CONTENTS.

[CHAPTER I.]
The Steam-Engine as a Simple Machine.
PAGE
Section I.—The Period of Speculation—From Hero to Worcester, b. c. 200 toa. d. 1650[1]
Introduction—the Importance of the Steam-Engine, [1]; Hero and his Treatiseon Pneumatics, [4]; Hero’s Engines, b. c. 200, [8];William of Malmesbury on Steam, a. d. 1150, [10]; Hieronymus Cardan on Steam and theVacuum, [10]; Malthesius on the Power of Steam, a. d. 1571, [10];Jacob Besson on the Generation of Steam, a. d. 1578, [11]; Ramelli’s Work onMachines, a. d. 1588, [11]; Leonardo da Vinci on the Steam-Gun, [12];Blasco de Garay’s Steamer, a. d. 1543, [12]; Battista della Porta’sSteam-Engine, a. d. 1601, [13]; Florence Rivault on the Force of Steam,a. d. 1608, [15]; Solomon de Caus’s Apparatus, a. d. 1615,[16]; Giovanni Branca’s Steam-Engine, a. d. 1629, [16];David Ramseye’s Inventions, a. d. 1630, [17]; Bishop John Wilkins’s Schemes,a. d. 1648, [18]; Kircher’s Apparatus, [19].
Section II.—The Period of Application—Worcester, Papin, and Savery[19]
Edward Somerset, Marquis of Worcester, a. d. 1663, [19];Worcester’s Steam Pumping-Engines, [21]; Jean Hautefeuille’s Alcohol and Gunpowder Engines,a. d. 1678, [24]; Huyghens’s Gunpowder-Engine, a. d. 1680,[25]; Invention in Great Britain, [26]; Sir Samuel Morland, a. d.1683, [27]; Thomas Savery and his Engine, a. d. 1698, [31];Desaguliers’s Savery Engines, a. d. 1718, [41]; Denys Papin and his Work,a. d. 1675, [45]; Papin’s Engines, a. d. 1685-1695,[50]; Papin’s Steam-Boilers, [51].
[CHAPTER II.]
The Steam-Engine as a Train of Mechanism.
The Modern Type as developed by Newcomen, Beighton, and Smeaton[55]
Defects of the Savery Engine, [55]; Thomas Newcomen, a. d. 1705,[57]; the Newcomen Steam Pumping-Engine, [59]; Advantages of Newcomen’s Engine,[60]; Potter’s and Beighton’s Improvements, a. d. 1713-’18,[61]; Smeaton’s Newcomen Engines, a. d. 1775, [64]; Operationof the Newcomen Engine, [65]; Power and Economy of the Engine, [69]; Introduction of theNewcomen Engine, [70].
[CHAPTER III.]
The Development of the Modern Steam-Engine. James Watt and his Contemporaries.
Section I.—James Watt and his Inventions[79]
James Watt, his Birth and Parentage, [79]; his Standing in School, [81]; helearns his Trade in London, [81]; Return to Scotland and Settlement in Glasgow, [82]; theNewcomen Engine Model, [83]; Discovery of Latent Heat, [84]; Sources of Loss in the NewcomenEngine, [85]; Facts experimentally determined by Watt, [86]; Invention of the Separate Condenser,[87]; the Steam-Jacket and other Improvements, [90]; Connection with Dr. Roebuck,[91]; Watt meets Boulton, [93]; Matthew Boulton, [93]; Boulton’sEstablishment at Soho, [95]; the Partnership of Boulton and Watt, [97]; the Kinneil Engine,[97]; Watt’s Patent of 1769, [98]; Work of Boulton and Watt, [101];the Rotative Engine, [103]; the Patent of 1781, [104]; the Expansion of Steam—itsEconomy, [105]; the Double-Acting Engine, [110]; the “Compound” Engine,[110]; the Steam-Hammer, [111]; Parallel Motions, the Counter, [112]; theThrottle-Valve and Governor, [114]; Steam, Vacuum, and Water Gauges, [116]; Boulton &Watt’s Mill-Engine, [118]; the Albion Mill and its Engine, [119]; the Steam-EngineIndicator, [123]; Watt in Social Life, [125]; Discovery of the Composition of Water,[126]; Death of James Watt, [128]; Memorials and Souvenirs, [128].
Section II.—The Contemporaries of James Watt[132]
William Murdoch and his Work, [132]; Invention of Gas-Lighting, [134];Jonathan Hornblower and the Compound Engine, [135]; Causes of the Failure of Hornblower, [137];William Bull and Richard Trevithick, [138]; Edward Cartwright and his Engine, [140].
[CHAPTER IV.]
The Modern Steam-Engine.
The Second Period of Application—1800-1850—Steam-Locomotion on Railroads[144]
Introduction, [144]; the Non-Condensing Engine and the Locomotive, [147];Newton’s Locomotive, 1680, [149]; Nathan Read’s Steam-Carriage, [150];Cugnot’s Steam-Carriage, 1769, [151]; the Model Steam-Carriage of Watt and Murdoch, 1784, [153]; Oliver Evans and his Plans, 1786, [153]; Evans’s Oruktor Amphibolis, 1804,[157]; Richard Trevithick’s Steam-Carriage, 1802, [159]; Steam-Carriages of Griffithsand others, [160]; Steam-Carriages of Goldsworthy Gurney, 1827, [161]; Steam-Carriages ofWalter Hancock, 1831, [165]; Reports to the House of Commons, 1831, [170]; the Introduction ofthe Railroad, [172]; Richard Trevithick’s Locomotives, 1804, [174]; John Stevens and theRailroad, 1812, [178]; William Hedley’s Locomotives, 1812, [181]; George Stephenson,[183]; Stephenson’s Killingworth Engine, 1813, [186]; Stephenson’s SecondLocomotive, 1815, [187]; Stephenson’s Safety-Lamp, 1815, [187]; Robert Stephenson &Co., 1824, [190]; the Stockton & Darlington Engine, 1825, [191]; the Liverpool &Manchester Railroad, 1826, [193]; Trial of Competing Engines at Rainhill, 1829, [195]; theRocket and the Novelty, [198]; Atmospheric Railways, [201]; Character of GeorgeStephenson, [204]; the Locomotive of 1833,[204]; Introduction of Railroads in Europe, [206]; Introduction of Railroads in the UnitedStates, [207]; John Stevens’s Experimental Railroad, 1825, [207]; Horatio Allen and the“Stourbridge Lion,” 1829, [208]; Peter Cooper’s Engine, 1829, [209]; E. L.Miller and the S. C. Railroad, 1830, [210]; the “American” Type of Engine of John B. Jervis, 1832,[212]; Robert L. Stevens and the T-rail, 1830, [214]; Matthias W. Baldwin and his Engine, 1831,[215]; Robert Stephenson on the Growth of the Locomotive, [220].
[CHAPTER V.]
The Modern Steam-Engine.
The Second Period of Application—1800-1850 (continued)—The Steam-Engine appliedto Ship-Propulsion[221]
Introduction, [221]; Ancient Prophecies, [223]; the Earliest Paddle-Wheel,[223]; Blasco de Garay’s Steam-Vessel, 1543, [224]; Experiments of Dionysius Papin,1707, [224]; Jonathan Hulls’s Steamer, 1736, [225]; Bernouilli and Gauthier,[228]; William Henry, 1782, [230]; the Comte d’Auxiron, 1772, [232];the Marquis de Jouffroy, 1776, [233]; James Rumsey, 1774, [234]; John Fitch, 1785,[235]; Fitch’s Experiments on the Delaware, 1787, [237]; Fitch’s Experimentsat New York, 1796, [240]; the Prophecy of John Fitch, [241]; Patrick Miller, 1786-’87,[241]; Samuel Morey, 1793, [243]; Nathan Read, 1788, [244]; Dundas andSymmington, 1801, [246]; Henry Bell and the Comet, 1811, [248]; Nicholas Roosevelt, 1798,[250]; Robert Fulton, 1802, [251]; Fulton’s Torpedo-Vessels, 1801, [252]; Fulton’s First Steamboat, 1803, [253]; the Clermont, 1807, [257]; Voyage of the Clermont to Albany, [259]; Fulton’s Later Steamboats,[260]; Fulton’s War-Steamer Fulton the First, 1815, [261]; Oliver Evans, 1804,[263]; John Stevens’s Screw-Steamer, 1804, [264]; Stevens’s Steam-Boilers, 1804,[264]; Stevens’s Iron-Clad, 1812, [268]; Robert L. Stevens’s Improvements,[270]; the “Stevens Cut-off,” 1841, [276]; the Stevens Iron-Clad, 1837,[277]; Robert L. Thurston and John Babcock, 1821, [280]; James P. Allaire and the Messrs.Copeland, [281]; Erastus W. Smith’s Compound Engine, [283]; Steam-Navigation on WesternRivers, 1811, [283]; Ocean Steam-Navigation, 1808, [285]; the Savannah, 1819,[286]; the Sirius and the Great Western, 1838, [289]; the Cunard Line, 1840,[290]; the Collins Line, 1851, [291]; the Side-Lever Engine, [292];Introduction of Screw-Steamers, [293]; John Ericsson’s Screw-Vessels, 1836, [294];Francis Pettit Smith, 1837, [296]; the Princeton, 1841, [297]; Advantages of the Screw,[299]; the Screw on the Ocean, [300]; Obstacles to Improvement, [301];Changes in Engine-Construction, [302]; Conclusion, [303].
[CHAPTER VI.]
The Steam-Engine of To-Day.
The Period of Refinement—1850 to Date[303]
Condition of the Steam-Engine at this Time, [303]; the Later Development of the Engine,[304]; Stationary Steam-Engines, [307]; the Steam-Engine for Small Powers,[307]; the Horizontal Engine with Meyer Valve-Gear, [311]; the Allen Engine,[314]; its Performance, [316]; the Detachable Valve-Gear, [316];the Sickels Cut-off, [317]; Expansion adjusted by the Governor, [318]; the Corliss Engine,[319]; the Greene Engine, [321]; Perkins’s Experiments, [323]; Dr. Alban’s Work, [325];the Perkins Compound Engine, [327]; the Modern Pumping-Engine, [328]; the Cornish Engine,[328]; the Steam-Pump, [331]; the Worthington Pumping-Engine, [333]; theCompound Beam and Crank Engine, [335]; the Leavitt Pumping-Engine, [336]; the StationarySteam-Boiler, [338]; “Sectional” Steam-Boilers, [343]; “Performance”of Boilers, [344].
Section II.—Portable and Locomotive Engines.[347]
The Semi-Portable Engine, [348]; Performance of Portable Engines, [350];their Efficiency, [352]; the Hoadley Engine, [354]; the Mills Farm and Road Engine,[356]; Fisher’s Steam-Carriage, [356]; Performance of Road-Engines, [357]; Trial of Road-Locomotives by the Author, [358]; Conclusions, [358];the Steam Fire-Engine, [360]; the Rotary Steam-Engine and Pump, [365]; the Modern Locomotive,[368]; Dimensions and Performance, [373]; Compound Engines for Locomotives,[376]; Extent of Modern Railroads, [378];
Section III.—Marine Engines.[379]
The Modern Marine Engine, [379]; the American Beam Engine, [379]; theOscillating Engine and Feathering Wheel, [381]; the two “Rhode Islands,” [382];River-Boat Engines on the Mississippi, [384]; Steam Launches and Yachts, [386]; MarineScrew-Engines, [389]; the Marine Compound Engine, [390]; its Introduction by John Elder andothers, [393]; Comparison with the Single-Cylinder Engine, [395]; its Advantages, [396]; the Surface Condenser, [397]; Weight of Machinery, [398]; MarineEngine Performance, [398]; Relative Economy of Simple and Compound Engines, [399]; theScrew-Propeller, [399]; Chain-Propulsion, or Wire-Rope Towage, [402]; Marine Steam-Boilers,[403]; the Modern Steamship, [405]; Examples of Merchant Steamers, [406];Naval Steamers—Classification, [409]; Examples of Iron-Clad Steamers, [412]; Power of theMarine Engine, [415]; Conclusion, [417].
[CHAPTER VII.]
The Philosophy of the Steam-Engine.
The History of its Growth; Energetics and Thermo-dynamics[419]
General Outline, [419]; Origin of its Power, [419]; Scientific Principlesinvolved in its Operation, [420]; the Beginnings of Modern Science, [421]; the AlexandrianMuseum, [422]; the Aristotelian Philosophy, [424]; the Middle Ages, [426];Galileo’s Work, [428]; Da Vinci and Stevinus, [429]; Kepler, Hooke, and Huyghens,[429]; Newton and the New Mechanical Philosophy, [430]; the Inception of the Science ofEnergetics, [433]; the Persistence of Energy, [433]; Rumford’s Experiments,[434]; Fourier, Carnot, Seguin, [437]; Mayer and the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat,[438]; Joule’s Determination of its Value, [438]; Prof. Rankine’s Investigations,[442]; Clausius-Thompson’s Principles, [444]; Experimental Work of Boyle, Black, andWatt, [446]; Robison’s, Dalton’s, Ure’s, and Biot’s Study of Pressures and Temperatures ofSteam, [447]; Arago’s and Dulong’s Researches, [447]; Franklin InstituteInvestigation, [447]; Cagniard de la Tour—Faraday, [447]; Dr. Andrews and the CriticalPoint, [448]; Donny’s and Dufour’s Researches, [448]; Regnault’sDetermination of Temperatures and Pressures of Steam, [449]; Hirn’s Experiments, [450];Résumé of the Philosophy of the Steam-Engine, [451]; Energy—Definitions and Principles,[451]; its Measure, [452]; the Laws of Energetics, [453];Thermo-dynamics, [453]; its Beginnings, [454]; its Laws, [454];Rankine’s General Equation, [455]; Rankine’s Treatise on the Theory of Heat-Engines,[456]; Merits of the Great Philosopher, [456].
[CHAPTER VIII.]
The Philosophy of the Steam-Engine.
Its Application; its Teachings Respecting the Construction of the Engineand its Improvement[457]
Origin of all Energy, [457]; the Progress of Energy through Boiler and Engine,[458]; Conditions of Heat-Development in the Boiler, [458]; the Steam in the Engine,[458]; the Expansion of Steam, [459]; Conditions of Heat-Utilization, [460]; Loss of Power in the Engine, [462]; Conditions affecting the Design of the Steam-Engine,[466]; the Problem stated, [466]; Economy as affected by Pressure and Temperature,[467]; Changes which have already occurred, [468]; Direction of Changes now in Progress,[470]; Summary of Facts, [471]; Characteristics of a Good Steam-Engine,[473]; Principles of Steam-Boiler Construction, [476].

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

[Frontispiece]: The Grecian Idea of the Steam-Engine.