[20] Rubinow, op. cit., p. 556.

[21] Ruppin, op. cit., p. 100.

[22] Rubinow, op. cit., p. 493.

[23] Ruppin, op. cit., p. 19.

[24] Ruppin, op. cit., p. 65.

[25] Rubinow, op. cit., pp. 577-578.

[26] In a personal communication to the writer, Dr. Rubinow gives it as his opinion that the Jews as a group consisting primarily of artisans and merchants will show a very much higher rate of literacy than a group of factory employes, and, we may add, of unskilled laborers, to which groups the majority of the non-Jews in the towns belong.

[27] Ruppin, op. cit., p. 62.

[28] On the economic activities and social characteristics of the Jews in Roumania, cf. Ruppin, Die Juden in Rumänien, p. 27 et seq.

[29] Enquête sur les artisans (Bucarest, 1909), p. 157 et seq.