6. The use of sum for as; e.g.,—swa sum we forgive oure detturs.
7. Isolated words in the northern dialects are Norse rather than Saxon.
| Provincial. | Common Dialect. | Norse. |
| Braid | Resemble | Braas, Swed. |
| Eldin | Firing | Eld, Dan. |
| Force | Waterfall | Fors, D. Swed. |
| Gar | Make | Göra, Swed. |
| Gill | Ravine | Gil, Iceland. |
| Greet | Weep | Grata, Iceland. |
| Ket | Carrion | Kiöd—flesh, Dan. |
| Lait | Seek | Lede, Dan. |
| Lathe | Barn | Lade, Dan. |
| Lile | Little | Lille, Dan. |
[§ 74]. Roman of the second period.—Of the Latin introduced under the Christianised Saxon sovereigns, many words are extant. They relate chiefly to ecclesiastical matters, just as the Latin of the Celtic period bore upon military affairs. Mynster, a minster, monasterium; portic, a porch, porticus; cluster, a cloister, claustrum; munuc, a monk, monachus; bisceop, a bishop, episcopus; arcebisceop, archbishop, archiepiscopus; sanct, a saint, sanctus; profost, a provost, propositus; pall, a pall, pallium; calic, a chalice, calix; candel, a candle, candela; psalter, a psalter, psalterium; mæsse, a mass, missa; pistel, an epistle, epistola; prædic-ian, to preach, prædicare; prof-ian, to prove, probare.
The following are the names of foreign plants and animals:—camell, a camel, camelus; ylp, elephant, elephas; ficbeam, fig-tree, ficus; feferfuge, feverfew, febrifuga; peterselige, parsley, petroselinum.
Others are the names of articles of foreign origin, as pipor, pepper, piper; purpur, purple, purpura; pumicstan, pumicestone, pumex.
This is the Latin of the second, or Saxon period.
[§ 75]. The Anglo-Norman element.—For practical purposes we may say that the French or Anglo-Norman element appeared in our language after the battle of Hastings, A.D. 1066.
Previous, however, to that period we find notices of intercourse between the two countries.