Note G
(From Clement’s “Handbook of Modern Japan”)
LIST OF JAPANESE YEAR PERIODS[1]
The names of these periods are made by the various combinations of 68 Chinese words of good omen.
| Name. | Japanese Era[2] | Christian Era |
|---|---|---|
| Taikwa | 1305 | 645 |
| Hakuchi | 1310 | 650 |
| (Blank) | 1315-1331 | 655-671 |
| Sujaku | 1332 | 672 |
| Hakuhō | 1332 | 672 |
| Shuchō | 1346 | 686 |
| (Blank) | 1347-1360 | 687-700 |
| Daihō [Taihō] | 1361 | 701 |
| Keiun | 1364 | 704 |
| Wadō | 1368 | 708 |
| Reiki | 1375 | 715 |
| Yōrō | 1377 | 717 |
| Jinki | 1384 | 724 |
| Tembiō | 1389 | 729 |
| Tembiō shōhō | 1409 | 749 |
| Tembiō hoji | 1417 | 757 |
| Tembiō jingo | 1425 | 765 |
| Jingō keiun | 1427 | 767 |
| Hōki | 1430 | 770 |
| Tenō | 1441 | 781 |
| Enriaku | 1442 | 782 |
| Daidō | 1466 | 806 |
| Kōnin | 1470 | 810 |
| Tenchō | 1484 | 824 |
| Jōwa | 1494 | 834 |
| Kajō | 1508 | 848 |
| Ninju | 1511 | 851 |
| Saikō | 1514 | 854 |
| Ten-an | 1517 | 857 |
| Jōgwan | 1519 | 859 |
| Gwangiō | 1537 | 877 |
| Ninna | 1545 | 885 |
| Kwampei | 1549 | 889 |
| Shōtai | 1558 | 898 |
| Engi | 1561 | 901 |
| Enchō | 1583 | 923 |
| Jōhei | 1591 | 931 |
| Tengiō | 1598 | 938 |
| Tenriaku | 1607 | 947 |
| Tentoku | 1617 | 957 |
| Owa | 1621 | 961 |
| Kōhō | 1624 | 964 |
| Anna | 1628 | 968 |
| Tenroku | 1630 | 970 |
| Ten-en | 1633 | 973 |
| Jōgen | 1636 | 976 |
| Tengen | 1638 | 978 |
| Eikwan | 1643 | 983 |
| Kwanna | 1645 | 985 |
| Eien | 1647 | 987 |
| Eiso | 1649 | 989 |
| Shōriaku | 1650 | 990 |
| Chōtoku | 1655 | 995 |
| Chōhō | 1659 | 999 |
| Kwankō | 1664 | 1004 |
| Chōwa | 1672 | 1012 |
| Kwannin | 1677 | 1017 |
| Ji-an | 1681 | 1021 |
| Manjū | 1684 | 1024 |
| Chōgen | 1688 | 1028 |
| Chōriaku | 1697 | 1037 |
| Chōkiū | 1700 | 1040 |
| Kwantoku | 1704 | 1044 |
| Eijō | 1706 | 1046 |
| Tengi | 1713 | 1053 |
| Kōhei | 1718 | 1058 |
| Jiriaku | 1725 | 1065 |
| Enkiū | 1729 | 1069 |
| Jōhō | 1734 | 1074 |
| Jōriaku | 1737 | 1077 |
| Eiho | 1741 | 1081 |
| Ōtoku | 1744 | 1084 |
| Kwanji | 1747 | 1087 |
| Kahō | 1754 | 1094 |
| Eichō | 1756 | 1096 |
| Jōtoku | 1757 | 1097 |
| Kōwa | 1759 | 1099 |
| Chōji | 1764 | 1104 |
| Kajō | 1766 | 1106 |
| Tennin | 1768 | 1108 |
| Ten-ei | 1770 | 1110 |
| Eikiū | 1773 | 1113 |
| Gen-ei | 1778 | 1118 |
| Hōan | 1780 | 1120 |
| [Note 1. From official sources.] [Note 2. Beginning 660 b.c.] | ||
| Name. | Japanese Era[2] | Christian Era |
| Tenji | 1784 | 1124 |
| Daiji | 1786 | 1126 |
| Tenjō | 1791 | 1131 |
| Chōjō | 1792 | 1132 |
| Hōen | 1795 | 1135 |
| Eiji | 1801 | 1141 |
| Kōji | 1802 | 1142 |
| Ten-yō | 1804 | 1144 |
| Kiū-an | 1805 | 1145 |
| Nimbiō | 1811 | 1151 |
| Kiūju | 1814 | 1154 |
| Hōgen | 1816 | 1156 |
| Heiji | 1819 | 1159 |
| Eiriaku | 1820 | 1160 |
| Ōhō | 1821 | 1161 |
| Chōkwan | 1823 | 1163 |
| Eiman | 1825 | 1165 |
| Nin-an | 1826 | 1166 |
| Ka-o | 1829 | 1169 |
| Jō-an | 1831 | 1171 |
| Angen | 1835 | 1175 |
| Jishō | 1837 | 1177 |
| Yōwa | 1841 | 1181 |
| Ju-ei | 1842 | 1182 |
| Genriaku | 1844 | 1184 |
| Bunji | 1845 | 1185 |
| Kenkiū | 1850 | 1190 |
| Shōji | 1859 | 1199 |
| Kennin | 1861 | 1201 |
| Genkiū | 1864 | 1204 |
| Ken-ei | 1866 | 1206 |
| Jōgen | 1867 | 1207 |
| Kenriaku | 1871 | 1211 |
| Kempō | 1873 | 1213 |
| Jōkiū | 1879 | 1219 |
| Jō-ō | 1882 | 1222 |
| Gennin | 1884 | 1224 |
| Karoku | 1885 | 1225 |
| Antei | 1887 | 1227 |
| Kwangi | 1889 | 1229 |
| Jō-ei | 1892 | 1232 |
| Tempuku | 1893 | 1233 |
| Bunriaku | 1894 | 1234 |
| Katei | 1895 | 1235 |
| Riakunin | 1898 | 1238 |
| En-o | 1899 | 1239 |
| Ninji | 1900 | 1240 |
| Kwangen | 1903 | 1243 |
| Hōji | 1907 | 1247 |
| Kenchō | 1909 | 1249 |
| Kōgen | 1916 | 1256 |
| Shōka | 1917 | 1257 |
| Shōgen | 1919 | 1259 |
| Bun-ō | 1920 | 1260 |
| Kōchō | 1921 | 1261 |
| Bun-ei | 1924 | 1264 |
| Kenji | 1935 | 1275 |
| Kōan | 1938 | 1278 |
| Shō-ō | 1948 | 1288 |
| Einin | 1953 | 1293 |
| Shōan | 1959 | 1299 |
| Kengen | 1962 | 1302 |
| Kagen | 1963 | 1303 |
| Tokuji | 1966 | 1306 |
| Enkiō | 1968 | 1308 |
| Ōchō | 1971 | 1311 |
| Shōwa | 1972 | 1312 |
| Bumpō | 1977 | 1317 |
| Gen-ō | 1979 | 1319 |
| Genkō | 1981 | 1321 |
| Shōchū | 1984 | 1324 |
| Kariaku | 1986 | 1326 |
| Gentoku | 1989 | 1329 |
| Shōkiō [Genkō] | 1992 | 1332 |
| Kemmu | 1994 | 1334 |
| Rekiō | 1998 | 1338[1] |
| Kōei | 2002 | 1342[1] |
| Jōwa | 2005 | 1345[1] |
| Kwan-ō | 2010 | 1350[1] |
| Bunna | 2012 | 1352[1] |
| Embun | 2016 | 1356[1] |
| Kōan | 2021 | 1361[1] |
| Jōji | 2022 | 1362[1] |
| Ōan | 2028 | 1368[1] |
| Eiwa | 2035 | 1375[1] |
| Kōreki | 2039 | 1379[1] |
| Eitoku | 2041 | 1381[1] |
| Shitoku | 2044 | 1384[1] |
| Kakei | 2047 | 1387[1] |
| Koō | 2049 | 1389[1] |
| Engen | 1996 | 1336[2] |
| Kōkoku | 1999 | 1339[2] |
| (Note 1: Northern Dynasty.) (Note 2: Southern Dynasty.) | ||
| Shōhei | 2006 | 1346[1] |
| Kentoku | 2030 | 1370[1] |
| Bunchū | 2032 | 1372[1] |
| Tenju | 2035 | 1375[1] |
| Kōwa | 2041 | 1381[1] |
| Genchū | 2044 | 1384[1] |
| Meitoku | 2050 | 1390 |
| O-ei | 2054 | 1394 |
| Shōchō | 2088 | 1428 |
| Eikiō | 2089 | 1429 |
| Kakitsu | 2101 | 1441 |
| Bun-an | 2104 | 1444 |
| Hōtoku | 2109 | 1449 |
| Kōtoku | 2112 | 1452 |
| Kōshō | 2115 | 1455 |
| Chōroku | 2117 | 1457 |
| Kwanshō | 2120 | 1460 |
| Bunshō | 2126 | 1466 |
| Ō-nin | 2127 | 1467 |
| Bummei | 2129 | 1469 |
| Chōko | 2147 | 1487 |
| Entoku | 2149 | 1489 |
| Mei-ō | 2152 | 1492 |
| Bunki | 2161 | 1501 |
| Eishō | 2164 | 1504 |
| Dai-ei | 2181 | 1521 |
| Kōroku | 2188 | 1528 |
| Tembun | 2192 | 1532 |
| Kōji | 2215 | 1555 |
| Eiroku | 2218 | 1558 |
| Genki | 2230 | 1570 |
| Tenshō | 2233 | 1573 |
| Bunroku | 2252 | 1592 |
| Keichō | 2256 | 1596 |
| Genna | 2275 | 1615 |
| Kwan-ei | 2284 | 1624 |
| Shōhō | 2304 | 1644 |
| Kei-an | 2308 | 1648 |
| Jō-ō | 2312 | 1652 |
| Meireki | 2315 | 1655 |
| Manji | 2318 | 1658 |
| Kwambun | 2321 | 1661 |
| Empō | 2333 | 1673 |
| Tenna | 2341 | 1681 |
| Jōkiō | 2344 | 1684 |
| Genroku | 2348 | 1688 |
| Hō-ei | 2364 | 1704 |
| Shōtoku | 2371 | 1711 |
| Kiōhō | 2376 | 1716 |
| Gembun | 2396 | 1736 |
| Kwampō | 2401 | 1741 |
| Enkiō | 2404 | 1744 |
| Kwan-en | 2408 | 1748 |
| Hōreki | 2411 | 1751 |
| Meiwa | 2424 | 1764 |
| An-ei | 2432 | 1772 |
| Temmei | 2441 | 1781 |
| Kwansei | 2449 | 1789 |
| Kiōwa | 2461 | 1801 |
| Bunkwa | 2464 | 1804 |
| Bunsei | 2478 | 1818 |
| Tempō | 2490 | 1830 |
| Kōkwa | 2504 | 1844 |
| Ka-ei | 2508 | 1848 |
| Ansei | 2514 | 1854 |
| Man-en | 2520 | 1860 |
| Bunkiū | 2521 | 1861 |
| Genji | 2524 | 1864 |
| Kei-ō | 2525 | 1865 |
| Meiji | 2528 | 1868 |
| (Note 1: Southern Dynasty.) | ||
Note H
(From Clement’s “Handbook of Modern Japan”)
Chronological Table of Emperors and Empresses[1]
| 1. Jimmu (660-585 B.C.) 2. Suizei (581-549) 3. Annei (548-511) 4. Itoku (510-477) 5. Kōshō (475-393) 6. Kōan (392-291) 7. Kōrei (290-215) 8. Kōgen (214-158) 9. Kaikwa (157-98) 10. Sujin (97-30) 11. Suinin (29 B.C.-70 A.D.) 12. Keikō (71-130 A.D.) 13. Seimu (131-190) 14. Chūai (192-200) [15. Jingō[1] (201-269) 16. Ōjin (270-310) 17. Nintoku (313-399) 18. Richū (400-405) 19. Hanzei (406-411) 20. Ingyō (412-453) 21. Ankō (454-456) 22. Yūryaku (457-479) 23. Seinei (480-484) 24. Kensō (485-487) 25. Ninken (488-498) 26. Muretsu (499-506) 27. Keitai (507-531) 28. Ankan (534-535) 29. Senkwa (536-539) 30. Kimmei (540-571) 31. Bidatsu (572-585) 32. Yōmei (586-587) 33. Sujun (588-592) 34. Suiko (593-628) 35. Jomei (629-641) 36. Kōgyoku (642-645) 37. Kōtoku (645-654) 38. Saimei (655-661) 39. Tenchi (668-671) 40. Kōbun (672) 41. Temmu (673-686) 42. Jitō (690-696) 43. Mommu (697-707) 44. Gemmyō (708-715) 45. Genshō (715-723) 46. Shōmu (724-748) 47. Kōken (749-758) 48. Junnin (758-764) 49. Shōtoku (765-770) 50. Kōnin (770-781) 51. Kwammu (782-806) 52. Heizei (806-809) 53. Saga (810-823) 54. Junna (824-833) 55. Nimmyō (834-850) 56. Montoku (851-858) 57. Seiwa (859-876) 58. Yōzei (877-884) 59. Kōkō (885-887) 60. Uda (888-897) 61. Daigo (898-930) 62. Shujaku (931-946) 63. Murakami (947-967) 64. Reizei (968-969) 65. Enyu (970-984) 66. Kwazan (985-986) 67. Ichijō (987-1011) 68. Sanjō (1012-1016) | 69. Go-Ichijō[1] (1017-1036) 70. Go-Shujaku (1037-1045) 71. Go-Reizei (1046-1068) 72. Go-Sanjō (1069-1073) 73. Shirakawa (1073-1086) 74. Horikawa (1087-1107) 75. Toba (1108-1123) 76. Shutoku (1124-1141) 77. Konoye (1142-1155) 78. Go-Shirakawa (1156-1158) 79. Nijō (1159-1165) 80. Rokujō (1166-1168) 81. Takakura (1169-1180) 82. Antoku (1181-1185) 83. Go-Toba (1186-1198) 84. Tsuchimikado (1199-1210) 85. Juntoku (1211-1221) 86. Chūkyō (1222) 87. Go-Horikawa (1222-1232) 88. Shijō (1233-1242) 89. Go-Saga (1243-1246) 90. Go-Fukakusa (1247-1259) 91. Kameyama (1260-1274) 92. Go-Uda (1275-1287) 93. Fushimi (1288-1298) 94. Go-Fushimi (1299-1301) 95. Go-Nijo (1302-1307) 96. Hanazono (1308-1318) 97. Go-Daigo (1319-1338) 98. Go-Murakami (1339-1367) [99. Chōkei (1368-1383)] 100. Go-Kameyama (1383-1392) 101. Go-Komatsu (1392-1412) 102. Shōkō (1413-1428) 103. Go-Hanazono (1429-1464) 104. Go-Tsuchimikado (1465-1500) 105. Go-Kashiwabara (1501-1526) 106. Go-Nara (1527-1557) 107. Ōgimachi (1558-1586) 108. Go-Yōzei (1587-1611) 109. Go-Mizuno-o (1612-1629) 110. Myōshō (1630-1643) 111. Go-Kōmyō (1644-1654) 112. Go-Saiin (1655-1663) 113. Reignen (1663-1686) 114. Higashiyama (1687-1709) 115. Nakano-mikado (1710-1735) 116. Sakuramachi (1736-1746) 117. Momozono (1747-1762) 118. Go-Sakuramachi (1763-1770) 119. Go-Momozono (1771-1779) 120. Kōkaku (1780-1817) 121. Ninkō (1817-1846) 122. Kōmei (1847-1867) 123. Mutsuhito (1867- ) N. B.—Nos. 36 and 38 were the same empress; likewise Nos. 47 and 49. [Note 1: Empresses in Italics. Bracketed names (Nos. 15 and 99) are omitted from some lists.] We append also a list of the sovereigns of the “Northern Court” during the separation, as follows: 1. Kōgon (1332-1335) 2. Kōmyō (1336-1348) 3. Shukō (1349-1352) 4. Go-Kōgon (1352-1371) 5. Go-Enyu (1372-1382) 6. Go-Komatsu (1383-1392) In 1392 Go-Komatsu became emperor over the reunited empire. |
- 1. Jimmu (660-585 B.C.)
- 2. Suizei (581-549)
- 3. Annei (548-511)
- 4. Itoku (510-477)
- 5. Kōshō (475-393)
- 6. Kōan (392-291)
- 7. Kōrei (290-215)
- 8. Kōgen (214-158)
- 9. Kaikwa (157-98)
- 10. Sujin (97-30)
- 11. Suinin (29 B.C.-70 A.D.)
- 12. Keikō (71-130 A.D.)
- 13. Seimu (131-190)
- 14. Chūai (192-200)
- [15. Jingō[1] (201-269)
- 16. Ōjin (270-310)
- 17. Nintoku (313-399)
- 18. Richū (400-405)
- 19. Hanzei (406-411)
- 20. Ingyō (412-453)
- 21. Ankō (454-456)
- 22. Yūryaku (457-479)
- 23. Seinei (480-484)
- 24. Kensō (485-487)
- 25. Ninken (488-498)
- 26. Muretsu (499-506)
- 27. Keitai (507-531)
- 28. Ankan (534-535)
- 29. Senkwa (536-539)
- 30. Kimmei (540-571)
- 31. Bidatsu (572-585)
- 32. Yōmei (586-587)
- 33. Sujun (588-592)
- 34. Suiko (593-628)
- 35. Jomei (629-641)
- 36. Kōgyoku (642-645)
- 37. Kōtoku (645-654)
- 38. Saimei (655-661)
- 39. Tenchi (668-671)
- 40. Kōbun (672)
- 41. Temmu (673-686)
- 42. Jitō (690-696)
- 43. Mommu (697-707)
- 44. Gemmyō (708-715)
- 45. Genshō (715-723)
- 46. Shōmu (724-748)
- 47. Kōken (749-758)
- 48. Junnin (758-764)
- 49. Shōtoku (765-770)
- 50. Kōnin (770-781)
- 51. Kwammu (782-806)
- 52. Heizei (806-809)
- 53. Saga (810-823)
- 54. Junna (824-833)
- 55. Nimmyō (834-850)
- 56. Montoku (851-858)
- 57. Seiwa (859-876)
- 58. Yōzei (877-884)
- 59. Kōkō (885-887)
- 60. Uda (888-897)
- 61. Daigo (898-930)
- 62. Shujaku (931-946)
- 63. Murakami (947-967)
- 64. Reizei (968-969)
- 65. Enyu (970-984)
- 66. Kwazan (985-986)
- 67. Ichijō (987-1011)
- 68. Sanjō (1012-1016)
- 69. Go-Ichijō[1] (1017-1036)
- 70. Go-Shujaku (1037-1045)
- 71. Go-Reizei (1046-1068)
- 72. Go-Sanjō (1069-1073)
- 73. Shirakawa (1073-1086)
- 74. Horikawa (1087-1107)
- 75. Toba (1108-1123)
- 76. Shutoku (1124-1141)
- 77. Konoye (1142-1155)
- 78. Go-Shirakawa (1156-1158)
- 79. Nijō (1159-1165)
- 80. Rokujō (1166-1168)
- 81. Takakura (1169-1180)
- 82. Antoku (1181-1185)
- 83. Go-Toba (1186-1198)
- 84. Tsuchimikado (1199-1210)
- 85. Juntoku (1211-1221)
- 86. Chūkyō (1222)
- 87. Go-Horikawa (1222-1232)
- 88. Shijō (1233-1242)
- 89. Go-Saga (1243-1246)
- 90. Go-Fukakusa (1247-1259)
- 91. Kameyama (1260-1274)
- 92. Go-Uda (1275-1287)
- 93. Fushimi (1288-1298)
- 94. Go-Fushimi (1299-1301)
- 95. Go-Nijo (1302-1307)
- 96. Hanazono (1308-1318)
- 97. Go-Daigo (1319-1338)
- 98. Go-Murakami (1339-1367)
- [99. Chōkei (1368-1383)]
- 100. Go-Kameyama (1383-1392)
- 101. Go-Komatsu (1392-1412)
- 102. Shōkō (1413-1428)
- 103. Go-Hanazono (1429-1464)
- 104. Go-Tsuchimikado (1465-1500)
- 105. Go-Kashiwabara (1501-1526)
- 106. Go-Nara (1527-1557)
- 107. Ōgimachi (1558-1586)
- 108. Go-Yōzei (1587-1611)
- 109. Go-Mizuno-o (1612-1629)
- 110. Myōshō (1630-1643)
- 111. Go-Kōmyō (1644-1654)
- 112. Go-Saiin (1655-1663)
- 113. Reignen (1663-1686)
- 114. Higashiyama (1687-1709)
- 115. Nakano-mikado (1710-1735)
- 116. Sakuramachi (1736-1746)
- 117. Momozono (1747-1762)
- 118. Go-Sakuramachi (1763-1770)
- 119. Go-Momozono (1771-1779)
- 120. Kōkaku (1780-1817)
- 121. Ninkō (1817-1846)
- 122. Kōmei (1847-1867)
- 123. Mutsuhito (1867- )
- N. B.—Nos. 36 and 38 were the same empress; likewise Nos. 47 and 49.
- [Note 1: Empresses in Italics. Bracketed names (Nos. 15 and 99) are omitted from some lists.]
- We append also a list of the sovereigns of the “Northern Court” during the separation, as follows:
- 1. Kōgon (1332-1335)
- 2. Kōmyō (1336-1348)
- 3. Shukō (1349-1352)
- 4. Go-Kōgon (1352-1371)
- 5. Go-Enyu (1372-1382)
- 6. Go-Komatsu (1383-1392)
- In 1392 Go-Komatsu became emperor over the reunited empire.
[Note 1: Go is a prefix signifying the second of the name.]