  • Marine connection between Caspian Sea and Arctic Ocean, [62], [219]-[231]
    • mollusca, distribution of, [236]
    • origin of boulder-clay, [82]-[86], [228]-[230]
  • Marine shells above sea-level, [127]-[128]
    • transgression in Northern Russia, [172]
  • Marmot, Alpine, [313]
    • Bobak, [204]
  • Marsh-ringlet, [93]
  • Marshall, Rev., [166]
  • Martins, C., [68]
  • Mediterranean land-connections, [276]-[282]
  • Meles, [43]
    • albogularis, [44]
    • anakuma, [44]
    • leucurus, [44]
    • maraghanus, [44]
    • polaki, [44]
    • taxus, [43]
  • Melitæa asteria, [325]
    • cynthia, [325]
    • maturna, [325]
  • Melizophilus undatus, [288]
  • Merriam, C. H., [38]
  • Metoponorthus cingendus, [301]
  • Microtus, [313]
    • brecciensis, [314]
    • leucurus, [314]
    • nivalis, [313]
  • Mid-wife Toad, [295]
  • Migrations, [8]-[9]
    • cause of, [208]
    • of British shore-forms, [124]
  • Migration from Asia to Europe by North America, [327]
  • Migration on ice-bridge, [108]
    • waves of, [204]-[206]
  • Miller's thumb, [93]
  • Milne-Edwards, A., [282]
  • Mingling of Southern and Northern Mammals, [72]-[75], [209]
  • Miocene geography, [274]-[276]
    • temperature in Greenland, [146]
  • Miogale moschata, [290]
    • pyrenaica, [290]
  • Molge alpestris, [320]
    • cristata, [320]
    • montana, [320]
    • palmata, [320]
    • rusconii, [320]
    • vulgaris, [319]
  • Mollusca in Loess, [196]
  • Mollusca, distribution of marine, [236]
  • Molluscan fauna, divisions of British, [102]
    • Madeira, [25]
    • Porto Santo, [25]
  • Molluscs, dispersal of, [17], [24]
  • Mongoose, [28]
  • Montifringilla nivalis, [318]
  • More, A. G., [104]
  • Möschler, E., [160]
  • Motacilla, [254], [292]
    • alba, [292]
    • borealis, [255]
    • campestris, [254]
    • lugubris, [292]
    • melanope, [254]
  • Mountain Avens, [79]
  • Mountain-ringlet, [325]
  • Mouse, distribution of Harvest, [3]
  • Mud-glaciers, [86]
  • Murchison, R., [175], [230]
  • Murray, Andrew, [32]-[33], [150], [154]
  • Muscardinus avellanarius, [316]
  • Musk-Ox, range of, [119], [134]-[135], [203]
  • Mus minutus, [3], [95], [190]
  • Mustela africana, [279]
    • boccamela, [279]
    • erminea, [135]-[136]
    • putorius, [190]
  • Myodus lemmus, [138]
    • obensis, [138]
  • Myoxus, [316]
  • Mysis caspica, [223]
    • micropthalma, [223]
    • relicta, [179], [223]
  • Nathorst, A. G., [163], [169], [240]-[241]
  • Natterjack Toad, [30]
  • Nebria atrata, [328]
    • livida, [328]
  • Nehring, A., [96], [107], [119], [196], [208]-[211], [340]
  • Nenia, sub-genus of Clausilia, [48]
  • Neumayr, M., [19], [67]
  • Newt, [319]
  • New Siberian Islands, origin of
    • bone-beds, [219]
    • extinct fauna of, [218]
  • Nightingale, [192]
  • Nordquist, [179]
  • North American marine mollusca in crag deposits, [173]
  • North European Sea, [172]
  • Ocean basins, permanence of, [18]
  • Oceanic Islands, [18]
  • Œneis, [326]-[327]
    • aëllo, [326]
  • Onychogomphus, [268]
  • Oriental migration, old and new, [272]
  • Oriental plants, [282]-[283]
  • Origin, centre of, shifting, [202]
  • Otiorrhynchus auropunctatus, [115], [302]
  • Ovibos moschatus, [119], [134]-[135], [203]
  • Pacific Continent, [20]
  • Painted-lady Butterfly, [98]
  • Palincosmic species, [25]
  • Pallas's Sandgrouse, [205]
  • Panurus biarmicus, [292]
  • Papilio hospiton, [265]
  • Parmacella, [49]
  • Parnassius, [265]-[266], [324]
    • Apollo, [265], [324]
    • delius, [324]
    • mnemosyne, [324]
    • Nordmanni, [324]
  • Partridge, [29]
  • Pelias berus, [192]
  • Pelobates, [295]
  • Pelodytes punctatus, [295]
  • Pelophila borealis, [93]
  • Penck, A., [66]
  • Perches, origin of, [143]
  • Periops hippocrepis, [279]
  • Peschel, O., [177]
  • Petersen, W., [55], [154], [160], [200]
  • Petronia stulta, [318]
  • Pezotettix, [329]-[330]
    • alpinus, [329]
    • pedestris, [329]
  • Phasianus, [256]-[257]
    • colchicus, [31], [257]
  • Pheasant, origin of, [256]-[257]
  • Phoca annelata, [174]
    • caspica, [224]
  • Phædusa, sub-genus of Clausilia, [263]
  • Phylloxera vastatrix, 24
  • Pigs, origin of, [44]-[46]
  • Pika, [41]
  • Pine-Grosbeak, [191]
  • Pinicola enucleator, [191]
  • Planorbis dilatatus, [24]
    • glaber, [167]
  • Plants, American, in Ireland, [166]
    • as tests of climate, [75]-[80]
    • migration of, [34]
  • Platyarthrus, [299]-[302]
  • Plectrophenax nivalis, [140]
  • Pleistocene climate of Asia, [210], [214]-[215]
    • Europe, climate in, [208]-[209]
    • fauna, northern and southern animals in, [72]-[75]
    • mollusca, [211]-[213]
  • Pliocene deposits of Sicily, [277]
    • geography, [276]-[277]
  • Pohlig, H., [176]
  • Polar Bear, [134]
    • Fox, range of, [135], [149]
    • origin of animals, [147]
  • Pole-cat, [190]
  • Polydesmus gallicus, [115], [302]
  • Polynesian Islands, [20]
  • Pomatias, [49], [321]-[322]
  • Pontoporeia affinis, [179]
  • Porto Santo, molluscan fauna of, [25]
  • Pouched Marmot, [41]
  • Praeger, R. L., [298]
  • Praying insect, [269]
  • Proboscidea, origin of, [252]
  • Psammodromus algirus, [295]
    • hispanicus, [295]
  • Ptarmigan, [91], [142]
  • Pupa, antiquity of, [50]
  • Pupa, [297]-[298]
    • anglica, [298]
    • granum, [297]
    • ringens, [102]
  • Pyrrhocorax alpinus, [317]
  • Pyrrhula, [191], [255]
    • europæa, [191], [256]
    • major, [191], [256]
  • Rabbit, introduction of, [27], [31], [291]
  • Rana temporaria, [194], [320]
  • Range, extension of, [38]
  • Rangifer tarandus, [133], [150]-[158]
  • Reade, Mellard, [127]-[129]
  • Red Crag, Arctic molluscs in, [235]-[236]
  • Red Deer, [246]-[250]
  • Red Grouse, [91], [142]
  • Red-legged Partridge, [29]
  • Regulus ignicapillus, [257]
    • maderensis, [257]
    • teneriffæ, [257]
  • Reid, Clement, [76], [163]
  • Reindeer, range and varieties of, [91], [133], [149]-[158]
  • Relict lakes, [176]-[179], [223]
  • Reptiles, dispersal of, [21]
  • Reptiles of Europe, [192]-[193]
  • Rhax, [270]
  • Rhinoceros, distribution of, [214]-[216]
  • Rhododendron ponticum, [271]
  • Rhopalomesites Tardyi, [302]
  • Rock Sparrow, [318]
  • Route of migration of Siberian mammals, [210]
  • Rupicapra tragus, [312]
  • Russia, marine transgression in, [172]
    • submergence of North, [155]
  • Rütimeyer, L., [43], [57], [281]
  • Ryothemis, [269]
  • Saiga Antelope, [39], [204]
  • Saiga tartarica, [39], [204]
  • Salamandra atra, [319]
    • caucasica, [319]
    • maculosa, [319]
  • Salmonidæ, origin of, [92], [143]
  • Sandgrouse, migration of Pallas's, [41], [205]
  • Sars, O., [177], [223]-[224]
  • Saunders, H., [256]
  • Seal, Arctic, [174]
  • Sea-urchin, [125]
  • Sedgwick, A., [86]
  • Scandinavia, absence of Oriental and Siberian mammals from, [176], [206]
    • during Glacial period, [176]
  • Scandinavian boulders, origin of, [172]-[173]
    • butterflies in America, [167]
    • flora, antiquity of, [162], [185]
    • glaciers, [172]
  • Scandinavian lepidopterous fauna, [55]
  • Schulz, A., [52], [155]
  • Sclater, P. L., [95]
  • Scotch Argus, [325]
  • Scotch and Irish Hare, [136]
  • Siberia, climate of, during Glacial period, [217]
  • Siberian birds in British Islands, [191]-[192]
    • mammals absent from Scandinavia, [176], [206]
    • mammals absent from Southern Europe, [206]
    • mammals in Great Britain, [95]-[96], [190], [202]-[204]
    • migration, date of, [208]
    • steppe-fauna, [39]
  • Sicily, Pliocene deposits in, [277]
  • Silurus glanis, [29]
  • Simpson, C. T., [21]
  • Simroth, H., [48], [299]
  • Sjögren, H., [226]
  • Slugs, dispersal of, [16]-[17]
  • Snails, dispersal of, [17]
  • Snow-Bunting, range of, [91], [140]
  • Snow-Finch, [318]
  • Sollas, W., [177]
  • Somateria mollissima, [141]
  • Sorex, [202], [314]-[315]
    • alpinus, [314]-[315]
    • araneus, [315]
    • minutus, [315]
  • Southern mammals in Arctic Siberia, [213]-[216]
  • Sparrow, introduction of, [28]
  • Spermophilus, [41]
  • Speyer, A. and A., [55], [200]
  • Spiders, Lusitanian, [301]
  • Sponges, American, in Ireland, [166]
  • St. Erth fauna, [174]
  • Steinbock, [312]
  • Steppe-fauna, Siberian, [39]
  • Sterlet, introduction of, [29]
  • Stick-insect, [269]
  • Stickleback, origin of, [92], [143], [166]-[167]
  • Stoat, range of, [90]-[91], [135]-[136]
  • Straits of Gibraltar, age of, [277]-[278], [281]
  • Strix flammea, [98]
  • Strongylocentrotus lividus, [125]
  • Struckmann, C., [153]
  • Studer, Th., [340]
  • Sub-marine plateau between Norway and Spitsbergen, [154]
  • Suess, E., [61], [273], [282], [303]
  • Sus scrofa, [44]-[46]
  • Swallow-tail Butterfly, [264]-[265]
  • Syrrhaptes paradoxus, [41], [205]