METHUEN & CO.
36 ESSEX STREET W.C.
LONDON


First Published in 1905


CONTENTS

[Dedication]

Page xiii

[Preface]

xv

[Introduction], by Professor A. H. Keane, ll.d., f.r.g.s.

xxxi

[CHAPTER I]

Arrival at Great Zimbabwe—First Impressions—View from Acropolis Hill

1

[CHAPTER II]

Mystic Zimbabwe—Sunday Morning and Midnight in an Ancient Temple—Sunset on the Acropolis

12

[CHAPTER III]

A day at Havilah Camp, Zimbabwe

31

[CHAPTER IV]

Zimbabwe District—Chipo-popo Falls—Frond Glen—Lumbo Rocks—“Morgenster” Mission—Wuwulu—Mojejèje, or Mystic Bar—Suku Dingle—Bingura’s Kraal—Motumi’s Kraal—Chipfuko Hill—Chipadzi’s Kraal

51

[CHAPTER V]

Zimbabwe Natives—Natives and the Ruins—Natives (general)

80

[CHAPTER VI]

Relics and Finds, Great Zimbabwe, 1902–4

102

[CHAPTER VII]

Notes on Ancient Architecture at Zimbabwe—Introduction—Durability of Walls—Dilapidations—Makalanga Walls—Remains of Native Huts found in Ruins—Passages—Entrances and Buttresses

135

[CHAPTER VIII]

Notes on Ancient Architecture at Zimbabwe (continued)—Drains—Battering of Walls—Soapstone Monoliths and Beams—Granite and Slate Beams—Cement—Dadoes—Built-up crevices—Holes in Walls other than Drains—Blind Steps—Platforms—Ancient Walls at a Distance from Main Walls—Caves and Rock Holes

168

[CHAPTER IX]

The Elliptical Temple—Plan—Construction, Measurements—Summit and Foundations of Main Wall—Chevron Pattern—Ground Surface of Exterior

193

[CHAPTER X]

The Elliptical Temple (continued)—Main Entrances

216

[CHAPTER XI]

The Elliptical Temple (continued)—Enclosures Nos. 1 to 7

225

[CHAPTER XII]

The Elliptical Temple (continued)—Sacred Enclosure—Conical Tower—Small Tower—Parallel passage

237

[CHAPTER XIII]

The Elliptical Temple (continued)—The Platform—Enclosures Nos. 9 to 15—Central Area—Platform Area—Inner Parallel Passage—South Passage—West Passage—North-East Passage—Outer Parallel Passage

251

[CHAPTER XIV]

Acropolis Ruins—South-East Ancient Ascent—Lower Parapet—Rock Passage—Upper Parapet—Western Enclosure

276

[CHAPTER XV]

Acropolis Ruins (continued)—The Western Temple

297

[CHAPTER XVI]

Acropolis Ruins (continued)—Platform Enclosure—Cleft Rock Enclosure—The Platform—Balcony Wall—Little Enclosure—Winding Stairs—Upper Passage—East Passage—Buttress Passage—South Enclosures A, B, and C—South Cave—South Passage—Central Passage

310

[CHAPTER XVII]

Acropolis Ruins (continued)—Eastern Temple—Ancient Balcony—Balcony Enclosure—Balcony Cave—“Gold Furnace” Enclosure—Pattern Passage—Recess Enclosure—North Plateau—North Parapet

323

[CHAPTER XVIII]

Acropolis Ruins (continued)—North-West Ancient Ascent—Watergate Ruins—Terraced Enclosures on North-West Face of Zimbabwe Hill—South Terrace—Ruins on South Face of Zimbabwe Hill—Outspan Ruins

344

[CHAPTER XIX]

“The Valley of Ruins”—Posselt, Philips, Maund, Renders, Mauch Ruins, and South-East Ruins

363

[CHAPTER XX]

“The Valley of Ruins” (continued)—No. 1 Ruins—Ridge Ruins—Camp Ruins Nos. 1 and 2

398

[CHAPTER XXI]

Ruins near Zimbabwe—East Ruins—Other Ruins within the Zimbabwe Ruins’ Area

420

[Notes and Addenda]

433

[Index]

451


LIST OF PLATES

page

[Conical Tower, Elliptical Temple, Great Zimbabwe]

Frontispiece

[The late Mr. Theodore Bent, f.r.g.s., explorer of Great Zimbabwe in 1891, author of The Ruined Cities of Mashonaland]

xiii

[Coin of Byblos, Phœnicia, showing Conical Tower]

xxxvi

[Wooden Bowl with Zodiacal Signs, found near Zimbabwe]

xxxvi

[Cylinder with Rosettes found at Phœnician Temple of Paphos in Cyprus]

xxxviii

[Soapstone Cylinder, with Rosettes, found near Zimbabwe]

xxxviii

[“Fuko-ya-Nebandge”]

xl

[Model of Temple]

xl

[“To Great Zimbabwe”]

2

[Havilah Camp, Great Zimbabwe]

2

[View from Acropolis, showing Elliptical Temple in the Valley, Zimbabwe]

10

[Conical Tower and Platform (from north), Elliptical Temple, Zimbabwe]

16

[The Balcony, Eastern Temple, Acropolis. The parapet wall of Balcony is built upon the suspended boulder]

16

[Carrying débris from the Elliptical Temple]

36

[A noontide shelter at the Elliptical Temple]

36

[The Camp Messenger]

46

[Labourers at the Elliptical Temple]

46

[The Chipo-popo Falls, near Zimbabwe]

56

[Rapping the Moje-je-je, or “Mystic Bar,” Zimbabwe]

56

[Finger Rock, Morgenster, near Zimbabwe]

62

[I-Baku (the cave) at Chicagomboni, where Adam Renders, the rediscoverer of Great Zimbabwe, lived from 1868 to 1871]

62

[The Bird Rock, near Zimbabwe]

68

[View on Motelekwe River]

68

[A Makalanga, Zimbabwe]

80

[The Camp Watchman]

80

[Makalanga “Boys” fencing, Zimbabwe]

84

[Motumi and Mongwaine, Zimbabwe]

84

[Makalanga mother and child, Zimbabwe]

88

[The Mogabe Handisibishe, chief of the Zimbabwe Makalanga]

88

[Makalanga women and girls at the Mogabe’s Kraal, Great Zimbabwe]

96

[Soapstone Beams, with Birds, Zimbabwe]

102

[Front, side, and back views of Soapstone Bird, Zimbabwe]

106

[Soapstone Bird on Beam, discovered at Philips Ruins, Zimbabwe, in 1903 (three views)]

108

[An old wall crossing over the foundation of a still older wall, Zimbabwe]

152

[Binding of the summits of two separate walls]

152

[Exterior of Drain, Elliptical Temple]

170

[Monoliths on the Platform, Acropolis]

170

[ South-east Wall, with Chevron Pattern, Elliptical Temple, Great Zimbabwe]

198

[Chevron Pattern, East Wall, Elliptical Temple]

204

[North-east Wall, with Chevron Pattern, Elliptical Temple, Great Zimbabwe]

206

[North-west Entrance, Elliptical Temple]

216

[Entrance to Passage, No. 10 Enclosure, Elliptical Temple]

216

[Exterior of North Entrance, Elliptical Temple, Zimbabwe. Discovered 1903]

220

[Summit of South-east Main Wall, Elliptical Temple]

222

[West Entrance from interior, Elliptical Temple]

222

[Nos. 3 and 4 Enclosures and West Main Wall, Elliptical Temple]

228

[West Entrance, No. 7 Enclosure, Elliptical Temple]

234

[South Wall of No. 7 Enclosure, showing part (to left) reconstructed, Elliptical Temple]

234

[Visitors’ Ladder to summit of Main Wall, Elliptical Temple]

238

[The small Conical Tower, Elliptical Temple]

238

[The Parallel Passage (from south), Elliptical Temple]

246

[The Parallel Passage (from north), Elliptical Temple]

248

[South Entrance to Parallel Passage, looking south, Elliptical Temple]

250

[Part of Platform Area, looking west, showing drain from No. 10 Enclosure, Elliptical Temple]

250

[South Wall, with Pattern, No. 11 Enclosure, Elliptical Temple]

258

[Joint between original and reconstructed walls, Nos. 11 and 12 Enclosures, Elliptical Temple]

258

[South-east interior of Elliptical Temple, looking N.N.E., and showing excavations, 1902–4]

264

[Circular Cement Platform, with Steps, and carved Soapstone Beams, discovered 1903, Elliptical Temple]

266

[Entrance to Inner Parallel Passage from South Passage, Elliptical Temple]

266

[East Wall, with Pattern, No. 11 Enclosure, Elliptical Temple]

268

[Inner Parallel Passage, looking east, Elliptical Temple]

268

[Zimbabwe Hill, or Acropolis. View from Havilah Camp]

276

[A turn in the Passage of the South-east Ancient Ascent, Acropolis]

284

[View from South-east Ascent, Acropolis]

284

[Lower Entrance to Rock Passage, South-east Ascent, Acropolis]

286

[View down Rock Passage, South-east Ancient Ascent, Acropolis]

286

[Entrance to Covered Passage, Western Temple, Acropolis]

300

[Summit of West Wall of Western Temple, Acropolis, showing small tower and monoliths]

300

[West Entrance to Parallel Passage, Western Temple, Acropolis]

308

[Buttress Passage, Acropolis]

308

[The Cleft Rock, from north side, Acropolis]

312

[Natural Archway, Central Passage, Acropolis]

312

[View of the Platform from main West Wall of Western Temple, Acropolis]

314

[Dentelle Pattern on Platform, Western Temple, Acropolis]

314

[Bottom of Winding Stairs, Western Temple, Acropolis]

316

[West Entrance to South Cave, Acropolis]

316

[Exterior of main East Wall, showing Dentelle Pattern, Eastern Temple, Acropolis]

328

[Sunken Passage (looking east), Eastern Temple, Acropolis]

328

[East Entrance to Pattern Passage, Acropolis]

338

[Pattern Passage, Acropolis, looking east]

338

[West Wall, Recess Enclosure, Acropolis]

340

[The Recesses at Recess Enclosure, Acropolis]

340

[Sunken Passage, section of North-west Ascent, Acropolis]

346

[Herring-bone Pattern, Water Gate, Acropolis]

346

[Rounded end of Wall on west side of Maund Ruins, showing steps to Platform, Valley of Ruins]

384

[North-east Wall, Maund Ruins, Valley of Ruins]

384

[Slate Beam in Recess of Entrance, Philips Ruins, Valley of Ruins]

430

[The Passage, looking south, Mapaku Ruins, near Zimbabwe]

430

——————

[Map of Rhodesia]

xxxii

[General Plan of Zimbabwe Ruins]

8

[Plate I.—Relics]

104

[Plate II.—Relics]

116

[Plate III.—Relics]

122

[Plan of Elliptical Temple]

194

[Plan of Acropolis Ruins]

278

LIST OF DIAGRAMS AND PLANS IN THE TEXT