| 1. | Ireland. | The Robe. Connaught. |
| India. | The Ravee or Iraotee—here? | |
| 2. | With the ending en. | |
| England. | Various small streams called Raven, Ravenbeck, &c. | |
| France. | The Roubion, affluent of the Rhone—here? | |
From the Sansc. math, to move, are derived, as I take it, Old High German muot, Mod. Germ. muth, Ang.-Sax. môd, courage or spirit, Welsh mwyth, swift, &c., to which I place the following.
| 1. | Switzerland. | The Muotta. Cant. Schwytz. |
| 2. | Compounded with vey, stream or river. | |
| Wales. | The Muthvey. Three rivers. | |
The Sansc. sphar, sphurj, to burst forth, shews the root of a number of words such as spark, spring, spirt, spruce, spry, in which the sense of briskness or liveliness is more or less contained. But the Sansc. sphar or spar must be traced back to a simpler form spa or spe, as found in spew, to vomit, and in the word spa, now confined to medicinal springs.
| 1. | Scotland. | The Spey. Elgin. |
| 2. | With the ending en. | |
| Scotland. | The Spean. | |
| 3. | With the ending er. | |
| Scotland. | The Spear. | |
| Germany. | Spira, 8th cent., now the Speier. | |
| The Spree. Joins the Havel. | ||
Derived forms from the above root are also the following, which correspond more closely with Germ. sprütsen, Ang.-Sax. sprytan, Eng. spirt, Ital. sprizzare. And I think that most of these names are probably German.
| England. | The Sprint, a small stream in Westmoreland. |
| Germany. | Sprazah, 9th cent., some stream in Lower Austria. |
| The Sprotta in Silesia. | |
| Sprenzala, 8th cent., now the Sprenzel. | |
| Spurchine(bach),[45] 9th cent., now the Spirckel(bach). | |
| Eu. Turkey. | The Spressa. Joins the Bosna. |
In the preceding chapter I have treated of the root al, el, il, to go, and various of its derivations. There is another, alac, alc, ilc, which, as it seems most probably either to have the meaning of swiftness, as in the Lat. alacer, or of tortuousness, as in the Greek ἑλικος, I include in this place.
| 1. | Russia. | The Ilek. Joins the Ural. |
| Sicily. | Halycus ant., now the Platani. | |
| Asia Minor. | Alces ant. Bithynia. | |
| 2. | Compounded with may, main, river. | |
| Siberia. | The Olekma. Joins the Lena. | |
| Germany. | Alkmana, 8th century, now the Altmühl. | |
| Greece. | Haliacmon ant., now the Vistritsa. | |
From the Welsh tarddu, to burst forth, we may take the following. There does not seem any connection between this and the root of dart (jaculum); the latter from the first signifies penetration, and in river-names comes before us in the oblique sense of clearness or transparency.