"Occasionally, the will of the non-ego is referred to as under restraint in modern times. To I will not, the answer is sometimes you shall, meaning, in spite of the will—sometimes you will, meaning that the will will be changed by fear or sense of the inutility of resistance."[[62]]

[§ 591]. I am beaten.—This is a present combination, and it is present on the strength of the verb am, not on the strength of the participle beaten, which is præterite.

The following table exhibits the expedients on the part of the different languages of the Gothic stock, since the loss of the proper passive form of the Mœso-Gothic.

Language. Latin datur. Latin datus est.
Mœso-Gothic gibada, ist, vas, varth gibans.
Old High German ist, wirdit kepan, was, warth kepan.
Notker wirt keben, ist keben.
Middle High German wirt geben, ist geben.
New High German wird gegeben, ist gegeben worden.
Old Saxon is, wirtheth gebhan, was, warth gebhan.
Middle Dutch es, blîft ghegheven, waert, blêf ghegeven.
New Dutch wordt gegeven, es gegeven worden.
Old Frisian werth ejeven, is ejeven.
Anglo-Saxon weorded gifen, is gifen.
English is given, has been given.
Old Norse er gefinn, hefr verit gefinn.
Swedish gifves, har varit gifven.
Danish bliver, vorder given, har varet given.

Deutsche Grammatik, iv. 19.

[§ 592]. Ought, would, &c., used as presents.—These words are not in the predicament of shall.

They are present in power, and past in form. So, perhaps, is shall.

But they are not, like shall, perfect forms; i. e., they have no natural present element in them.

They are aorist præterites. Nevertheless, they have a present sense.

So had their equivalents in Greek: ἐχρῆν=χρὴ, ἔδει=δεῖ, προσῆκεν=προσήκει.