[66] Kelly, "Coast Miwok Ethnography."
[67] Stephen Powers, Tribes of California (Washington, D.C., 1877), pp. 165, 169, 170, 181; Loeb, Pomo Folkways, pp. 286, 287; Barrett, "Pomo Buildings," p. 11. See also above, p. 261, [n. 42]. I can see no possible relationship between the clear account by Fletcher of self-laceration and Wagner's discussion of tattooing (Drake's Voyage, p. 494, n. 49). As the comparative notes cited clearly show, the tearing of the flesh by the California Indians is no "story" which needs an involved, roundabout, and improbable explanation.
[68] For the Coast Miwok and Pomo words for "sing" see Barrett, Ethno-Geography, word no. 265, pp. 67, 79. The Pomo words are totally unlike Gnaah or koyá. See also Heizer and Elmendorf, "Francis Drake's California Anchorage," pp. 214, 216. There is a logical possibility of a copying error in Gnaah from Fletcher's manuscript notes. If it had originally been written Guaah or Gyaah, it would be very close indeed to koyá.
[69] E. M. Loeb, The Western Kuksu Cult, Univ. Calif. Publ. Am. Arch. and Ethn., Vol. XXXIII, No. 1 (Berkeley, 1932), p. 49, and Pomo Folkways, p. 192; S. A. Barrett, Ceremonies of the Pomo Indians, Univ. Calif. Publ. Am. Arch, and Ethn., Vol. XII, No. 10 (Berkeley, 1917), p. 402, and "Pomo Buildings," p. 11.
[70] Barrett, Ceremonies, p. 403.
[71] Gifford and Kroeber, Culture Element Distributions, IV: Pomo, pp. 207-208; Loeb, Pomo Folkways, p. 366; Barrett, Ceremonies, p. 425. The Kuksu staff was feathered on the end, whereas that of Calnis was somewhat shorter and did not have the feather tuft. Kroeber, Handbook, pp. 261-262; Loeb, The Western Kuksu Cult, pp. 110, 128.
[72] They were manufactured chiefly by the Pomo and Northern Coast Miwok. See E. W. Gifford, Clear Lake Pomo Society, Univ. Calif. Publ. Am. Arch. and Ethn., Vol. XVIII, No. 2 (Berkeley, 1926), pp. 377-388; Kroeber, Handbook, p. 248; Kelly, "Coast Miwok Ethnography"; Gifford and Kroeber, Culture Element Distributions, IV: Pomo, (pp. 186-187).
[73] Dixon, "The Northern Maidu," figs. 29, 30, Pl. XLIX.
[74] Kelly, "Coast Miwok Ethnography."
[75] Barrett, Ceremonies, p. 433; Loeb, Pomo Folkways, p. 178.