The Middle Kingdom, Volume 1 (of 2) / A Survey of the Geography, Government, Literature, Social Life, Arts, and History of the Chinese Empire and its Inhabitants

by S. Wells Williams

[257] Compare the Chinese Repository, Vol. XVIII., p. 207.

[258] Chinese Repository, Vol. IV., p. 218.

[259] Compare Doolittle, Social Life of the Chinese, Vol. I., p. 330.

[260] Heeren, Asiatic Nations, Vol. II., p. 259. Raffles, Java, Vol. II. App. Biot, L’Instruction publique, pp. 59, 200.

[261] Chinese Repository, Vol. XI., p. 630.

[262] Compare Dr. Milne, in Transactions R. A. S. of Gr. Brit. and Irel., Vol. I., p. 240 (1825). Journal of the R. A. S., Vol. I., p. 93, and Vol. VI., p. 120. Chinese Repository, Vol. XVIII., pp. 280-295. A. Wylie, in the Shanghai Almanac for 1854. Notes and Queries on C. and J., Vol. III., p. 55. T. T. Meadows, The Chinese and their Rebellions, London, 1856. Gustave Schlegel, Thian Ti Hwui, the Hung-League or Heaven-Earth-League. A Secret Society with the Chinese in China and India, Batavia, 1866.

[263] Missionary Chronicle, Vol. XIV., p. 140. Smith’s China, p. 250.

[264] For cases of this sort in Cambodia, Rémusat makes mention of a variety of ordeals which curiously resemble those resorted to on the continent of Europe during the Middle Ages. Nouveaux Mélanges, Tome I., p. 126.

[265] Heeren informs us that a similar insignia was used in Persia in early days.

[266] W. C. Milne, Life in China, London, 1857, p. 99.