the Beowulf story was issued by Mr W. T. Stead in his penny "Books for the Bairns." The versions of Miss Thomson and Prof. Cox are both good. The paraphrase in the Canadian Monthly, II, 83 (1872), attributed in several bibliographies to Earle, is assuredly not the work of that scholar: it is an inaccurate version based upon Jones. An account will be found in Tinker of the German paraphrase of Therese Dahn, 1883 etc.; mention may also be made of those of J. Arnheim, 1871; ‡ F. Bässler, sec. edit. 1875 (praised highly by Klaeber in J.E.G.Ph. V, 118).
[§ 7]. TEXTUAL CRITICISM AND INTERPRETATION
1815 Grundtvig, N. F. S. Et Par Ord om det nys udkomne angelsaxiske Digt. Nyeste Skilderie af Kjøbenhavn, No. 60 etc., cols. 945, 998, 1009, 1025, 1045; Nok et Par Ord om Bjovulfs Drape, 1106, 1121, 1139 (comment upon Thorkelin's text and translation).
1815 Thorkelin, G. J. Reply to Grundtvig in Nyeste Skilderie, cols. 1057, 1073. (There were further articles in the same magazine, but they were purely personal.)
1820 Grundtvig, N. F. S. Emendations to Thorkelin's text, added to Bjowulfs Drape, 267-312.
1826 Conybeare, J. J. Illustrations of Anglo-Saxon poetry. London. (Beowulf and "Finnsborough," pp. 30-182.)
1859 Bouterwek, K. W. Zur Kritik des Beowulfliedes, Z.f.d.A. XI, 59-113.
1859 Dietrich, F. Rettungen, Z.f.d.A. XI, 409-20.
1863 Holtzmann, A. Zu Beowulf, Germania, VIII, 489-97. (Incl. Finnsburg.)
1865 Grein, C. W. M. Zur Textkritik der angelsächsischen Dichter: Finnsburg, Germania, X, 422.
1868-9 Bugge, Sophus. Spredte iagttagelser vedkommende de oldengelske digte om Beówulf og Waldere; Tidskrift for Philologi og Pædagogik, VIII, 40-78 and 287-307 (incl. Finnsburg, 304-5). Important.
1871 Rieger, M. Zum Beowulf, Z.f.d.Ph. III, 381-416.
1873 Bugge, S. Zum Beowulf, Z.f.d.Ph. IV, 192-224.
1880 Kölbing, E. Kleine Beiträge (Beowulf, 168, 169), Engl. Stud. III, 92 etc.
1882 Kluge, F. Sprachhistorische Miscellen (Beowulf, 63, 1027, 1235, 1267), P.B.B. VIII, 532-5.
1882 Cosijn, P. J. Zum Beowulf, P.B.B. VIII, 568-74.
1883 Sievers, E. Zum Beowulf, P.B.B. IX, 135-44, 370.
1883 Kluge, F. Zum Beowulf, P.B.B. IX, 187-92.
1883 Krüger, Th. Zum Beowulf, P.B.B. IX, 571-8.
1889 Miller, T. The position of Grendel's arm in Heorot, Anglia, XII, 396-400.
1890 Joseph, E. Zwei Versversetzungen im Beowulf, Z.f.d.Ph. XXII, 385-97.
1891 Schröer, A. Zur texterklärung des Beowulf, Anglia, XIII, 333-48.
1891-2 Cosijn, P. J. Aanteekeningen op den Beowulf. Leiden. (Important.) Reviews: Lübke, A.f.d.A. XIX, 341-2; Holthausen, Literaturblatt, 1895, p. 82.
1892 Sievers, E. Zur texterklärung des Beowulf, Anglia, XIV, 133-46.
1895 Bright, J. W. Notes on the Beowulf (ll. 30, 306, 386-7, 623, 737), M.L.N. X, 43-4.
1899 Trautmann, M. Berichtigungen, Vermutungen und Erklärungen zum Beowulf (ll. 1-1215). Bonner Beiträge zur Anglistik, II, 121-92. Reviews: Binz, Anglia, Beiblatt, XIV, 358-60; Holthausen, Literaturblatt, 1900, 62-4 (important). See Sievers, P.B.B. XXVII, 572; XXVIII, 271.
1901 Klaeber, F. A few Beowulf notes (ll. 459, 847 etc., 1206, 3024 etc., 3171); M.L.N. XVI, 14-18.
1902 Klaeber, F. Zum Beowulf (497-8; 1745-7), Archiv, CVIII, 368-70.
1902 Klaeber, F. Beowulf's character, M.L.N. XVII, 162.
1903 Krackow, O. Zu Beowulf, 1225, 2222, Archiv, CXI, 171-2.
1904 Bryant, F. E. Beowulf, 62, M.L.N. XIX, 121-2.
1904 Abbott, W. C. Hrothulf, M.L.N. XIX, 122-5. (Abbott suggests that Hrothulf is the name—missing in whole or part from l. 62—of the husband of the daughter of Healfdene. This suggestion is quite untenable, for many reasons: Hrothulf (Rolf Kraki) is a Dane, and the missing husband is a Swede: but the article led to a long controversy between Bryant and Klaeber; see M.L.N. XX, 9-11; XXI, 143, 255; XXII, 96, 160. Klaeber is undoubtedly right.)
1904 Krapp, G. B. Miscellaneous Notes: Scūrheard; M.L.N. XIX, 234.
1904 Sievers, E. Zum Beowulf, P.B.B. XXIX, 305-31. (Criticism of Trautmann's emendations.)
1904 Kock, E. A. Interpretations and Emendations of Early English Texts: III (Beowulf), Anglia, XXVII, 218-37.
1904 Sievers, E. Zum Beowulf (l. 5, Criticism of Kock), P.B.B. XXIX, 560-76. Reply by Kock, Anglia, XXVIII (1905), 140-2.
1905 Trautmann, M. Auch zum Beowulf: ein gruss an herren Eduard Sievers, Bonner Beiträge zur Anglistik, XVII, 143-74. (Reply to Sievers' criticism of Trautmann's conjectural emendations.) Review: Klaeber, M.L.N. XXII, 252.
1905 Swiggett, G. L. Notes on the Finnsburg fragment, M.L.N. XX, 169-71.
1905 Klaeber, F. Notizen zur texterklärung des Beowulf, Anglia, XXVIII, 439-47 (incl. Finnsburg); Zum Beowulf, the same, 448-56.
1905 Klaeber, F. Bemerkungen zum Beowulf, Archiv, CXV, 178-82. (Incl. Finnsburg.)
1905 Holthausen, F. Beiträge zur Erklärung des altengl. epos. I, Zum Beowulf; II, Zum Finnsburg-fragment; Z.f.d.Ph. XXXVII, 113-25.
1905-6 Klaeber, F. Studies in the Textual Interpretation of "Beowulf," Mod. Phil. III, 235-66, 445-65 (Most important).
1906 Child, C. G. Beowulf, 30, 53, 132 (i.e. 1323), 2957, M.L.N. XXI, 175-7, 198-200.
1906 Horn, W. Textkritische Bemerkungen (Beowulf, 69 etc.), Anglia, XXIX, 130-1.
1906 Klaeber, F. Notizen zum Beowulf, Anglia, XXIX, 378-82.
1907 Klaeber, F. Minor Notes on the Beowulf, J.E.G.Ph. VI, 190-6.
1908 Tinker, C. B. Notes on Beowulf, M.L.N. XXIII, 239-40.
1908 Klaeber, F. Zum Beowulf, Engl. Stud. XXXIX, 463-7.
1909 Klaeber, F. Textual Notes on Beowulf, J.E.G.Ph. VIII, 254-9.
1910 von Grienberger, T. Bemerkungen zum Beowulf, P.B.B. XXXVI, 77-101. (Incl. Finnsburg.)
1910 Sievers, E. Gegenbemerkungen zum Beowulf, P.B.B. XXXVI, 397-434. (Incl. Finnsburg.)
1910 Sedgefield, W. J. Notes on "Beowulf," M.L.R. V, 286-8.
1910 Trautmann, M. Beiträge zu einem künftigen "Sprachschatz der altenglischen Dichter," Anglia, XXXIII, 276-9 (gedræg).
1911 Blackburn, F. A. Note on Beowulf, 1591-1617, Mod. Phil. IX, 555-66. (Argues that a loose leaf has been misplaced and the order of events thus disturbed.)
1911 Klaeber, F. Zur Texterklärung des Beowulf, vv. 767, 1129, Anglia, Beiblatt, XXII, 372-4.
1912 Hart, J. M. Beowulf, 168-9, M.L.N. XXVII, 198.
1912-14 Grein, C. W. M. Sprachschatz der angelsächsischen dichter. Unter mitwirkung von F. Holthausen neu herausgegeben von J. J. Köhler. Heidelberg. Reviews: Trautmann, Anglia, Beiblatt, XXIV, 36-43; Schücking, Engl. Stud. XLIX, 113-5.
1915 Chambers, R. W. The "Shifted leaf" in Beowulf, M.L.R. X, 37-41. (Points out that the alleged "confused order of events" is that also followed in the Grettis saga.)
1916 Green, A. The opening of the episode of Finn in Beowulf, Pub. Mod. Lang. Assoc. Amer. XXXI, 759-97.
1916 Bright, J. W. Anglo-Saxon umbor and seld-guma, M.L.N. XXXI, 82-4; Beowulf, 489-90, M.L.N. XXXI, 217-23.
1917 Green, A. An episode in Ongenþeow's fall, M.L.R. XII, 340-3.
1917 Hollander, L. M. Beowulf, 33, M.L.N. XXXII, 246-7. (Suggests the reading ītig.)
1917 Holthausen, F. Zu altenglischen Denkmälern—Beowulf, 1140, Engl. Stud. LI, 180.
1918 Hubbard, F. G. Beowulf, 1598, 1996, 2026: uses of the impersonal verb geweorþan, J.E.G.Ph. XVII, 119.
1918 Kock, E. A. Interpretations and emendations of early English Texts: IV, Beowulf, Anglia, XLII, 99-124. (Important.)
1918 ‡Kock, E. A. Jubilee Jaunts and Jottings, in the Lunds univ. årsskrift, N. F. avd. I, bd. 14, nr. 26 (Festskrift vid ... 250-årsjubileum). Reviews: Holthausen, Anglia, Beiblatt, XXX, 1-5; Klaeber, J.E.G.Ph. XIX, 409-13.
1919 Moore, Samuel. Beowulf Notes (Textual), J.E.G.Ph. XVIII, 205-16.
1919 Klaeber, F. Concerning the functions of O.E. geweorðan, J.E.G.Ph. XVIII, 250-71. (Cf. paper of Prof. Hubbard above, by which this was suggested.)
1919 Klaeber, F. Textual notes on "Beowulf," M.L.N. XXXIV, 129-34.
1919 Brown, Carleton. Beowulf, 1080-1106, M.L.N. XXXIV, 181-3.
1919 Brett, Cyril. Notes on passages of Old and Middle English, M.L.R. XIV, 1-9.
1919-20 Kock, E. A. Interpretations and emendations of Early English Texts: V (Incl. Beowulf, 2030, 2419-24); VI (Incl. Beowulf 24, 154-6, 189-90, 1992-3, 489-90, 581-3, 1745-7, 1820-1, 1931-2, 2164); VII (Incl. Beowulf, 1230, 1404, 1553-6); Anglia, XLIII, 303-4; XLIV, 98 etc., 245 etc.
1920 Bryan W. F. Beowulf Notes (303-6, 532-4, 867-71), J.E.G.Ph. XIX, 84-5.
[§ 8]. QUESTIONS OF LITERARY HISTORY, DATE AND AUTHORSHIP: BEOWULF IN THE LIGHT OF HISTORY, ARCHÆOLOGY, HEROIC LEGEND, MYTHOLOGY AND FOLKLORE
See also preceding section.
No attempt is made here to deal with Old English heroic legend in general: nor to enumerate the references to Beowulf in histories of literature. Probably the earliest allusion to our poem by a great writer is in Scott's Essay on Romance (1824):
"The Saxons had, no doubt, Romances, ... and Mr Turner ... has given us the abridgement of one entitled Caedmon, in which the hero, whose adventures are told much after the manner of the ancient Norse Sagas, encounters, defeats and finally slays an evil being called Grendel...."
1816 Outzen, N. Das ags. Gedicht Beowulf, Kieler Blätter, III, 307-27. (See above, p. 4, note.)
1816 (Review of Thorkelin in) Monthly Review, LXXXI, 516-23. (Beowulf identified with Beaw Sceldwaing of the West Saxon genealogy; see above, p. 292.)
1817 Grundtvig, N. F. S. Danne-Virke, II, 207-89. (Identifies Chochilaicus; see above, p. 4, note.)
1826 Grimm, W. Einleitung über die Elfen, Kleinere Schriften, I, 405, esp. p. 467 (extract relating to Grendel's hatred of song). From ‡Irische Elfenmärchen.
1829 Grimm, W. Die deutsche Heldensage. Göttingen. (Pp. 13-17. Extracts from Beowulf, with translation, relating to Weland, Sigemund, Hama and Eormenric.)
1836 Kemble, J. M. Über die Stammtafel der Westsachsen. München. Review: J. Grimm, Göttingische gelehrte Anziegen, 1836, 649-57, = Kleinere Schriften, V, 240.
1836 Mone, F. J. Zur Kritik des Gedichts von Beowulf (in Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der teutschen Heldensage). Quedlinburg u. Leipzig. (Pp. 129-36.)
1839 Leo, H. Bëówulf ... nach seinem inhalte, und nach seinen historischen und mythologischen beziehungen betrachtet. Halle.
1841 Disraeli, I. Amenities of Literature. London. (Beowulf; the Hero-Life. Vol. I, pp. 80-92.)
1841 Grundtvig, N. F. S. Bjovulfs Drape, Brage og Idun, IV, 481-538. (Discusses the story, with criticism of previous scholars, and especially of Kemble.)
1843-9 Grimm, W. Einleitung zur Vorlesung über Gudrun [with an abstract of Beowulf]; see Kleinere Schriften, IV, 557-60.
1844 Müllenhoff, K. Die deutschen Völker an Nord- und Ostsee in ältester Zeit, Nordalbingische Studien, I, 111 etc.
1845 A brief discussion of Beowulf in Edinburgh Review, LXXXII, 309-11.
1845 Haupt, M. Zum Beowulf, Z.f.d.A. V, 10. (Drawing attention to the reference to Hygelac in the liber de monstris; see above, p. 4.)
1848 Müllenhoff, K. Die austrasische Dietrichssage, Z.f.d.A. VI, 435 etc.
1849 Müllenhoff, K. Sceáf u. seine Nachkommen, Z.f.d.A. VII, 410-19; Der Mythus von Beóvulf, Z.f.d.A. VII, 419-41.
1849 Grimm, J. Ueber das Verbrennen der Leichen, Abhandl. d. Berl. Akad., 1849, 191 etc. = Kleinere Schriften, II, 211-313 (esp. 261-4).
1849 Bachlechner, J. Die Merovinge im Beowulf, Z.f.d.A. VII, 524-6.
1851 Zappert, G. Virgil's Fortleben im Mittelalter, Denkschriften der k. Akad. Wien, Phil.-Hist. Classe, Bd. II, Abth. 2, pp. 17-70. (Gives numerous parallels between Virgil and "Beowulf," somewhat indiscriminately.)
1852 Brynjulfsson, G. Oldengelsk og Oldnordisk, Antikuarisk Tidsskrift, Kjøbenhavn, 1852-4, pp. 81-143. (An important paper which has been unduly overlooked. Brynjulfsson notes the parallel between Beowulf and Bjarki (see above, p. 61) and in other respects anticipates later scholars, e.g., in noting the close relationship between Angles and Danes (p. 143) and less fortunately (pp. 129-31) in identifying the Geatas with the Jutes.)
1856 Bachlechner, J. Eomaer und Heming (Hamlac), Germania, I, 297-303 and 455-61.
1856 Bouterwek, K. W. Das Beowulflied: Eine Vorlesung; Germania, I, 385-418.
1857 Uhland, L. Sigemund und Sigeferd, Germania, II, 344-63 = Schriften, VIII, 479 etc. (Incl. Finnsburg.)
1858 Weinhold, K. Die Riesen des germanischen Mythus, Sitzungberichte der K. Akad., Wien, Phil-Hist. Classe, XXVI, 225-306. (Grendel and his mother, p. 255.)
1859 Rieger, M. Ingaevonen, Istaevonen, Herminonen, Z.f.d.A. XI, 177-205.
1859 Müllenhoff, K. Zur Kritik des angelsächsischen Volksepos, 2, Widsith, Z.f.d.A. XI, 275-94.
1860 Müllenhoff, K. Zeugnisse u. Excurse zur deutschen Heldensage, Z.f.d.A. XII, 253-386. (This portion of vol. XII was published in 1860.)
1861 Haigh, D. H. The Anglo-Saxon Sagas. London. (An uncritical attempt to identify the proper names in Beowulf and Finnsburg with sites in England.)
1862 Grein, C. W. M. Die historischen Verhältnisse des Beowulfliedes, Eberts Jahrbuch für roman. u. engl. Litt. IV, 260-85. (Incl. Finnsburg.)
1864 ‡Schultze, M. Ueber das Beowulfslied. Programm der städtischen Realschule zu Elbing. (Not seen, but contents, including the mythical interpretations current at the period, noted in Archiv, XXXVII, 232.)
1864 Heyne, M. Ueber die Lage und Construction der Halle Heorot. Paderborn.
1868 Köhler, A. Germanische Alterthümer im Beóvulf, Germania, XIII, 129-58.
1869 Müllenhoff, K. Die innere Geschichte des Beovulfs, Z.f.d.A. XIV, 193-244. (Reprinted in Beovulf, 1889. See above, p. 113 etc.)
1870 Köhler, A. Die Einleitung des Beovulfliedes. Die beiden Episoden von Heremod, Z.f.d.Ph. II, 305-21.
1875 Schrøder, L. Om Bjovulfs Drapen. København. (See above, p. 30.)
1876 Botkine, L. Beowulf. Analyse historique et géographique. Havre. (Material subsequently incorporated in translation, q.v. [§ 6].) Review: Körner, Engl. Stud. I, 495-6.
1877 Skeat, W. W. The name "Beowulf," Academy, XI (Jan.-June), p. 163. (Suggests Beowulf = "woodpecker"; see above, pp. 365-6, note.)
1877 ten Brink, B. Geschichte der englischen Litteratur. (Beowulf, Finnsburg, pp. 29-40.)
1877 Dederich, H. Historische u. geographische Studien zum ags. Beóvulfliede. Köln. (Incl. Finnsburg.) Reviews: Körner, Engl. Stud. I, 481-95; Müllenhoff, A.f.d.A. III, 172-82; ‡Suchier, Jenaer Literatur-Zeitung, XLVII, 732, 1876.
1877 Hornburg, J. Die Composition des Beowulf. Programm des K. Lyceums in Metz. Full summary by F. Hummel in Archiv, LXII, 231-3. See also under 1884.
1877 Schultze, M. Alt-heidnisches in der angelsächsischen Poesie, speciell im Beowulfsliede. Berlin.
1877 Suchier, H. Ueber die Sage von Offa u. Þryðo, P.B.B. IV, 500-21.
1878 Müller, N. Die Mythen im Beówulf, in ihrem Verhältniss zur germanischen Mythologie betrachtet. Dissertation, Heidelberg. Leipzig.
1879 Laistner, L. Nebelsagen. Stuttgart. (See above, p. 46, note.)
1879 Sweet, H. Old English etymologies: I, Beóhata, Engl. Stud. II, 312-14. (See above, p. 365.)
1880 Gering, H. Der Beówulf u. die isländische Grettissaga, Anglia, III, 74-87. (Important. Gering announced Vigfússon's discovery to a wider circle of readers, with translation of the Sandhaugar episode, and useful comment. The discovery was further announced to American readers by Garnett in the American Journal of Philology, I, 492 (1880), though its importance was there rather understated. See above, p. 54.)
1881 Smith, C. Sprague. Beówulf Gretti, New Englander, XL (N. S. IV), 49-67. (Translation of corresponding passages in Grettis saga and Beowulf.)
1882 March, F. A. The World of Beowulf, Proceedings of Amer. Phil. Assoc. pp. xxi-xxiii.
1883 Rönning, F. Beovulfs-kvadet; en literær-historisk undersøgelse. København. Review: Heinzel, A.f.d.A. X, 233-9. (Rönning criticises Müllenhoff's theories of separate lays. His book and Heinzel's review are both important.)
1883 Merbot, R. Aesthetische Studien zur Ags. Poesie. Breslau. Reviews: Koch, Anglia, VI, Anzeiger, 100-3; Kluge, Engl. Stud., VIII, 480-2.
1884 Earle, J. Anglo-Saxon Literature (The dawn of European Literature). London. (Pp. 120-39 deal with Beowulf. Earle holds Beowulf to be "a genuine growth of that junction in time ... when the heathen tales still kept their traditional interest, and yet the spirit of Christianity had taken full possession of the Saxon mind.")
1884 Fahlbeck, P. Beowulfs-kvädet såsom källa för nordisk fornhistoria, Antikvar. tidskr. för Sverige, VIII, 1-87. Review: Academy, XXIX, 1886, p. 12. (See above, pp. 8, 333.)
1884 Harrison, J. A. Old Teutonic life in Beowulf, Overland Monthly, Sec. Ser. vol. IV, 14-24; 152-61.
1884 Hertz, W. Beowulf, das älteste germanische Epos, Nord und Süd, XXIX, 229-53.
1884 Hornburg, J. Die komposition des Beovulf, Archiv, LXXII, 333-404. (Rejects Müllenhoff's "Liedertheorie.")
1884 Krüger, Th. Zum Beowulfliede. Bromberg. Reviewed favourably by Kölbing, Engl. Stud. IX, 150; severely by Kluge, Literaturblatt, 1884, 428-9. (A useful summary, which had the misfortune to be superseded next year by the publication of Wülker's Grundriss.)
1884 Krüger, Th. Über Ursprung u. Entwickelung des Beowulfliedes, Archiv, LXXI, 129-52.
1884-5 Earle, J. Beowulf, in The Times, London (Aug. 25, 1884, p. 6 (not signed); Oct. 29, 1885, p. 3; Sept. 30, 1885, p. 3. "The Beowulf itself is a tale of old folk-lore which, in spite of repeated editing, has never quite lost the old crust of its outline.... This discovery, if established, must have the effect of quite excluding the application of the Wolffian hypothesis to our poem.")
1885 Wülker, R. Grundriss zur geschichte der angelsächsischen Litteratur. Leipzig. 6. Die angelsächsische Heldendichtung, Beowulf, Finnsburg, 244-315. (An important and useful summary.)
1885 Lehmann, H. Brünne und Helm im angelsächsischen Beowulfliede. Dissertation, Göttingen. Leipzig. Reviews: Wülker, Anglia, VIII, Anzeiger, 167-70; Schulz, Engl. Stud. IX, 471.
1886 Skeat, W. W. On the signification of the monster Grendel ... with a discussion of ll. 2076-2100. Read before the Cambridge Philological Society. Journal of Philology, XV, 120-31. (Not American Jour. of Phil., as frequently quoted.)
1886 Sarrazin, G. Die Beowulfsage in Dänemark, Anglia, IX, 195-9; Beowa und Böthvar, Anglia, IX, 200-4; Beowulf und Kynewulf, Anglia, IX, 515-50; Der Schauplatz des ersten Beowulfliedes und die Heimat des Dichters, P.B.B. XI, 159-83 (see above, p. 101).
1886 Sievers, E. Die Heimat des Beowulfdichters, P.B.B. XI, 354-62.
1886 Sarrazin, G. Altnordisches im Beowulfliede, P.B.B. XI, 528-41. (See above, p. 102.)
1886 Sievers, E. Altnordisches im Beowulf? P.B.B. XII, 168-200.
1886 Schilling, H. Notes on the Finnsaga, M.L.N. I, 89-92; 116-17.
1886 Lehmann, H. Über die Waffen im angelsächsischen Beowulfliede, Germania, XXXI, 486-97.
1887 Schilling, H. The Finnsburg-fragment and the Finn-episode, M.L.N. II, 146-50.
1887 Morley, H. Beowulf and the Fight at Finnsburg, in English Writers, vol. I, 276-354. London.
1887 Bugge, S. Studien über das Beowulfepos, P.B.B. XII, 1-112, 360-75. Important. (Das Finnsburgfragment, pp. 20-8.)
1887 ‡Schneider, F. Der Kampf mit Grendels Mutter. Program des Friedrichs Real-Gymnasiums. Berlin.
1888 ten Brink, B. Beowulf. Untersuchungen. (Quellen u. Forschungen, LXII.) (Important. See above, p. 113.) Strassburg. Reviews: Wülker, Anglia, XI, 319-21 and Lit. Cbl. 1889, 251; Möller, Engl. Stud. XIII, 247-315 (weighty, containing some good remarks on the Jutes-Geatas); Koeppel, Z.f.d.Ph. XXIII, 113-22; Heinzel, A.f.d.A. XV, 153-82 (weighty); Liebermann, Deut. Zeitschr. f. Geschichtswissenschaft, II, 1889, 197-9; Kraus, D.L.Z. XII, 1891, 1605-7, 1846: reply by ten Brink ("Beowulfkritik und ABAB"), D.L.Z. 1892, 109-12.
1888 Sarrazin, G. Beowulf-Studien. Berlin. Reviews: Koeppel, Engl. Stud. XIII, 472-80; Sarrazin, Entgegnung, Engl. Stud. XIV, 421 etc., reply by Koeppel, XIV, 427; Sievers, Z.f.d.Ph. XXI, 366; Dieter, Archiv, LXXXIII, 352-3; Heinzel, A.f.d.A. xv, 182-9; Wülker, Lit. Cbl. 1889, 315-16; Wülker, Anglia, XI, 536-41. Holthausen, Literaturblatt, 1890, 14-16; Liebermann, Deut. Zeitschr. f. Geschichtswissenschaft, VI, 1891, 138; Kraus, D.L.Z. XII, 1891, pp. 1822-3. (All these reviews express dissent from Sarrazin's main conclusions, though many of them show appreciation of details in his work. See above, p. 101.)
1888 Kittredge, G. L. Zu Beowulf, 107 etc., P.B.B. XIII, 210 (Cain's kin).
1889 Müllenhoff, K. Beovulf (pp. 110-65=Z.f.d.A. XIV, 193-244). Berlin. See above, pp. 46-7, 113-15. Reviews: Schirmer, Anglia, XII, 465-7; Sarrazin, Engl. Stud. XVI, 71-85 (important); Wülker, Lit. Cbl. 1890, 58-9; Heinzel, A.f.d.A. XVI, 264-75 (important); Koeppel, Z.f.d.Ph. XXIII, 110-13; Holthausen, Literaturblatt, 1890, 370-3; Liebermann, Deut. Zeitschr. f. Geschichtswissenschaft, vi, 1891, 135-7; Kraus, D.L.Z. XII, 1891, pp. 1820-2; Logeman, Le Moyen Âge, III, 266-7 ("personne ne conteste plus ... que le poème se composait originairement de plusieurs parties"). Müllenhoff's book, like that of ten Brink, is based on assumptions generally held at the time, but now not so widely accepted; yet it remains important.
1889 Laistner, L. Das Rätsel der Sphinx. Berlin. (See above, p. 67.)
1889 Lüning, O. Die Natur ... in der altgermanischen und mittelhochdeutschen Epik. Zürich. Reviews: Weinhold, Z.f.d.Ph. XXII, 246-7; Golther, D.L.Z. 1889, 710-2; Ballerstedt, A.f.d.A. XVI, 71-4; Fränkel, Literaturblatt, 1890, 439-44.
1890 ‡Deskau, H. Zum studium des Beowulf. Berichte des freien deutschen Hochstiftes, 1890. Frankfurt.
1890 ‡Klöpper, C. Heorot-Hall in the Anglo-Saxon poem of Beowulf. Festschrift für K. E. Krause. Rostock.
1891 Jellinek, M. H. and Kraus, C. Die Widersprüche im Beowulf, Z.f.d.A, XXXV, 265-81.
1891 Bugge, S. and Olrik, A. Røveren ved Gråsten og Beowulf, Dania, I, 233-45.
1891 Jellinek, M. H. Zum Finnsburgfragment, P.B.B. XV, 428-31.
1892 Earle, J. The Introduction to his Translation (q.v.) gave a summary of the controversy, with "a constructive essay."
1892 Brooke, Stopford A. History of Early English Literature (Beowulf, pp. 17-131). London. Reviews: McClumpha, M.L.N. VIII, 27-9, 1892 (attacks in a letter of unnecessary violence); Wülker, Anglia, Beiblatt IV, 170-6, 225-33; Glöde, Engl. Stud. XXII, 264-70.
1892 Gummere, F. B. Germanic Origins. A study in primitive culture. New York.
1892 Ferguson, R. The Anglo-Saxon name Beowulf, Athenæum, June, 1892 p. 763. See above, p. 368.
1892 Haack, O. Zeugnisse zur altenglischen Heldensage. Kiel.
1892 ‡Kraus, K. Hrodulf. (P. Moneta, zum 40 jähr. Dienstjub.) Wien. (p. 4 etc.)
1892 Olrik, A. Er Uffesagnet indvandret fra England? A.f.n.F. VIII (N.F. IV), 368-75.
1892 Sarrazin, G. Die Abfassungszeit des Beowulfliedes, Anglia, XIV, 399-415.
1892 Sievers, E. Sceaf in den nordischen Genealogien, P.B.B. XVI, 361-3.
1892 Kögel, R. Beowulf, Z.f.d.A. XXXVII, 268-76. (Etymology of the name.) Discussed by Sievers, P.B.B. XVIII, 413. See above, p. 367, footnote.
1893 Ward, H. L. D. Catalogue of Romances in the British Museum; Beowulf: vol. II, pp. 1-15, 741-3.
1893 ten Brink, B. Altenglische Literatur, Pauls Grdr.(1), II, I, 510-50. (Finnsburg, 545-50.)
1894 McNary, S. J. Beowulf and Arthur as English Ideals, Poet-Lore, VI, 529-36.
1894 ‡Detter, F. Über die Heaðobarden im Beowulf, Verhandl. d. Wiener Philologenversammlung, Mai, 1893. Leipzig, p. 404 etc. (Argues that the story is not historical, but mythical—Ragnarok.)
1895 Sievers, E. Beowulf und Saxo, Berichte der kgl. sächs. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, XLVII, 175-93. (Important, see above, pp. 90-7.)
1895 Binz, G. Zeugnisse zur germanischen sage in England, P.B.B. XX, 141-223. (A most useful collection, though the significance of many of the names collected is open to dispute.)
1895 Kluge, F. Zeugnisse zur germanischen sage in England, Engl. Stud. XXI, 446-8.
1895-6 Kluge, F. Der Beowulf u. die Hrolfs Saga Kraka, Engl. Stud. XXII, 144-5.
1896 Sarrazin, G. Neue Beowulf-studien, Engl. Stud. XXIII, 221-67.
1897 Ker, W. P. Epic and Romance. London. (Beowulf, pp. 182-202. Important. See above, p. 116.) Reviews: Fischer, Anglia, Beiblatt, X, 133-5; Brandl, Archiv, C, 198-200. New edit. 1908.
1897 Blackburn, F. A. The Christian coloring in the Beowulf, Pub. Mod. Lang. Assoc. Amer. XII, 205-25. (See above, p. 125.)
1897 Sarrazin, G. Die Hirschhalle, Anglia, XIX, 368-92; Der Balder-kultus in Lethra, ibid. 392-7; Rolf Krake und sein Vetter im Beowulfliede, Engl. Stud. XXIV, 144-5. (Important. See above, p. 31.)
1897 Henning, R. Sceaf und die westsächsische Stammtafel, Z.f.d.A. XLI, 156-69.
1898 Arnold, T. Notes on Beowulf. London. Reviews: Hulme, M.L.N. XV, 22-6, 1900; Sarrazin, Engl. Stud. XXVIII, 410-18; Garnett, Amer. Jour. of Phil. XX, 443.
1898 Niedner, F. Die Dioskuren im Beowulf, Z.f.d.A. XLII, 229-58.
1899 Cook, A. S. An Irish Parallel to the Beowulf Story, Archiv, CIII, 154-6.
1899 Axon, W. E. A. A reference to the evil eye in Beowulf, Trans. of the Royal Soc. of Literature, London. (Very slight.)
1899 ‡Furst, Clyde. "Beowulf" in "A Group of Old Authors." Philadelphia. (Popular.) Review: Child, M.L.N. XV, 31-2.
1900 Förster, Max. Bêowulf-Materialien, zum Gebrauch bei Vorlesungen. Braunschweig. Reviews: Holthausen, Anglia, Beiblatt, XI, 289; Behagel, Literaturblatt, 1902, 67 (very brief).
1908. 2 Aufl.
1912. 3 Aufl. Review: Wild, Anglia, Beiblatt, XXIV, 166-7.
1901 Powell, F. York. Beowulf and Watanabe-No-Tsema, Furnivall Miscellany, pp. 395-6. Oxford. (A parallel from Japanese legend.)
1901 Lehmann, E. Fandens Oldemor, Dania, VIII, 179-94. Repeated ("Teuffels Grossmutter"), Archiv f. Religionswiss. VIII, 411-30. (See above, p. 49, note, and p. 381.)
1901 ‡Otto, E. Typische Motive in dem weltlichen Epos der Angelsachsen. Berlin. Reviews: Binz, Engl. Stud. XXXII, 401-5; Spies, Archiv, CXV, 222.
1901 Ohlenbeck, C. C. Het Béowulf-epos als geschiedbron, Tijdschrift voor nederlandsche taal- en letterkunde, XX (N. R. XII), 169-96.
1902 Gerould, G. H. Offa and Labhraidh Maen, M.L.N. XVII, 201-3. (An Irish parallel of the story of the dumb young prince.)
1902 Gough, A. B. The Constance-Saga. Berlin. (The "Thrytho saga," pp. 53-83.) Reviews: Eckhardt, Engl. Stud. XXXII, 110-3; Weyrauch, Archiv, CXI, 453.
1902 Boer, R. C. Die Béowulfsage. I. Mythische reconstructionen; II. Historische untersuchung der überlieferung; A.f.n.F. XIX (N. F. XV), 19-88.
1902 Brandl, A. Ueber den gegenwärtigen Stand der Beowulf-Forschung, Archiv, CVIII, 152-5.
1903 Anderson, L. F. The Anglo-Saxon Scop. (Univ. of Toronto Studies, Phil. Ser. 1.) Review: Heusler, A.f.d.A. XXXI, 113-5.
1903 Olrik, A. Danmarks Heltedigtning: I, Rolf Krake og den ældre Skjoldungrække. Kobenhavn. (Most important.) Reviews: Heusler, A.f.d.A. XXX, 26-36; Golther, Literaturblatt, XXVIII, 1907, pp. 8-9; Ranisch, A.f.d.A. XXI, 276-80. Revised translation 1919 (q.v.).
1903 ‡Boer, R. C. Eene episode uit den Beowulf, Handelingen van het 3 nederl. phil. congres., p. 84 etc.
1903 A Summary of the Lives of the Offas, with reproductions of a number of the drawings in MS Cotton Nero D. I, in The Ancestor, V, 99-137.
1903 Hart, J. M. Allotria [on the forms Bēanstān, l. 524 and Þrȳðo, l. 1931], M.L.N. XVIII, 117.
1903 Stjerna, K. Hjälmar och svärd i Beovulf, Studier tillägnade O. Montelius, 99-120. Stockholm. See above, pp. 346 etc.
1903-4 Boer, R. C. Finnsage und Nibelungen-sage, Z.f.d.A. XLVII, 125-60.
1904 Rickert, E. The O.E. Offa-saga, Mod. Phil. II, 29-76 and 321-76. (Important. See above, pp. 34 etc.)
1904 Hagen, S. N. Classical names and stories in Beowulf, M.L.N. XIX, 65-74 and 156-65. (Very fantastic).
1904 Stjerna, K. Vendel och Vendelkråka, A.f.n.F. XXI (N. F. XVII), 71-80. (Most important: see above, pp. 343-5.)
1904 ‡Vetter, F. Beowulf und das altdeutsche Heldenzeitalter in England, Deutschland, III, 558-71.
1905 Moorman, F. W. The interpretation of nature in English poetry from Beowulf to Shakespeare. Strassburg. Quellen u. Forschungen, 95.
1905 Routh, J. E. Two studies on the Ballad Theory of the Beowulf: I. The Origin of the Grendel legend; II. Irrelevant Episodes and Parentheses as features of Anglo-Saxon Poetic Style. Baltimore. Reviews: Eckhardt, Engl. Stud. XXXVII, 404-5; Heusler, A.f.d.A. XXXI, 115-16; Schücking, D.L.Z. 1905, pp. 1908-10.
1905 Heusler, A. Lied und Epos in germanischer Sagendichtung. Dortmund. (See above, p. 116.) Reviews: Kauffmann, Z.f.d.Ph. XXXVIII, 546-8; Seemüller, A.f.d.A. XXXIV, 129-35; Meyer, Archiv, CXV, 403-4; Helm, Literaturblatt, XXVIII, 237-8.
1905 Schücking, L. L. Beowulfs Rückkehr. (Morsbachs Studien, XXI.) Halle. (Important: see above, pp. 118-20.) Review: Brandl, Archiv, CXV, 421-3 (dissenting).
1905 Schück, H. Studier i Ynglingatal, I-III. Uppsala.
1905 Hanscom, E. D. The Feeling for Nature in Old English Poetry, J.E.G.Ph. V, 439-63.
1905 Sarrazin, G. Neue Beowulf Studien, Engl. Stud. XXXV, 19-27.
1905 Stjerna, K. Skölds hädanfärd, Studier tillägnade H. Schück, 110-34. Stockholm.
1905 ‡Stjerna, K. Svear och Götar under folkvandringstiden, Svenska Förnminnesforeningens Tidskr. XII, 339-60. (Transl. by Clark Hall in Essays. See under 1912.)
1905-6 Rieger, M. Zum Kampf in Finnsburg, Z.f.d.A. XLVIII, 9-12.
1905-6 Heusler, A. Zur Skiöldungendichtung, Z.f.d.A. XLVIII, 57-87.
1905-6 Neckel, J. Studien über Fróði, Z.f.d.A. XLVIII, 163-86.
1905-7 Stjerna, K. Arkeologiska anteckningar till Beovulf, Kungl. vitterhets akademiens månadsblad for 1903-5 (1907), pp. 436-51.
1906 Emerson, O. F. Legends of Cain, especially in Old and Middle English (see particularly § VI, "Cain's Descendants"), Pub. Mod. Lang. Assoc. Amer. XXI, 831-929. (Important.)
1906 Skemp, A. R. Transformation of scriptural story, motive, and conception in Anglo-Saxon poetry, Mod. Phil. IV, 423-70.
1906 Duff, J. W. Homer and Beowulf: a literary parallel, Saga-Book of the Viking Club. London.
1906 Morsbach, L. Zur datierung des Beowulf-epos, Nachrichten der kgl. Ges. d. Wiss. zu Göttingen, Phil.-Hist. Klasse, pp. 252-77. (Important. See above, pp. 107-12.)
1906 Pfändler, W. Die Vergnügungen der Angelsachsen, Anglia, XXIX, 417-526.
1906 Garlanda, F. Béowulf. Origini, bibliografia, metrica ... significato storico, etico, sociologico. Roma. (Slight.)
1906 Stjerna, K. Drakskatten i Beovulf, Fornvännen, I, 119-44.
1907 Chadwick, H. M. Origin of the English Nation. Cambridge. (Important.) Reviews: Andrews, M.L.N. XXIII, 261-2; Chambers, M.L.R. IV, 262-6; Schütte, A.f.n.F. XXV (N. F. XXI), 310-32 (an elaborate discussion of early Germanic ethnology and geography); Huchon, Revue Germanique, III, 625-31.
1907 Chadwick, H. M. "Early National Poetry," in Cambridge History of English Literature, vol. I, 19-32, 421-3. Important. See above, pp. 122-6.
1907 Hart, Walter Morris. Ballad and Epic. Boston: Harvard Studies and Notes in Philology and Literature. (Important: see above, p. 116.) Review: Archiv, CXIX, 468.
1907 Olrik, A. Nordisk Aandsliv i Vikingetid og tidlig Middelalder. København og Kristiania. (Translated into German by W. Ranisch, 1908, as "Nordisches Geistesleben.")
1907 Schück, H. Folknamnet Geatas i den fornengelska dikten Beowulf. Uppsala. (Important. See above, pp. 8-10, 333 etc.) Reviews: Mawer, M.L.R. IV, 273; Freeburg, J.E.G.Ph. XI, 279-83.
1907 Cook, A. S. Various notes, M.L.N. XXI, 146-7. (Further classical parallels to Beowulf, 1408 ff., in succession to a parallel from Seneca quoted in M.L.N. XVII, 209-10.)
1907 Sarrazin, G. Zur Chronologie u. Verfasserfrage Ags. Dichtungen, Engl. Stud. XXXVIII, 145 etc., esp. 170-95 (Das Beowulflied und die ältere Genesis).
1907 Brandl, A. Entstehungsgeschichte des Beowulfepos. A five-line summary of this lecture is given in the Sitzungsberichte d. k. preuss. Akad. Phil.-Hist. Classe, p. 615.
1907 Holthausen, F. Zur altenglischen literatur—Zur datierung des Beowulf, Anglia, Beiblatt, XVIII, 77.
1907 ‡Grüner, H. Mathei Parisiensis vitae duorum Offarum, in ihrer manuskript- und textgeschichte. Dissertation, Munich. Kaiserslautern.
1908 Brandl, A. Geschichte der alteng. Literatur. (Offprint from Pauls Grdr.(2): Beowulf, pp. 988-1024; Finnsburg, pp. 983-6; an exceedingly useful and discriminating summary.)
1908 Schücking, L. L. Das Angelsächsische Totenklagelied, Engl. Stud. XXXIX, 1-13.
1908 Weyhe, H. König Ongentheow's Fall, Engl. Stud. XXXIX, 14-39.
1908 Neckel, G. Beiträge zur Eddaforschung; Anhang: Die altgermanische heldenklage (pp. 495-6: cf. p. 376). Dortmund.
1908 Klaeber, F. Zum Finnsburg Kampfe, Engl. Stud. XXXIX, 307-8.
1908 Björkman, E. Über den Namen der Jüten, Engl. Stud. XXXIX, 356-61.
1908 Levander, L. Sagotraditioner om Sveakonungen Adils, Antikvarisk Tidskrift för Sverige, XVIII, 3.
1908 Stjerna, K. Fasta fornlämningar i Beovulf, Antikvarisk Tidskrift för Sverige, XVIII, 4.
1908 Grau, G. Quellen u. Verwandtschaften der älteren germanischen Darstellungen des jüngsten Gerichtes. Halle. (See esp. pp. 145-56.) Review: Guntermann, Z.f.d.Ph. XLI, 401-415.
1909 Schück, H. Studier i Beowulfsagan. Uppsala. Review: Freeburg, J.E.G.Ph. XI, 488-97 (a very useful summary).
1909 Lawrence, W. W. Some disputed questions in Beowulf-criticism, Pub. Mod. Lang. Assoc. Amer. XXIV, 220-73. (Very important.) Review: Brandl, Archiv, CXXIII, 473.
1909 Ehrismann, G. Religionsgeschichtliche Beiträge zum germanischen Frühchristentum, P.B.B. XXXV, 209-39.
1909 Bugge, S. Die Heimat der Altnordischen Lieder von den Welsungen u. den Nibelungen, II, P.B.B. XXXV, 240-71.
1909 Deutschbein, M. Die Sagenhistorischen u. literarischen Grundlagen des Beowulfepos, Germanisch-Romanische Monatsschrift, I, 103-19.
1910 Olrik, A. Danmarks Heltedigtning: II, Starkad den gamle og den yngre Skjoldungrække. København. (Most important.) Reviews: Heusler, A.f.d.A. XXXV, 169-83 (important); Ussing, Danske Studier, 1910, 193-203; Boer, Museum, XIX, 1912, 171-4.
1910 Panzer, F. Studien zur germanischen Sagengeschichte. I. Beowulf. München. (Most important: see above, pp. 62-8; 365-81. Valuable criticisms and modifications are supplied by the reviews, more particularly perhaps that of von Sydow (A.f.d.A. XXXV, 123-31), but also in the elaborate discussions of Heusler (Engl. Stud. XLII, 289-98), Binz (Anglia, Beiblatt, XXIV, 321-37), Brandl (Archiv, CXXVI, 231-5), Kahle (Z.f.d.Ph. XLIII, 383-94) and the briefer ones of Lawrence (M.L.N. XXVII, 57-60) Sedgefield (M.L.R. VI, 128-31) and Golther (Neue Jahrbücher f. das klassische Altertum, XXV, 610-13).)
1910 Bradley, H. Beowulf, in Encyclopædia Britannica, III, pp. 758-61. (Important. See above, pp. 121, 127-8.)
1910 Schück, H. Sveriges förkristna konungalängd. Uppsala.
1910 Clark Hall, J. R. A note on Beowulf, 1142-5, M.L.N. XXV, 113-14. (Hūnlāfing.)
1910 Sarrazin, G. Neue Beowulf-studien, Engl. Stud. XLII, 1-37.
1910 Klaeber, F. Die ältere Genesis und der Beowulf, Engl. Stud. XLII, 321-38.
1910 Heusler, A. Zeitrechnung im Beowulf-epos, Archiv, CXXIV, 9-14.
1910 Neckel, G. Etwas von germanischer Sagenforschung, Germ.-Rom. Monatsschrift, II, 1-14.
1910 Smithson, G. A. The Old English Christian Epic ... in comparison with the Beowulf. Berkeley. Univ. of California Pub. in Mod. Phil. (See particularly pp. 363-8, 376-90.)
1911 Clarke, M. G. Sidelights on Teutonic History. Cambridge. Reviews: Mawer, M.L.N. VII, 126-7; Chambers, Engl. Stud. XLVIII, 166-8; Fehr, Anglia, Beiblatt, XXVI, 19-20; Imelmann, D.L.Z. XXXIV, 1913, 1062 etc.
1911-19 Heusler, A. A series of articles in Hoops' Reallexikon: Beowulf, Dichtung, Ermenrich, Gautensagen, Heldensage, Hengest, Heremod, Offa, Skjǫldungar, Ynglingar, etc. Strassburg. (Important.)
1911 Neckel, G. Ragnacharius von Cambrai, Festschrift zur Jahrhundertfeier der Universität zu Breslau = Mitt. d. Schlesischen Gesellschaft für Volkskunde, XIII-XIV, 121-54. (A historical parallel between the treatment of Ragnachar by Chlodowech and that of Hrethric by Hrothulf.)
1911 Schönfeld, M. Worterbuch der altgermanischen Personen- und Völkernamen. Heidelberg. See also Schütte, Noter til Schönfelds Navnesamling, in A.f.n.F. XXXIII, 22-49.
1911 Klaeber, F. Aeneis und Beowulf, Archiv, CXXVI, 40-8, 339-59. (Important: see above, p. 330.)
1911 Liebermann, F. Grendel als Personenname, Archiv, CXXVI, 180.
1911-12 Klaeber, F. Die Christlichen Elemente im Beowulf, Anglia, XXXV, 111-36, 249-70, 453-82; XXXVI, 169-99. (Most important: demonstrates the fundamentally Christian character of the poem.)
1912 Chadwick, H. Munro. The Heroic Age. Cambridge. (Important: see above, p. 122.) Reviews: Mawer, M.L.R. VIII, 207-9; Chambers, Engl. Stud. XLVIII, 162-6.
1912 Stjerna, K. Essays on questions connected with the O.E. poem of Beowulf, transl. and ed. by John R. Clark Hall, (Viking Club), Coventry. (Important: see above, pp. 346 etc.) Reviews: Klaeber, J.E.G.Ph. XIII, 167-73, weighty; Mawer, M.L.N. VIII, 242-3; Athenæum, 1913, I, 459-60; Brandl, Archiv, CXXXII, 238-9; Schütte, A.f.n.F. XXXIII, 64-96, elaborate; Olrik, Nord. Tidskr. f. Filol. IV, 2. 127; Mogk, Historische Vierteljahrsschrift, XVIII, 196-7.
1912 Chambers, R. W. Widsith: a study in Old English heroic legend. Cambridge. Reviews: Mawer, M.L.R. VIII, 118-21; Lawrence, M.L.N. XXVIII, 53-5; Fehr, Anglia, Beiblatt, XXVI, 289-95; Jordan, Engl. Stud. XLV, 300-2; Berendsohn, Literaturblatt, XXXV (1914), 384-6.
1912 Boer, R. C. Die Altenglische Heldendichtung. I. Béowulf. Halle. (Important.) Reviews: ‡Jantzen, Z. f. französischen u. englischen Unterricht, XIII, 546-7; Berendsohn, Literaturblatt, XXXV, 152-4; Dyboski, Allgemeines Literaturblatt, XXII, 1913, 497-9; Imelmann, D.L.Z. XXXIV, 1913, 1062-6 (weighty criticisms); Barnouw, Museum, XXI, 53-8.
1912 von der Leyen, F. Die deutschen Heldensagen (Beowulf, pp. 107-23, 345-7). München.
1912 Meyer, W. Beiträge zur Geschichte der Eroberung Englands. Dissertation, Halle. (Finn story.)
1912 Lawrence, W. W. The haunted mere in Beowulf. Pub. Mod. Lang. Assoc. Amer. XXVII, 208-45. (Important. See above, pp. 52-3.)
1912 Schütte, G. The Geats of Beowulf, J.E.G.Ph. XI, 574-602. (See above, pp. 8, 333 etc.)
1912 Stefanovič, S. Ein beitrag zur angelsächsischen Offa-sage, Anglia, XXXV, 483-525.
1912 Much, R. Grendel, Wōrter u. Sachen, IV, 170-3. (Deriving Vendsyssel, Vandal, and the Wendle of Beowulf from wandil—"a bough, wand.")
1912 Chambers, R. W. Six thirteenth century drawings illustrating the story of Offa and of Thryth (Drida) from MS Cotton Nero D. I. London, privately printed.
1913 ‡Fahlbeck, P. Beowulfskvädet som källa för nordisk fornhistoria. (Stockholm, N. F. K. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademiens Handlingar, 13, 3.) Review: Klaeber, Engl. Stud. XLVIII, 435-7.
1913 Nerman, B. Studier över Svärges hedna litteratur. Uppsala.
1913 Nerman, B. Vilka konungar ligga i Uppsala högar? Uppsala.
1913 Lawrence, W. W. The Breca episode in Beowulf (Anniversary papers to G. L. Kittredge). Boston.
1913 Sarrazin, G. Von Kädmon bis Kynewulf. Berlin. Reviews: Dudley, J.E.G.Ph. XV, 313-17; Berendsohn, Literaturblatt, XXXV (1914), 386-8; Funke, Anglia, Beiblatt, XXXI, 121-33.
1913 Thomas, P. G. Beowulf and Daniel A, M.L.R. VIII, 537-9. (Parallels between the two poems.)
1913 Belden, H. M. Onela the Scylfing and Ali the Bold, M.L.N. XXVIII, 149-53.
1913 Stedman, D. Some points of resemblance between Beowulf and the Grettla (or Grettis Saga). From the Saga Book of the Viking Club, London. (It should have been held unnecessary to prove the relationship yet once again.)
1913 von Sydow, C. W. Irisches in Beowulf[[874]]. (Verhandlungen der 52 Versammlung deutscher Philologen in Marburg, pp. 177-80.)
1913 Berendsohn, W. A. Drei Schichten dichterischer Gestaltung im Beowulfepos, Münchener Museum, II, i, pp. 1-33.
1913 Deutschbein, M. Beowulf der Gautenkönig, Festschrift für Lorenz Morsbach, Halle, pp. 291-7, Morsbachs Studien, L. (Very important. Expresses very well, and with full working out of details, the doubts which some of us had already felt as to the historic character of the reign of Beowulf over the Geatas.)
1913 Benary, W. Zum Beowulf-Grendelsage, Archiv, CXXX, 154-5. (Grändelsmôr in Siebenbürgen: see above, p. 308.)
1913 Klaeber, F. Das Grändelsmôr—eine Frage, Archiv, CXXXI, 427.
1913 Brate, E. Betydelsen av ortnamnet Skälv [cf. Scilfingas], Namn och Bygd, I, 102-8.
1914 Müller, J. Das Kulturbild des Beowulfepos. Halle. Morsbachs Studien, LIII. Reviews: Klaeber, Anglia, Beiblatt, XXVII, 241-4; Brunner, Archiv, CXXXVIII, 242-3.
1914 Moorman, F. W. English place-names and Teutonic Sagas, in Essays and Studies by members of the English Association, vol. V, pp. 75-103. (Argues that "Gilling" and other place-names in Yorkshire, point to an early colony of Scandinavian "Gautar," who may have been instrumental in introducing Scandinavian traditions into England.)
1914 Olson, O. L. Beowulf and the Feast of Bricriu, Mod. Phil. XI, 407-27. (Emphasises the slight character of the parallels noted by Deutschbein.)
1914 von Sydow, C. W. Grendel i anglosaxiska ortnamn, in Nordiska Ortnamn, hyllningsskrift tillägnad Adolf Noreen, Uppsala, pp. 160-4=Namn och Bygd, II. (Important).
1915 Kier, Chr. Beowulf, et Bidrag til Nordens Oldhistorie. København. (An elaborate and painstaking study of the historic problems of Beowulf, vitiated throughout by quite unjustifiable assumptions. See above, p. [333] etc.) Review: Björkmann, Anglia, Beiblatt, XXVII, 244-6.
1915 Bradley, H. The Numbered Sections in Old English Poetical MSS, Proc. Brit. Acad. vol. VII.
1915 Lawrence, W. W. Beowulf and the tragedy of Finnsburg, Pub. Mod. Lang. Assoc. Amer. XXX, 372-431. (Important. An excellent survey of the Finnsburg problems.)
1915 van Sweringen, G. F. The main ... types of men in the Germanic Hero-Sagas, J.E.G.Ph. XIV, 212-25.
1915-19 Lindroth, H. Är Skåne de gamles Scadinavia? Namn och Bygd, III, 1915, 10-28. Lindroth denied that the two words are the same, and was answered by A. Kock (A.f.n.F. XXXIV, 1917, 71 etc.), A. Noreen (in ‡Studier tillegn. E. Tegnér, 1918) and E. Björkman ("Scedeland, Scedenig," Namn och Bygd, VI, 1918, 162-8). Lindroth replied ("Äro Scadinavia och Skåne samma ord," A.f.n.F. XXXV, 1918, 29 etc., and "Skandinavien och Skåne," Namn och Bygd, VI, 1918, 104-12) and was answered by Kock ("Vidare om Skåne och Scadinavia," A.f.n.F. XXXVI, 74-85). Björkman's discussion is the one of chief importance to students of Beowulf.
1915 Klaeber, F. Observations on the Finn episode, J.E.G.Ph. XIV, 544-9.
1915 Anscombe, A. Beowulf in High-Dutch saga, Notes and Queries, Aug. 21, 1915, pp. 133-4.
1915 Berendsohn, Walter A. Die Gelage am Dänenhof zu Ehren Beowulfs, Münchener Museum, III, i, 31-55.
1915-16 Pizzo, E. Zur frage der ästhetischen einheit des Beowulf, Anglia, XXXIX, 1-15. (Sees in Beowulf the uniform expression of the early Anglo-Saxon Christian ideal.)
1916 Olson, O. L. The relation of the Hrólfs Saga Kraka and the Bjarkarímur to Beowulf. Chicago. (Olson emphasises that the monster slain by Bjarki in the Saga does not attack the hall, but the cattle outside, and is therefore a different kind of monster from Grendel (p. 30). But he does not disprove the general equation of Beowulf and Bjarki: many of the most striking points of resemblance, such as the support given to Eadgils (Athils) against Onela (Ali), lie outside the scope of his study.) Review: Hollander, J.E.G.Ph. XVI, 147-9.
1916 Neckel, G. Adel und gefolgschaft, P.B.B. XLI, 385-436 (esp. pp. 410 ff. for social conditions in Beowulf).
1917 Flom, G. T. Alliteration and Variation in Old Germanic name giving, M.L.N. XXXII, 7-17.
1917 Mead, G. W. Wiðerȝyld of Beowulf, 2051, M.L.N. XXXII, 435-6. (Suggests, very reasonably, that Wiðerȝyld is the father of the young Heathobard warrior who is stirred to revenge.)
1917 Ayres, H. M. The tragedy of Hengest in Beowulf, J.E.G.Ph. XVI, 282-95. (See above, pp. 266-7.)
1917 Aurner, N. S. An analysis of the interpretations of the Finnsburg documents. (Univ. of Iowa Monographs: Humanistic Studies, I, 6.)
1917 Björkman, E. Zu ae. Eote, Yte, usw., dän. Jyder, "Jüten," Anglia, Beiblatt, XXVIII, 275-80. (See above, p. 334.)
1917 Rooth, E. G. T. Der name Grendel in der Beowulfsage, Anglia, Beiblatt, XXVIII, 335-40. (Etymologies. Grendel is the "sandman," a man-eating monster of the sea-bottom. With this, compare Panzer's interpretation of Grendel as the "earthman." See above, p. 309.)
1917 Schücking, L. L. Wann entstand der Beowulf? Glossen, Zweifel und Fragen, P.B.B. XLII, 347-410. (Important. See above, pp. 322-32.)
1917 Fog, Reginald. Trolden "Grendel" i Bjovulf: en hypothese, Danske Studier, 1917, 134-40. (Grendel is here interpreted as an infectious disease, prevalent among those who sleep in an ill-ventilated hall in a state of intoxication, but to which Beowulf, whose health has been confirmed by a recent sea-voyage, is not liable. This view is not as new as its author believes it to be, and a letter from von Holstein Rathlau is added, pointing this out. It might further have been pointed out that as early as 1879 Grendel was explained as the malaria. Cf. the theories of Laistner, Kögel and Golther, and see above, p. 46.)
1917 Neuhaus, J. Sillende = vetus patria = Angel, Nordisk Tidsskrift för Filologi, IV. Række, Bd. V, 125-6; Helges Prinsesse Svåvå = Eider = den svebiske Flod hos Ptolemæos, VI, 29-32; Halfdan = Frode = Hadbardernes Konge, hvis Rige forenes med det danske, VI, 78-80; Vestgermanske Navne i dansk Historie og Sprog, 141-4. The inherent difficulty of the subject is enhanced by the obscurity of the writer's style: but much of the argument (e.g. that Halfdan and Frode are identical) is obviously based upon quite reckless conjectures. The question is complicated by political feeling: many of Neuhaus' arguments are repeated in his pamphlet, Die Frage von Nordschleswig im Lichte der neuesten vorgeschichtlichen Untersuchungen, Jena, 1919. His theories were vigorously refuted by G. Schütte, "Urjyske 'Vestgermaner,'" Nordisk Tidsskrift för Filologi, IV. Række, Bd. VII, 129 etc.
1917 ‡Fredborg. Det första årtalet i Sveriges historia. Umeå.
1917 Nerman, B. Ynglingasagan i arkeologisk belysning, Fornvännen, 1917, 226-61.
1917 Nerman, B. Ottar Vendelkråka och Ottarshögen i Vendel, Upplands Fornminnesförenings Tidskrift, VII, 309-34.
1917 Björkman, E. Bēowulf och Sveriges Historia, Nordisk Tidskrift, 1917, 161-79.
1917-18 ‡von Sydow, C. W. Draken som skattevaktare, Danmarks folkeminder, XVII, 103 etc.
1918 Hackenberg, E. Die Stammtafeln der angelsächsischen Königreiche, Dissertation, Berlin. (A useful collection.) Reviews: Fischer, Anglia, Beiblatt, XXXI, 73-4; Ekwall, Engl. Stud. LIV, 307-10; Liebemann, D.L.Z. 1 March, 1919.
1918 Lawrence, W. W. The dragon and his lair in Beowulf, Pub. Mod. Lang. Assoc. Amer. XXXIII, 547-83.
1918 Belden, H. M. Beowulf 62, once more, M.L.N. XXXIII, 123.
1918 Belden, H. M. Scyld Scefing and Huck Finn, M.L.N. XXXIII, 315.
1918 Klaeber, F. Concerning the relation between Exodus and Beowulf, M.L.N. XXXIII, 218-24.
1918 Björkman, E. Bēow, Bēaw, und Bēowulf, Engl. Stud. LII, 145-93. (Very important. See above, p. 304.)
1918 Brandl, A. Die Urstammtafel der Westsachsen und das Beowulf-Epos, Archiv, CXXXVII, 6-24. (See above, p. 200, note.)
1918 Brandl, A. Die urstammtafel der englischen könige, Sitzungsberichte d. k. preuss. Akad., Phil.-Hist. Classe, p. 5. (Five line summary only published).
1918 ‡Björkman, E. Bēowulf-forskning och mytologi, Finsk Tidskrift, 151 etc. (Cf. Anglia, Beiblatt, XXX, 207.)
1918 Björkman, E. Sköldungaättens mytiska stamfäder, Nordisk Tidskrift, 163 etc.
1918 v. Unwerth, W. Eine schwed. Heldensage als deutsches Volksepos, A.f.n.F. XXXV, 113-37. (An attempt to connect the story of Hygelac and Hæthcyn with the M.H.G. Herbort ûz Tenelant.)
1918 Neuhaus, J. Om Skjold, A.f.n.F. XXXV, 166-72. (A dogmatic assertion of errors in Olrik's arguments in the Heltedigtning.)
1918 Clausen, H. V. Kong Hugleik, Danske Studier, 137-49. (Conjectures based upon the assumption Geatas = Jutes.)
1918 ‡Lund University "Festskrift" contains Norlind, Skattsägner; von Sydow, Sigurds strid med Favne.
1919 Olrik, A. The heroic legends of Denmark translated ... and revised in collaboration with the author by Lee M. Hollander. New York. (Very important.) Review: Flom, J.E.G.Ph. XIX, 284-90.
1919 Björkman, E. Bedwig in den westsächsischen genealogien, Anglia, Beiblatt, XXX, 23.
1919 Björkman, E. Zu einigen Namen im Bēowulf: Breca, Brondingas, Wealhþēo(w); Anglia, Beiblatt, XXX, 170-80.
1919 Mogk, E. Altgermanische Spukgeschichten: Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Erklärung der Grendelepisode im Beowulf, Neue Jahrbücher für das klass. altertum ... und deutsche literatur, XXXIV, 103-17. (Mogk here abandons his older allegorical interpretation of Grendel as the destroying power of the sea, and sees in the Grendel-story a Germanic ghost-tale, poetically adorned.)
1919 Björkman, E. Skialf och Skilfing [edited by E. Ekwall, with a note on Björkman's work], Namn och Bygd, VII, 163-81.
1919 Linderholm, E. Vendelshögens konunganamn i socknens 1600-tals-tradition, Namn och Bygd, VII, 36-40.
1919 Fog, R. Bjarkemaals "Hjalte," Danske Studier, 1919, 29-35. (With a letter from A. Olrik.)
1919 Severinsen, P. Kong Hugleiks Dødsaar, Danske Studier, 1919, 96.
1920 Imelmann, R. Forschungen zur altenglischen Poesie. (IX. Hengest u. Finn; X. Enge ānpaðas, uncūð gelād; XII. Þrȳðo; XIII. Hǣþenra hyht.) Berlin. (A weighty statement of some original views).
1920 Björkman, E. Studien über die Eigennamen im Beowulf. Halle. Morsbachs Studien, LVIII. (An extremely valuable and discriminating digest. See above, p. 304.)
1920 Barto, P. S. The Schwanritter-Sceaf Myth in Perceval le Gallois, J.E.G.Ph. XIX, 190-200.
1920 Hubbard, F. G. The plundering of the Hoard. Univ. Wisconsin Stud. 11.
1920 Schücking, L. L. Wiðergyld (Beowulf, 2051), Engl. Stud. LIII, 468-70. (Schücking, like Mead, but independently, interprets Withergyld as the name of the warrior whose son is being stirred to revenge.)
1920 Björkman, E. Hæðcyn und Hákon, Engl. Stud. LIV, 24-34.
1920 Hoops, J. Das Verhüllen des Haupts bei Toten, ein angelsächsisch-nordischer Brauch (Zu Beowulf, 446, hafalan hȳdan), Engl. Stud. LIV, 19-23.
1920 Noreen, A. Yngve, Inge, Inglinge [Ingwine], Namn och Bygd, VIII, 1-8.
1920 La Cour, V. Lejrestudier, Danske Studier, 1920, 49-67. (Weighty. Emphasizing the importance of the site of Leire in the sixth century.) A discussion on the date and origin of Beowulf, by Liebermann, is about to appear (Gott. Gelehrt. Gesellschaft).