Degen’s apparatus to lift the man and his flying mechanism with the aid of a gas-balloon. See [Chapter IV].
The airship is affected equally with the balloon by prevailing winds. A breeze blowing 10 miles an hour will carry a balloon at nearly that speed in the direction in which it is blowing. Suppose the aeronaut wishes to sail in the opposite direction? If the machinery will propel his airship only 10 miles an hour in a calm, it will virtually stand still in the 10-mile breeze. If the machinery will propel his airship 20 miles an hour in a calm, the ship will travel 10 miles an hour—as related to places on the earth’s surface—against the wind. But so far as the air is concerned, his speed through it is 20 miles an hour, and each increase of speed meets increased resistance from the air, and requires a greater expenditure of power to overcome. To reduce this resistance to the least possible amount, the globular form of the early balloon has been variously modified. Most modern airships have a “cigar-shaped” gas bag, so called because the ends look like the tip of a cigar. As far as is known, this is the balloon that offers less resistance to the air than any other.
Another mechanical means of getting up into the air was suggested by the flying of kites, a pastime dating back at least 2,000 years, perhaps longer. Ordinarily, a kite will not fly in a calm, but with even a little breeze it will mount into the air by the upward thrust of the rushing breeze against its inclined surface, being prevented from blowing away (drifting) by the pull of the kite-string. The same effect will be produced in a dead calm if the operator, holding the string, runs at a speed equal to that of the breeze—with this important difference: not only will the kite rise in the air, but it will travel in the direction in which the operator is running, a part of the energy of the runner’s pull upon the string producing a forward motion, provided he holds the string taut. If we suppose the pull on the string to be replaced by an engine and revolving propeller in the kite, exerting the same force, we have exactly the principle of the aeroplane.
As it is of the greatest importance to possess a clear understanding of the natural processes we propose to use, let us refer to any text-book on physics, and review briefly some of the natural laws relating to motion and force which apply to the problem of flight:
(a) Force is that power which changes or tends to change the position of a body, whether it is in motion or at rest.
(b) A given force will produce the same effect, whether the body on which it acts is acted upon by that force alone, or by other forces at the same time.
(c) A force may be represented graphically by a straight line—the point at which the force is applied being the beginning of the line; the direction of the force being expressed by the direction of the line; and the magnitude of the force being expressed by the length of the line.
(d) Two or more forces acting upon a body are called component forces, and the single force which would produce the same effect is called the resultant.
(e) When two component forces act in different directions the resultant may be found by applying the principle of the parallelogram of forces—the lines (c) representing the components being made adjacent sides of a parallelogram, and the diagonal drawn from the included angle representing the resultant in direction and magnitude.
(f) Conversely, a resultant motion may be resolved into its components by constructing a parallelogram upon it as the diagonal, either one of the components being known.
The Deutsch de la Muerthe dirigible balloon Ville-de-Paris; an example of the “cigar-shaped” gas envelope.
Taking up again the illustration of the kite flying in a calm, let us construct a few diagrams to show graphically the forces at work upon the kite. Let the heavy line AB represent the centre line of the kite from top to bottom, and C the point where the string is attached, at which point we may suppose all the forces concentrate their action upon the plane of the kite. Obviously, as the flyer of the kite is running in a horizontal direction, the line indicating the pull of the string is to be drawn horizontal. Let it be expressed by CD. The action of the air pressure being at right angles to the plane of the kite, we draw the line CE representing that force. But as this is a pressing force at the point C, we may express it as a pulling force on the other side of the kite by the line CF, equal to CE and in the opposite direction. Another force acting on the kite is its weight—the attraction of gravity acting directly downward, shown by CG. We have given, therefore, the three forces, CD, CF, and CG. We now wish to find the value of the pull on the kite-string, CD, in two other forces, one of which shall be a lifting force, acting directly upward, and the other a propelling force, acting in the direction in which we desire the kite to travel—supposing it to represent an aeroplane for the moment.
We first construct a parallelogram on CF and CG, and draw the diagonal CH, which represents the resultant of those two forces. We have then the two forces CD and CH acting on the point C. To avoid obscuring the diagram with too many lines, we draw a second figure, showing just these two forces acting on the point C. Upon these we construct a new parallelogram, and draw the diagonal CI, expressing their resultant. Again drawing a new diagram, showing this single force CI acting upon the point C, we resolve that force into two components—one, CJ, vertically upward, representing the lift; the other, CK, horizontal, representing the travelling power. If the lines expressing these forces in the diagrams had been accurately drawn to scale, the measurement of the two components last found would give definite results in pounds; but the weight of a kite is too small to be thus diagrammed, and only the principle was to be illustrated, to be used later in the discussion of the aeroplane.