Opuscula: Essays chiefly Philological and Ethnographical

by R. G. Latham

2. The Atna of Mackenzie.—This is a dialect of the Noosdalum.

3. The Salish of Duponceau. See Archæologia Americana.—This is the Okanagan of Mr Tolmie. See Journal of Geographical Society.

The Ahnenin.—In this language, as well as in two others hereafter to be noticed (the Blackfoot and Crow), I have had, through the courtesy of Dr. Prichard, an opportunity of using valuable vocabularies of Gallatin's, collected by Mr Mackenzie, an agent for the American fur-company on the Yellow-stone river; by whom also were drawn up the shorter vocabularies, in Mr. Catlin's work on the American Indians, of the Mandan, Riccaree and other languages. The table also of the Natchez language is chiefly drawn from the comparative catalogues of Mr. Gallatin. That the MS. vocabulary of the Ahnenin represents the language of the Fall Indians of Umfreville, and one different from that of the true Minetares (with which it has been confounded), may be seen from the following comparison.

English.	Fall-Indian of Umfreville.	Ahnenin.	Minetare.
eye	nunnecsoon	araythya	ishtah.
knife	warth	wahata	matzee.
pipe	pechouon	einpssah	eekeepee.
tobacco	cheesouon	kitchtawan	owpai.
dog	hudther	ahttah	matshuga.
fire	usitter	——	beerais.
bow	bart	——	beerahhah.
arrow	utcee	——	eetan.
one	karci	——	lemoisso.
two	neece	nethiyau	noopah.
three	narce	——	namee.
four	nean	yahnayau	topah.
five	yautune	——	cheehoh.
six	neteartuce	——	acamai.
seven	nesartuce	——	chappo.
eight	narswartuce	——	nopuppee.
nine	anharbetwartuce	——	nowassappai.
ten	mettartuce	netassa	peeraga.

The Ahnenin language, without being at present referable to any recognized group, has numerous miscellaneous affinities.

English	God.
Ahnenin	esis—sun.
Sheshatapoosh	shayshoursh.
Passamaquoddy	saisos.
English	hair.
Ahnenin	betamnita.
Caddo	baat.
Taculli	pitsa—head.
Uche	pseotan—head.
English	ear.
Ahnenin	etah.
Esquimaux	heutinga.
——	tsheeutik.
——	shudik.
Knistenaux	otowegu.
Ojibbeway	ottowug.
Micmac	hadowugan.
Massachusetts	wehtoughh.
Narragansets	wuttowwog.
Delaware	wittauk.
Miami	tawakeh.
Shawnoe	towakah.
Omohaw	neetah.
Osage	naughta.
Quappa	nottah.
English	nose.
Ahnenin	husi.
Old Algonkin	yash.
Massachusetts	wutch.
English	mouth.
Ahnenin	ockya.
Osage	ehaugh.
Natchez	heche.
English	fingers.
Ahnenin	naha.
Onondagos	eniage.
English	blood.
Ahnenin	barts.
Caddo	baaho.
English	hand.
Ahnenin	ikickan.
Pawnee	iksheeree.
Muskoge	innkke.
Catawba	eeksapeeah.
Mohawk	oochsoochta.
English.	leg.
Ahnenin	nunaha.
Sack and Fox	nenanah.
Caddo	danuna—foot.
English	man.
Ahnenin	neehato—white man
——	watamahat—black? man
Tuscarora	aineehau.
Nottoway	eniha.
Seneca	ungouh.
Wyandot	aingahon.
Mohawk	oonguich.
Dacota	weetschahskta.
English	girl.
Ahnenin	wahtah.
Dacota	weetsheeahnah.
Yancton	weetchinchano.
Yancton	weetachnong—daughter.
Osage	wetongah—sister.
English	wife.
Ahnenin	etha.
Kenay	ssióo.
English	water.
Ahnenin	nitsa.
Quappa	nih.
Uche	tsach.
English	sun.
Ahnenin	esis.
Algonkin	kesis.
Choctaw	hashe.
Ohikkasaw	husha.
Muskoge	hahsie.
English	rock.
Ahnenin	hannike.
Winebago	eenee.
Dacota	eeang.
Yancton	eeyong.
Mohawk	oonoyah.
Onondago	onaja.
English	wood.
Ahnenin	bess.
Passamaquoddy	apass—tree.
Abenaki	abassi—tree.
English	bear.
Ahnenin	wussa.
Quappa	wassah.
Osage	wasauba.
Omahaw	wassabai.
English	dog.
Ahnenin	ahttah.
——	hudther.
Sheshatapoosh	attung.
Abenaki	attie.
Tuscarora	tcheer.
Nottoway	cheer.
English	elk.
Ahnenin	wussea.
Miami	musuoh—deer.
Illinois	mousoah—deer.
English	bad.
Ahnenin	wahnatta.
Mohawk	wahpateku.
Onondagos	wahethe.
Oneida	wahetka.
English	good.
Ahnenin	etah.
Caddo	hahut—handsome.
English	me, mine.
Ahnenin	nistow.
Blackfoot	niste—I.
English	you.
Ahnenin	ahnan.
Kenay	nan.
English	to-day.
Ahnenin	wananaki.
Mohawk	kuhhwanteh.
Onondagos	neucke.
English	to-morrow.
Ahnenin	nacah.
Tchuktchi	unako.
——	unniok.
Choctaw	onaha.
English	many.
Ahnenin	ukaka.
Mohawk	awquayakoo.
Seneca	kawkuago.
English	drink.
Ahnenin	nahbin.
Osage	nebnatoh.
English	sleep.
Ahnenin	nuckcoots.
Abenaki	nekasi.
Mohawk	yihkootos.
Onondagos	agotawi.
Seneca	wanuhgoteh.
English	two.
Ahnenin	neece.
Passamaquoddy	nes.
Abenaki	niss.
Massachusetts	neese.
Narragansets	neesse.
Mohican	neesoh.
Montaug	nees.
——	neeze.
Adaize	nass.
English	three.
Ahnenin	narce.
Abenaki	nash.
Narragansets	nish.
English	four.
Ahnenin	nean.
——	yahnayau.
Ojibbeway	newin.
Ottawa	niwin.
Knistenaux	nayo.
Old Algonkin	neyoo.
Sheshatapoosh	naou.
Massachusetts	yaw.
Narragansets	yoh.
English	six.
Ahnenin	nekitukujan.
Knistenaux	negotoahsik.
Ojibbeway	gotoasso.
——	nigouta waswois.
Ottawa	ningotowaswi.
Abenaki	negudaus.
Montaug	nacuttah.

The Blackfoot.—Of this language we have three vocabularies; a short one by Umfreville, a short one in Mr. Catlin's work, and the longer and more important one in Mr. Gallatin's manuscripts. The three vocabularies represent the same language. Its affinities are miscellaneous; more however with the Algonkin tongues than with those of the other recognized groups.

English	woman.
Blackfoot	ahkeya.
Old Algonkin	ickweh.
Ottawa	uque.
Delaware	okhqueh.
——	khqeu.
Nanticoke	acquahique.
Illinois	ickoe.
Shawnoe	equiwa.
Sauki	kwoyikih.
Cherokee	ageyung.
Woccoon	yecauau.
English	boy.
Blackfoot	sacoomahpa.
Upsaroka	skakkatte.
English.	girl.
Blackfoot	ahkaquoin.
Catawba	yahwachahu.
English	child.
Blackfoot	pokah.
Upsaroka	bakkatte.
English	father.
Blackfoot	onwa.
Seneca	hanee.
English	husband.
Blackfoot	ohmah.
Esquimaux	oemah.
English	daughter.
Blackfoot	netan.
Knistenaux	netannis.
Ojibbeway	nindanis.
——	nedannis.
Ottawa	tanis.
Massachusetts	nutannis.
Narragansets	nittannis.
Illinois	tahana.
Sack and Fox	tanes.
Uche	teyunung.
English	brother.
Blackfoot	nausah.
Passamaquoddy	nesiwas.
Abenaki	nitsie.
English	head.
Blackfoot	otoquoin.
Old Algonkin	oostiquan.
Sheshatapoosh	stoukoan.
Ojibbeway	oostegwon.
Knistenaux	istegwen.
——	ustequoin.
English	nose.
Blackfoot	okissis.
Menomeni	oocheeush.
English	neck.
Blackfoot	ohkokin.
Miami	kwaikaneh.
Sack and Fox	nekwaikaneh.
English	hand.
Blackfoot	okittakis.
Esquimaux	iyuteeka.
——	tikkiek—fingers.
English	leg.
Blackfoot	ohcat.
Ojibbeway	okat.
Knistenaux	miskate.
Sheshatapoosh	neescatch.
Massachusetts	muhkout.
Menomeni	oakauut.
English	feet.
Blackfoot	oaksakah.
Wyandot	ochsheetau.
Mohawk	oochsheeta.
Onondago	ochsita.
Seneca	oochsheeta.
Oneyda	ochsheecht.
Nottoway	seeke—toes.
English	bone.
Blackfoot	ohkinnah.
Knistenaux	oskann.
Ojibbeway	okun.
Ottawa	okunnum.
Miami	kanih.
Massachusetts	uskon.
Narragansets	wuskan.
Shawnoe	ochcunne.
Sack and Fox	okaneh.
Menomeni	okunum.
English	kettle.
Blackfoot	eske.
Knistenaux	askick.
Ojibbeway	akkeek.
English	shoes.
Blackfoot	atsakin.
Mohawk	ohtaquah.
Seneca	auhtoyuawohya.
Nottoway	otawgwag.
English	bread.
Blackfoot	ksaquonats.
Mohican	tauquauh.
Shawnoe	taquanah.
English	spring.
Blackfoot	motoe.
Osage	paton.
English	summer.
Blackfoot	napoos.
Knistenaux	nepin.
Ojibbeway	neebin.
——	nipin.
Ottawa	nipin.
Sheshatapoosh	neepun.
Micmac	nipk.
Abenaki	nipéné.
Massachusetts	nepun.
Narragansets	neepun.
Mohican	nepoon.
Delaware	nipen.
Miami	nipeenueh.
Shawnoe	nepeneh.
Sack and Fox	neepenweh.
Menomeni	neeaypeenaywaywah.
English	hail.
Blackfoot	sahco.
Knistenaux	sasagun.
Ojibbeway	sasaigan.
Sheshatapoosh	shashaygan.
English	fire.
Blackfoot	esteu.
Mohican	stauw.
English	water.
Blackfoot	ohhkeah.
Chikkasaw	uckah.
Attacapa	ak.
English	ice.
Blackfoot	sacoocootah.
Esquimaux	sikkoo.
Tchuktchi	tshikuta.
English	earth.
Blackfoot	ksahcoom.
Knistenaux	askee.
Ojibbeway	ahkee.
Ottawa	aki.
Old Algonkin	ackey.
——	ackwin.
English	lake.
Blackfoot	omah sekame.
Knistenaux	sakiegun.
Ojibbeway	sahgiegun.
Shawnoe	mskaque.
English	island.
Blackfoot	mane.
Upsaroka	minne—water.
——	minneteekah—lake.
——	minnepeshu—island.
Knistenaux	ministick.
Ojibbeway	minnis.
Old Algonkin	minis.
Passamaquoddy	muniqu.
Abenaki	menahan.
Mohican	mnauhan.
Delaware	menokhtey.
——	menatey.
Miami	menahanweh.
Menomeni	meenayish.
English	rock, stone.
Blackfoot	ohcootoke.
Nottoway	ohhoutahk.
English	tree.
Blackfoot	masetis.
Ojibbeway	metik.
Old Algonkin	metiih.
Sheshatapoosh	mistookooah.
Massachusetts	mehtug.
English	grass.
Blackfoot	mahtooyaase.
Miami	metahkotuck.
Quappa	montih.
English	leaf.
Blackfoot	soyapoko.
Massachusetts	wunnepog.
Narragansets	wunnepog.
Mohican	wunnepok.
Miami	metshipakwa.
Sack and Fox	tatapacoan.
Menomeni	ahneepeeoakunah.
English	beaver.
Blackfoot	kakestake.
Esquimaux	keeyeeak.
English	wolf.
Blackfoot	mahcooya.
Esquimaux	amaok.
Knistenaux	myegun.
Ojibbeway	mieengun.
——	maygan.
Old Algonkin	mahingan.
Massachusetts	muckquoshin.
Narragansets	muckquashin.
Miami	muhkwaiauch.
English	bird.
Blackfoot	pakesa.
Massachusetts	psukses.
Narragansets	peasis.
English	egg.
Blackfoot	ohwas.
Taculli	ogaze.
Kenay	kquasa.
Cherokee	oowatse.
Salish	ooseh.
English	goose.
Blackfoot	emahkiya.
Menomeni	mckawk.
English	partridge.
Blackfoot	katokin.
Nanticoke	kitteawndipqua.
English	red.
Blackfoot	mohisenum.
Massachusetts	misqueh.
English	yellow.
Blackfoot	ohtahko.
Esquimaux	toongook.
——	tshongak.
Knistenaux	asawwow.
Ojibbeway	ozawa.
——	ojawa.
Old Algonkin	oozao.
Sack and Fox	ossawah.
Menomeni	oashahweeyah.
English	great.
Blackfoot	ohmohcoo.
Micmac	mechkilk.
Mohican	makauk.
English	small.
Blackfoot	enahcootse.
Upsaroka	ecat.
English	strong.
Blackfoot	miskappe.
Knistenaux	mascawa.
Ojibbeway	machecawa.
Old Algonkin	masshkawa.
Nanticoke	miskiu.
English	warm.
Blackfoot	kazetotzu.
Knistenaux	kichatai.
——	kisopayo.
Ojibbeway	kezhoyah.
Ottawa	keshautta.
Old Algonkin	akishattey.
Passamaquoddy	kesipetai.
Massachusetts	kussutan.
Narragansets	kssetauwou.
English	I.
Blackfoot	nisto.
Chipewyan	ne.
Knistenaux	nitha.
——	neya.
Ojibbeway	neen, nin.
Old Algonkin	nir.
Sheshatapoosh	neele.
Micmac	nil.
Illinois	nira.
Ahnenin	nistow.
English	thou.
Blackfoot	christo.
Knistenaux	kitha.
Ojibbeway	keen, kin.
Old Algonkin	kir.
Micmac	kil.
Illinois	kira.
English	this, that.
Blackfoot	kanakha.
Upsaroka	kinna.
Nanticoke	youkanna.
English	to-day.
Blackfoot	anookchusiquoix.
Knistenaux	anoutch.
Onondago	neuchke.
English	yesterday.
Blackfoot	mahtone.
Dacota	tanneehah.
English	drink.
Blackfoot	semate.
Upsaroka	smimmik.
English	speak.
Blackfoot	apooyatz.
Upsaroka	bidow.
English	sing.
Blackfoot	anihkit.
Knistenaux	necummoon.
Ojibbeway	nugamoo.
Sheshatapoosh	nekahmoo.
Illinois	nacamohok.
Menomeni	neekaumeenoon.
English	sleep.
Blackfoot	okat.
Mohawk	yihkootos.
Onondago	agotawi.
Seneca	wanuhgoteh.
English	kill.
Blackfoot	enikke.
Abenaki	nenirke.

The Blackfoot numerals, as given by Mackenzie and Umfreville, slightly differ. The termination in-um runs through the numerals of Fitz-Hugh Sound, an Oregon language.

English.	Blackfoot of Umfreville.	Blackfoot of Mackenzie.	Fitz-Hugh Sound.
one	tokescum	sa	nimscum.
two	nartokescum	nahtoka	malscum
three	nohokescum	nahhoka	utascum.
four	nesweum	nasowe	moozcum.
five	nesittwi	nesitto	thikaescum.
six	nay	nowwe	kitliscum.
seven	kitsic	akitsecum	atloopooscum.
eight	narnesweum	nahnissowe	malknaskum.
nine	picksee	pakeso	nanooskim.
ten	keepey	kepo	highio.