BY
ROBERT GRANT WATSON,
EDITOR OF “MURRAY’S HANDBOOK OF GREECE,” FOURTH EDITION, 1872.
IN TWO VOLUMES.
VOL. II.
LONDON:
TRÜBNER & CO., LUDGATE HILL.
1884.
[All rights reserved.]
Ballantyne Press
BALLANTYNE, HANSON AND CO.
EDINBURGH AND LONDON
CONTENTS OF VOL. II.
| PAGE | |
| [CHAPTER I.] | |
|---|---|
| Brazil; The Dutch War: 1623-1637 | [1] |
| [CHAPTER II.] | |
| Brazil; The Dutch War. Government of Count Maurice of Nassau: 1638-1644 | [22] |
| [CHAPTER III.] | |
| Brazil; The Dutch War; Rising of the Portuguese: 1644-1645 | [42] |
| [CHAPTER IV.] | |
| Brazil; Conclusion of the Dutch War: 1646-1661 | [53] |
| [CHAPTER V.] | |
| Jesuit Missions in Northern Brazil: 1652-1662 | [76] |
| [CHAPTER VI.] | |
| Establishment of the French in South America: 1657-1696 | [95] |
| [CHAPTER VII.] | |
| Brazil; its Progress during the Seventeenth Century: 1600-1700 | [112] |
| [CHAPTER VIII.] | |
| Peru; Progress of the Viceroyalty: 1551-1774 | [126] |
| [CHAPTER IX.] | |
| Viceroyalty of New Granada: 1535-179O | [146] |
| [CHAPTER X.] | |
| Chili; Progress of the Colony: 1604-1792 | [159] |
| [CHAPTER XI.] | |
| Brazil; Discovery of the Mines; Attempt of the French on Rio de Janeiro: 1702-1720 | [169] |
| [CHAPTER XII.] | |
| Brazil; Discovery of the Diamond District: 1724-1749 | [186] |
| [CHAPTER XIII.] | |
| Progress of Buenos Ayres: 1580-1800 | [203] |
| [CHAPTER XIV.] | |
| Brazil; the War of the Seven Reductions: 1750-1761 | [218] |
| [CHAPTER XV.] | |
| Expulsion of the Jesuits from Portugal and Brazil: 1759-1767 | [232] |
| [CHAPTER XVI.] | |
| Expulsion of the Jesuits from Buenos Ayres and Paraguay: 1749-1805 | [247] |
| [CHAPTER XVII.] | |
| Brazil in the Eighteenth Century; Arrival of the Braganzas: 1776-1806 | [256] |
| [CHAPTER XVIII.] | |
| English Expeditions to La Plata, under Beresford, Auchmuty, and Whitelocke: 1806-1807 | [271] |
| Appendix | [295] |
SOUTH AMERICA.
Book II.
CHAPTER I.
BRAZIL; THE DUTCH WAR.
1623-1637.
The appearance of the Dutch as actors on the Brazilian stage arose, as might be expected, from the connection of the Low Countries with Spain and from that of Spain with Portugal. Their success in attacking the sources of their enemy’s supplies in the East led to the establishment of a West Indian Company, the chief object of which was to make conquests in Brazil. A fleet was fitted out under the command of Willekens, who had under him the celebrated Peter Heyne. The religious intolerance from which the Dutch had themselves so terribly suffered at the hands of their Spanish rulers had taught them to be tolerant in such matters towards others, and to this circumstance they were now indebted for much valuable information respecting Brazil, which they received from the Jews who had taken refuge amongst them.
The Dutch fleet sailed at the close of 1623, and when they had crossed the line, the commander found that his sealed instructions directed him to attack S. Salvador. A storm, however, interrupted this programme; and Willekens, on reaching the neighbourhood of Bahia, was compelled to delay for some days, awaiting his comrades. On the news of his approach being communicated to the governor, it was received at first with Brazilian apathy, which, however, was succeeded by alarm on his strength being correctly reported. The colonial forces were mustered for the defence of their possessions; but, as no immediate attack was made, alarm in time again gave way to apathy, and the colonists dispersed to attend to their individual concerns. When Willekens had collected his fleet, he found S. Salvador undefended; and on the following day he took possession of the place without opposition. In this easy manner the Dutch, without having had to strike a blow, became masters of the capital of Brazil.
Willekens had with him a soldier of experience, Van Dort, who now took the command on shore. The fortifications were repaired, and proclamations were issued offering full possession of their property and freedom of worship to all such as would submit. Amongst those who were thus brought under Dutch rule were two hundred Jews. The Brazilian authorities, who imagined that this was merely a predatory expedition on the part of the Dutch, such as they had become more or less accustomed to on the part of Englishmen or Frenchmen, were astonished to find that the Hollanders meant to keep possession of what they had taken. Their national spirit revived with the realization of this fact; and as a consequence measures were concerted to recover their honour and their property. The governor having been taken prisoner, the bishop and other chief persons opened his succession papers, by which they found that their obedience was now due to the governor of Pernambuco. Messengers were accordingly sent to advise him of his new position, and meanwhile the command was vested in the bishop Teixeira. His force consisted of fourteen hundred Portuguese and two hundred and fifty natives, with which he established a fortified camp about a league from the city, procuring three guns from a vessel which had taken refuge in one of the rivers of the Reconcave.