[¶] The true Italian ō is broader than this: almost as in broth.
Inverted Comma and Apostrophe.—The inverted comma ʿ is employed only to represent the Arabic ʿain, ع, and the Hebrew ʿayin, ע. The apostrophe ’ in foreign words indicates a liquid sound. (See below.)
Liquid Sounds.—The occasional “liquid” or “palatalised” sound of d, l, n, r, t, etc. (as in d’you, lure, new, clarion, tune), is as a rule sufficiently represented by a following y; where, however, owing to a following consonant, or to the letter in question coming at the end of a word, the y is inapplicable, the liquid sound will be represented by an apostrophe, thus: d’, l’, n’, r’, t’, etc.
The “Neutral Vowel”.—The “indeterminate” or “neutral” vowel sound (er), i.e. the sound of a in marine, e in often, i in stir, io in nation, o in connect, ou in curious, u in difficult, etc., e in French je, or the often unwritten vowel (َ Fat-ha) in Arabic, etc., is represented as a rule by a: as in Basra, Hawiya; but sometimes by e, when the sound approximates more to e than to a: as Meshed, El Gezira.
(In any guide to pronunciation issued by the Permanent Committee on Geographical Names, the “neutral vowel” is represented generally by the italic e: occasionally also by italic a or u.)
This sound must not be confused with e-mute, where the e is not sounded at all: as in Abbeville.
ON THE GIVING OF NAMES TO NEWLY-DISCOVERED PLACES.
The Council of the Royal Geographical Society would urge upon all travellers that in giving names to any new discoveries which they may make they should be guided by the following restrictions, which, until comparatively recent years, were commonly observed:—
1. That before putting forward any personal or fanciful name the traveller should do his best to ascertain that no local name exists, and where none is forthcoming should further consider whether one might not conveniently be derived from the vicinity, e.g., from an adjacent stream, or pasture, or glacier, or from some characteristic of the natural object itself.