Oman, C. The Political History of England. Vol. iv. From the Accession of Richard II. to the Death of Richard III. (1377-1485).
Fisher, H. A. L. The Political History of England. Vol. v. From the Accession of Henry VII. to the Death of Henry VIII. (1485-1547).[Back to Contents]
INDEX
TO
THE FIRST VOLUME
Aaron, martyrdom of, [23].
Aclea, battle of, [57].
Acre, captured by the Crusaders, [161];
Edward I. at, [204].
Adrian IV. grants Ireland to Henry II., [152].
Adulterine castles, [137].
Aedan, king of the Scots, is defeated at Degsastan, [42].
Ælfgar, earl of the Mercians, [90].
Ælfgifu, wife of Eadwig, [65], [66].
Ælfheah, Archbishop, murdered by the Danes, [82].
Ælfred, his struggle with the Danes, [58];
his position after the Treaty of Wedmore, [59];
gains London, ib.;
character of his work, [60].
Ælfred the Ætheling, murder of, [85], [86].
Ælfthryth, wife of Eadgar, [78].
Ælla, king of Deira, slave-boys from his kingdom found at Rome, [38].
Æscesdun, battle of, [58].
Æthelbald, king of the Mercians, [53].
Æthelbald, king of the West Saxons, [57].
Æthelberht, king of Kent, his supremacy, [38];
becomes a Christian, [39];
helps Augustine to set up bishoprics, [40];
death of, [41].
Æthelberht, king of the West Saxons, [57].
Æthelflæd, the Lady of the Mercians, [62].
Æthelfrith, king of North-humberland, his struggle with the northern Welsh, [41];
defeats the Scots at Degsastan, [42];
and the Kymry near Chester, [43];
is defeated and slain by Eadwine, ib.
Æthelred, ealdorman of Mercia, [60].
Æthelred, king of the West Saxons, his struggle with the Danes, [58], [62].
Æthelred the Unready, his relations with the Danes, [79];
and with the Normans, [80];
orders a massacre of the Danes, [81];
flies to Normandy, [82];
returns and dies, [83].
Æthelric unites North-humberland, [41].
Æthelstan, reign of, [63].
Æthelstan, the Half-King, [73].
Æthelwold drives secular canons from Winchester, [68].
Æthelwulf defeats the Northmen, [57].
Aëtius refuses help to the Britons, [26].
Agincourt, battle of, [302].
Agricola, campaigns of, [16];
forts built by, [17].
Agriculture in Eadgar's time, [75].
Aidan establishes himself in Holy Island, [47];
his relations with Oswald, ib.;
and with Oswine, ib.
Alban, martyrdom of, [23].
Albany, the Duke of, suspected of the murder of the Duke of Rothesay, [295];
is regent of Scotland, [296].
Albigeois, the, crusade against, [193].
Albin, probable Iberian derivation of the name, 6.
Albion, see [Albin].
Alcluyd (Dumbarton), the capital of Strathclyde, [43].
Alexander, bishop of Lincoln, [134].
Alexander III., king of Scotland, death of, [214].
Alexander III., Pope, shrinks from supporting Archbishop Thomas, [145].
Alexander IV., Pope, confirms a grant of Sicily to Edmund Crouchback, [197].
Allectus asserts a claim to the Empire, [22].
Alnwick, Malcolm Canmore slain at, [119];
William the Lion captured at, [154];
dismantled, [296].
Ambresbyrig (Amesbury) named from Ambrosius, [34].
Ambrosius fights with the West Saxons, [34].
Ambrosius Aurelianus, fights with the Jutes, [27].
Amiens, the mise of, [200].
Anderida destroyed by the South Saxons, [28].
Andred's Wood covers the Weald, [27].
Angevin kings, Church and State under, [165];
growth of learning under, [167];
growth of commerce under, [168];
architectural changes under, [170].
Angles ravage Roman Britain, [24];
settle in Britain, [28];
advance gradually, [36];
see [Bernicia], [Deira], [East Anglia], [Mercia], [North-humberland].
Anglesea, see [Mona].
Anjou, Geoffrey, Count of, [131];
united with Normandy, [137];
declares for Arthur, [174];
conquered by Philip II., [176];
English forays in, [317].
Anne of Beaujeu, policy of, [348].
Anne of Bohemia marries Richard II., [278].
Anne of Brittany is married to Maximilian by proxy, [349];
married to Charles VIII., [349].
Anselm acknowledges Ælfheah to be a martyr, [82];
character of, [117];
becomes Archbishop of Canterbury, [118];
quarrels with William II., ib.;
his relations with Henry I., [125].
Antoninus Pius, wall of, [17].
Appellant, the Lords, [279].
Aquitaine, Duchy of, passes to Henry II. by his marriage, [137];
is given to Richard, [155];
divided in language and character from the North of France, [176];
intrigues of Philip IV. in, [218];
efforts of Philip VI. to gain, [234];
ceded to Edward III., [253];
the Black Prince made Duke of, [254];
resistance to the Black Prince in, [256];
almost wholly lost, [257];
complete loss of, [320].
Aquæ Sulis (Bath) subdued by the West Saxons, [35].
Archers employed at Senlac, [96];
armed with the long bow at Falkirk, [221];
improperly employed at Bannockburn, [226];
effect of, at Halidon Hill, [234];
drawn from the yeomen, [236];
win the battle of Creçy, [242];
are successful at Poitiers, [251].
Architecture before the Conquest, [51];
Norman, [89];
under the Angevins, [170];
Early English style of, [207];
Decorated and Perpendicular styles of, [247];
later development of, [358].
Arles, Council of, [23].
Armagnac, the Count of, establishes a reign of terror, [303];
murder of, [304].
Armagnacs, party of the, oppose the Burgundians, [296];
relations of Henry IV. with, [299];
make war with the Burgundians, [301];
insurrection of the Parisians against, [304].
Army, the, the folk-moot in arms, [33];
Ælfred's organisation of, [60];
under William I., [104], [106];
reorganised by Henry II., [141];
its condition under Edward III., [236].
Arras, congress at, [313];
Treaty of, [337].
Arteveldt, Jacob van, [235].
Arteveldt, Philip van, [278].
Arthur, legend of, [33].
Arthur, nephew of John, descent of, [173];
murder of, [174].
Arthur, Prince of Wales, marriage and death of, [356].
Arundel, Archbishop of Canterbury, banished, [282];
his position under Henry IV., [292];
deprived of the Chancellorship, [299];
Oldcastle tried before, [300].
Arundel, the Earl of, opposes Richard II., [279];
executed, [282].
Aryans, the, [5].
Assandun, battle of, [83].
Asser, life of Ælfred by, [61].
Assize of Arms, [154].
Assize of Clarendon, see [Clarendon].
Athelney, Ælfred takes refuge in, [58].
Augustine preaches to the men of Kent, [39];
becomes Archbishop of Canterbury and founds other bishoprics, [40];
fails to obtain the co-operation of the Welsh bishops, [41].
Aumale, Earl of, surrenders his castles to Hubert de Burgh, [187].
Austria, imprisonment of Richard I. in, [161].
Avice of Gloucester divorced by John, [174].
Avignon, the Popes at, [257].
Badby burnt as a heretic, [298].
Badon, Mount, see [Mount Badon].
Balliol, Edward, wins and loses the crown of Scotland, [232], [233].
Balliol, John, descent of, [215];
declared King of Scotland, [216];
is defeated and surrenders the crown, [219].
Bamborough, Ida's fortress at, [36];
Mowbray besieged in, [120].
Bangor-iscoed, monastery at, [42];
slaughter of the monks of, [43].
Bannockburn, battle of, [226].
Barnet, battle of, [334].
Basques, the, Iberian descent of, [5].
Bath, see [Aquæ Sulis].
Battle Abbey, site of, [96].
Baugé, battle of, [306].
Bayeux Tapestry, the, [98].
Bayonne taken by the French, [320].
Bears, performing, [275].
Beaufort, Henry, Bishop of Winchester, becomes Chancellor, [299];
invites Parliament to support Henry V., [301];
opposes Gloucester, [308];
becomes a cardinal, [309];
continues his opposition to Gloucester, [314];
policy of, [317];
death of, [318].
Bec, Abbey of, [89], [117].
Becket, see [Thomas], Archbishop of Canterbury.
Bede, Ecclesiastical History of, [52].
Bedford, West Saxon victory at, [35];
castle of Faukes de Breauté at, [187].
Bedford, John, Duke of, brother of Henry V., sent to secure Harfleur, [303];
Regent of France, [307];
marries the Duke of Burgundy's sister, ib.;
defeats the French at Verneuil, [308];
returns to England, [312];
death of, [313].
Belgians land in Britain, [8].
Bellême, see [Robert of Bellême].
Benedict of Nursia establishes the Benedictine rule, [40].
Benedictines, monasteries of the, [128].
Benevolences invented by Edward IV., [335];
abolished by Richard III., [342].
Bensington, Mercian victory at, [53].
Berengaria marries Richard I., [161].
Bernard du Guesclin, see [Du Guesclin].
Bernicia, formation of the kingdom of, [36];
is merged for a time in North-humberland, [41];
is untouched by the preaching of Paulinus, [46];
is finally merged in North-humberland, [48];
maintains its independence after the Danish conquest, [59].
Bertha obtains from Æthelberht a disused church, [38].
Bigod, Hugh, appointed justiciar by the barons, [199].
Bigod, Roger, Earl of Norfolk, resists Edward I., [220].
Black Death, the, [248], [259].
Black Prince, the, fights at Creçy, [242];
ravages the south of France, and defeats the French at Poitiers, [251];
his courtesy to King John, [252];
is sent to Aquitaine, [254];
his expedition into Spain, [255];
taxes Aquitaine, [256];
loses Aquitaine, [257];
leads the Good Parliament, and dies, [262].
Blanche Tache, ford of, [240].
Blore Heath, battle of, [326].
Boadicea, insurrection of, [15].
Bohun, Humfrey, Earl of Hereford, resists Edward I., [220].
Boniface VIII., [220].
Boniface of Savoy, Archbishop of Canterbury, [197].
Bordeaux taken by the French, [320].
Boroughbridge, defeat of Thomas of Lancaster at, [228].
Bosworth, battle of, [343].
Bouvines, battle of, [181].
Brabant, the Duke of, captures Jacqueline of Hainault, [308].
Bradford-on-Avon, early stone church at, [51].
Bramham Moor, defeat of Northumberland on, [296].
Brember hanged, [280].
Bretigni, Treaty of, [253].
Bretwalda, title of, [44].
Bridgenorth, Robert of Bellême's castle at, [121];
besieged by Henry I., [124].
Bridges, making and repair of, [272], [273].
Brigantes, the, conquest of, [16].
Brihtnoth slain at Maldon, [79].
Bristol garrisoned by Robert of Gloucester, [134].
Britain, its name derived from the Britons, [6];
tin trade opened to, [8];
Gauls and Belgians in, ib.;
Cæsar's invasion of, [11];
trade of Gaul with, [12];
beginning of the Roman conquest of, [13]-17;
condition of the Roman province of, [19]-22;
emperors specially connected with, [22];
Christianity in, [23];
ravaged by the Picts and Scots, [23];
and by the Saxons, [24];
military divisions of, ib.;
end of the Roman government of, [25], [26];
is deserted by the Romans, [26];
its organisation after the departure of the Romans, ib.;
the English conquest of, [27]-29.
Britons, the, succeed the Goidels, [6];
languages spoken by the descendants of, [7];
habits of, [9];
religion of, [10];
introduction of Roman manners amongst, [13];
increased civilisation of, [21];
non-existence of a national feeling amongst, [22];
ask Honorius in vain for help, [25];
the groans of the, [26];
treatment of, by the English conquerors, [29];
are better treated in the West, [31];
slight modification of English language by them, [31];
see [Kymry].
Brittany, its relation with Henry II., [155];
Edward III. sends forces to, [240];
annexed to France, [349].
Bruce, Edward, invades Ireland, [264].
Bruce, Robert, claims the crown of Scotland, [215].
Bruce, Robert, grandson of the preceding, see [Robert I.]
Brunanburh, battle of, [63].
Brut, Layamon's, [207].
Brythons, see [Britons].
Buchan, Countess of, imprisoned, [224].
Buckingham, Edward Stafford, Duke of, supports Richard III., [338], [341];
executed as a rebel, [342].
Burford, West Saxon victory at, [53].
Burgundians, party of the, opposed to the Armagnacs, [296], [299];
are friendly to Henry V., [301].
Burgundy, Charles the Rash, Duke of, marries the sister of Edward IV., [332];
policy of, [336];
is slain at Nancy, ib.
Burgundy, John the Fearless, Duke of, has the Duke of Orleans murdered, [296];
allies himself with Henry V., [301];
holds aloof in the campaign of Agincourt, [302];
makes war upon the Armagnacs, [303];
murder of, [305].
Burgundy, Philip the Good, Duke of, joins the English against the Dauphin, [306];
allies himself with the Duke of Bedford, [307];
forms a league with Charles VII., [313];
inherits territories in the Netherlands, ib.
Burhs erected by Eadward the Elder, [62].
Burley, Sir Simon, executed, [280].
Bury St. Edmunds, foundation of the monastery at, [58];
death of Svend at, [82];
meeting of barons at, [181].
Cade, Jack, rebellion of, [322].
Cædmon, poetry of, [52].
Cædwalla, allied with Penda, [46];
is defeated by Oswald, [47].
Caen, burial of William I. at, [114];
stormed by Henry V., [303].
Caerleon upon Usk, see [Isca Silurum].
Cæsar, Gaius Julius, makes war in Gaul and Germany, [10];
twice invades Britain, [11].
Caint, the, occupied by the Cantii, [8].
Calais taken by Edward III., [243];
besieged by the Duke of Burgundy, [313].
Caledonians, the, wars of Agricola with, [16].
Cambridge, the Earl of, execution of, [301].
Camulodunum, Cunobelin's headquarters at, [12];
Roman colony of, [13];
captured by Boadicea, [15].
Cannon, first use of, [242].
Canterbury, Æthelberht's residence at, [38];
Augustine preaches at, [39];
foundation of the archbishopric of, [40];
murder of Archbishop Thomas at, [150];
Henry II. does penance at, [153];
architecture of the choir of, [171];
disputed election of the Archbishop of, [177].
Canterbury Tales, the, [270].
Caractacus, defeat and flight of, [13];
capture of, [14].
Carausius claims to be emperor, [22].
Carham, battle of, [84].
Carlisle fortified by William II., [119].
Carnarvon, Edward I. builds a castle at, [210].
Carriages and carts, [273].
Carucage substituted for Danegeld, [162].
Cashel, synod at, [152].
Cassel, battle of, [235].
Cassiterides, the geographical position of, [8].
Cassivelaunus, resistance to Cæsar by, [11].
Castile, intervention of the Black Prince in, [255];
united with Aragon, [349].
Catherine of Aragon married to Prince Arthur, [356];
marriages proposed for, [357].
Catherine of France marries Henry V., [306];
marries Owen Tudor, [335].
Catuvellauni, the, position of, [9];
attacked by Cæsar, [11];
subsequent history of, [12].
Caxton, William, establishes a printing press at Westminster, [358].
Ceawlin overruns the Severn Valley, [35];
defeated at Wanborough, [36].
Celibacy of the clergy, early opinion in favour of, [65];
inculcated at Cluny, [67].
Celtic Christianity, influence of, [47], [49].
Celts, the, succeed the Iberians in Western Europe, [5];
are divided into two stocks, [7];
know their conquerors as Saxons, [29].
Ceorls, distinguished from Eorls, [29];
are the tillers of the soil, [30].
Chancellor, the official position of, [127];
becomes a judge, [260].
Charles Martel defeats the Mohammedans, [54].
Charles the Great, Emperor, [55], [63].
Charles the Simple, king of the West Franks, [63];
cedes Normandy to Hrolf, [80].
Charles IV., king of France, death of, [232].
Charles V., king of France, opposes the English in Spain, [255];
summons the Black Prince to Paris, [256];
renews the war against the English, ib.;
avoids a battle, [257].
Charles VI., king of France, defeats the Flemings, [278];
allies himself with Richard II., [282];
loses his senses, [295];
disinherits the Dauphin, [306];
dies, [307].
Charles VII., king of France, as Dauphin, falls into the hands of the Armagnacs, [303];
is present at the murder of John, Duke of Burgundy, [305];
is disinherited, [306];
claims to succeed to the crown at his father's death, [307];
his weakness, [309];
is helped by the Maid of Orleans, [310];
is crowned, [311];
consents to a truce, [317];
renews the war, [320].
Charles VIII., king of France, succeeds to the crown, [348];
invades Italy, [352];
death of, [354].
Château Gaillard built by Richard I., [165];
lost by John, [354].
Chaucer, Geoffrey, his Canterbury Tales, [270].
Chester (see [Deva]) submits to William I., [103].
Chinon, Henry II. dies at, [157].
Chivalry, [235].
Christ Church, at Canterbury, privileges of, [177];
expulsion of the monks of, [178].
Christianity introduced into Britain, [23];
into England, [39];
character of early English, see [England, the Church of].
Chronicle, the, begun under Ælfred, [61];
continued at Worcester, [68], [129];
completed at Peterborough, [129].
Church of England, see [England, the Church of].
Cinque Ports, the, [218].
Cirencester, see [Corinium].
Cistercians, the, introduced into England, [129];
decline of asceticism amongst, [167];
are fined by John, [179].
Clare, Gilbert de, see [Gloucester, Earl of].
Clare, Richard de, see [Strongbow].
Clare, Richard de, see [Gloucester, Earl of].
Clarence, Lionel, Duke of, sent to Ireland, [265].
Clarence, George, Duke of, brother of Edward IV., created a duke, [329];
marries Warwick's daughter, and quarrels with Edward IV., [332];
put to death, [336].
Clarence, Thomas, Duke of, brother of Henry IV., killed at Baugé, [306].
Clarendon, the Constitutions of, [144];
the assize of, [146].
Claudius, the Emperor, plans the conquest of Britain, [13].
Clergy, the, see [Ecclesiastical Courts], [England, Church of].
Clericis Laicos, the Bull named, [220].
Clifford, Lord, stabs the Earl of Rutland, [328].
Cluny, clerical celibacy inculcated at, [67];
reforms originated at, [107].
Cnut, reign of, [83]-85.
Cobham, Eleanor, mistress and wife of the Duke of Gloucester, [315];
does penance for witchcraft, [316].
Colleges, first foundation of, at Oxford, [207].
Colman disputes with Wilfrid, [50].
Columba founds a monastery at Iona, [47].
Columbus discovers the West Indies, [354].
Commerce between Britain and Gaul, [8], [12];
between England and Gaul, [38];
under the Angevin kings, [168];
under Edward I., [211];
under Edward III., [235], [236];
under Henry VII., [351].
Common Pleas, establishment of a separate Court of, [212].
Commons, the House of (see [Parliament]), finally separated from the Lords, [243];
struggle of, against unparliamentary taxation, [244];
importance of the constitution of, [245];
supported by the Black Prince, [261];
influence over the elections of, [281];
proposes to confiscate Church property, [294];
addressed by Edward IV., [329].
Compurgation, system of, [32];
set aside by Henry II., [146], [147].
Comyn, John (the Red), slain by Bruce, [224].
Confirmatio Cartarum, [221].
Conrad III., Emperor, takes part in the second Crusade, [157].
Constance of Brittany marries Geoffrey, [155].
Constantine takes an army from Britain, [25].
Constantine, king of the Scots, allies himself with Eadward, [63].
Constantine the Great becomes sole Emperor, [22];
acknowledges Christianity as the religion of the Empire, [23].
Constantius, the Emperor, [22].
Constitutions of Clarendon, [144];
renounced by Henry II., [153].
Convocations of the clergy vote money, [219].
Conway, Edward I. builds a castle at, [210].
Corinium (Cirencester), West Saxon conquest of, [35].
Cornish, the, derivation of the old language of, [7];
submit to Ecgberht, [55].
Cotentin, the, sold to Henry, [119].
County courts derived from the shire-moots, [141].
Courtenay, Bishop of London, supported by the citizens against Lancaster, [263].
Creçy, battle of, [241], [242].
Cressingham, Sir Hugh, governs Scotland in the name of Edward I., [219].
Crown, the, see [King].
Crusade, the first, [120];
the second, [157];
the third, [161];
against the Albigeois, [193];
the seventh, [204].
Cumberland, origin of the name of, [37];
annexed by William II., [119];
left to David I., [133];
regained by Henry II., [140].
Cunedda, extensive rule of, [37].
Cunobelin, government of, [12].
Curia Regis, the, organised under Henry I., [127];
strengthened by Henry II., [141];
powers assigned by the Constitutions of Clarendon to, [145];
orders the appointment of recognitors, [147];
divided into three courts, [212].
Customs on imports and exports under Edward I., [211], [221].
Cutha, [35].
Cymbeline, original of Shakspere's, [12].
Cynric captures Sorbiodunum, [34].
Danegeld, levy of, [81]; abolition of, [143].
Danelaw, the, formation of, [59].
Danes, the, invade England, [58];
make peace with Ælfred, [59];
extent of the settlements of, [62];
are amalgamated with the English, [64];
relations of Dunstan with, [67];
reappear as invaders, [79];
conquer England, [81]-83;
settle in Ireland, [152].
Darc, Jeanne, delivers Orleans, [310];
conducts Charles VII. to Rheims, [311];
martyrdom of, [312].
David I., king of the Scots, invades England, [131].
David II. (Bruce), king of Scotland, [232];
takes refuge with Philip VI., [234];
restoration of, [240];
taken prisoner at Nevill's Cross, [242];
restored by Edward III., [252].
David, brother of Llewelyn, executed, [140].
David, Earl of Huntingdon, [215].
David, St., piety of, [42].
Decorated style, the, [247].
Degsastan, Æthelfrith's victory at, [42].
Deira, formation of the kingdom of, [36];
is merged for a time in North-humberland, [41];
accepts Christianity, [46];
is finally merged in North-humberland, [48];
Danish kingdom of, [62], [63].
Deorham, battle of, [35].
Derby, Earl of (son of John of Gaunt), opposes Richard II., [279];
defeats the Duke of Ireland, [280];
becomes Duke of Hereford, and is banished, [283];
succeeds to the Duchy of Lancaster, [284];
and forces Richard II. to abdicate, [285];
see [Henry IV.]
Dermot invites Strongbow to Ireland, [152].
Despensers, the, [228], [229].
Deva, Roman colony of, [14], [19].
Devizes, surrender of the castle of, [134].
Dialogus de Scaccario, [167].
Diocletian reorganises the Empire, [22].
Domesday Book, [111].
Domestic life in Eadgar's time, [75].
Domfront occupied by Henry, [119].
Dominic, St., [190].
Dominicans arrive in England, [191].
Donald Bane made king of the Scots by the Celts, [119].
Dorchester, abandonment of the see of, [107].
Dorset, Marquis of, his relations with Richard III., [338].
Druids, character of the, [10];
resist Suetonius, [14].
Dublin, Danish settlement in, [152].
Du Châtel, Tannegui, murders the Duke of Burgundy, [305].
Du Guesclin, Bernard, supports Henry of Trastamara, [255];
his mode of fighting with the English, [256].
Dunbar, Balliol defeated at, [219].
Duncan II., king of the Scots, [120].
Dunstan, character and work of, [65];
banished by Eadwig, [67];
becomes Eadgar's Minister, ib.;
his attitude towards the monks, [68];
supports Eadward's succession, [78];
death of, [79].
Dupplin, Edward Balliol's victory at, [234].
Durham, architecture of the choir and galilee of, [171].
Eadgar, reign of, [67].
Eadgar, king of the Scots, [121].
Eadgar the Ætheling, early years of, [90];
chosen king, [98];
is abandoned, [100].
Eadgyth married to Eadward the Confessor, [87].
Eadgyth married to Henry I., [122];
is known as Matilda, [124].
Eadmund Ironside, [83].
Eadmund, king of East Anglia, killed by the Danes, [58].
Eadmund, king of the English, [63].
Eadred, king of the English, [64].
Eadward the Confessor, his life in Normandy, [85];
is chosen king, [86];
his relations with Godwine, [87];
makes William his heir, [88];
dies, [91].
Eadward the Elder, reign of, [62];
his relations with the Scots, [63].
Eadward the Ætheling, death of, [90].
Eadward the Martyr, [78].
Eadwig, reign of, [64];
his quarrel with the clergy, [65];
his marriage and death, [67].
Eadwine, king of North-humberland, greatness of, [43];
marries Æthelburh, [44];
is converted and slain, [46].
Eadwine, son of Ælfgar, becomes Earl of the Mercians, [90];
is present at Eadgar's election, [98];
submits to William, [102];
is murdered, [103].
Eadwinesburh, see [Edinburgh].
Ealdhelm as a builder and teacher, [51].
Ealdormen, the, are the leaders of the English conquerors, [30];
preside over the folk-moot, [33];
growing power of, [73];
their position under Æthelred the Unready, [79].
Ealdred, Archbishop of York, crowns William I., [100].
Earl, title of, derivation of, [64].
Earldoms under Cnut, [83];
diminished after the Norman Conquest, [105].
Early English architecture, [171].
East Anglia, first settlement of, [28];
growth of, [36];
comparative weakness of, [41];
its relations with Ecgberht, [55];
overrun by the Danes, [58].
East Saxons establish themselves to the north of the Thames, [28];
capture London, [35];
see [Essex].
Easter, dispute on the mode of keeping, [50].
Ebbsfleet, landing of the Jutes at, [27];
landing of Augustine at, [39].
Ecclesiastical courts, jurisdiction of, [106];
conflict of Henry II. with, [142].
Ecgberht, at the court of Charles the Great, [53];
becomes king of the West Saxons, and over-lord of the other kingdoms, [55].
Edinburgh, Eadwine builds the castle of, [43];
occupied by the Scots, [68].
Edmund Crouchback, second son of Henry III., named king of Sicily and Naples, [196];
supposed primogeniture of, [286].
Education in the time of Ælfred, [61];
in the time of Dunstan, [65];
carried on at Oxford, [167], [207].
Edward I., appeal of the Knights Bachelors to, [199];
taken prisoner at Lewes, [201];
defeats Earl Simon at Evesham, [203];
takes part in the seventh Crusade [204];
becomes king, [208];
constitutional position of, [209];
his dealings with Wales, [210];
finance of, [211];
judicial reforms and legislation of, [212];
arranges for a personal union between England and Scotland, [214];
erects the Eleanor crosses, [215];
awards the Scottish crown to John Balliol, [216];
his relations with Philip IV., [218];
summons the Model Parliament, [218];
his first conquest of Scotland, [219];
grants the Confirmatio Cartarum, [220];
his second conquest of Scotland, [221];
incorporates Scotland with England, [222];
his third conquest of Scotland, and death, [224].
Edward II., birth of, [210];
succeeds to the crown, [224];
marriage of, [225];
resistance of the barons to, ib.;
defeated at Bannockburn, [226];
overthrows Lancaster and effects a constitutional settlement, [228];
deposed and murdered, [229].
Edward III., accession and marriage of, [231];
does homage to Philip VI., [232];
sets up Edward Balliol in Scotland and begins war with France, [234];
allies himself with the Emperor and the cities of Flanders, [235];
encourages trade, [236];
is named Imperial Vicar, [237];
claims the crown of France, [239];
wins the battle of Sluys, ib.;
marches through the north of France, [240];
wins the battle of Creçy, [241], [242];
takes Calais, [243];
constitutional progress under, ib.;
restores David Bruce, [252];
makes peace with France, [253];
enters on a fresh war with France, [256].
Edward IV., as Earl of March, takes part in the battle of Northampton, [326];
wins the battle of Mortimer's Cross, and is acknowledged by the Londoners as king, [328];
wins the battle of Towton, and is crowned, [329];
marries Elizabeth Woodville, and promotes her kindred, [331];
allies himself with Burgundy, [332];
loses and recovers the crown, [334];
invents benevolences, [335];
invades France, [336];
puts Clarence to death, [336];
death of, [337].
Edward V. succeeds to the throne, [337];
lodged in the Tower, [340];
deposed, [341];
murdered, [342].
Edward, Prince of Wales, see [Black Prince], the.
Edward, Prince of Wales, son of Henry VI., birth of, [323];
slain at Tewkesbury, [334].
Edward, Prince of Wales, son of Richard III., death of, [342].
Eleanor of Aquitaine marries Henry II., [137];
imprisonment of, [155];
takes part with John against Arthur, [174].
Eleanor of Castile, wife of Edward I., accompanies her husband on the Crusade, [204];
death of, [214].
Eleanor of Provence marries Henry III., [192].
Eleanor, sister of Henry III., marries Simon de Montfort, [193].
Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV., proposed marriage of the Dauphin to, [336];
proposed marriage of Richard III. to, [342];
marries Henry VII., [345].
Elmet conquered by Eadwine, [43].
Emma marries Æthelred, [81].
Empire, the Western, revived by Charles the Great, [55].
Empson and Dudley, exactions of, [357].
England, early social and political institutions of, [29]-32;
contrasted with Gaul, [37];
commerce with Gaul renewed by, [38];
Christianity introduced into, [39];
growing power of three kingdoms in, [41];
character of the later conquests in, [44];
political changes in, [45];
spread of Christianity in, [49];
influence of Church Councils on the political unity of, [52];
Ecgberht's over-lordship in, [55];
attacks of the Northmen and Danes on, [56];
its condition under Ælfred, [60];
its relations with Scotland, [63], [68];
development of the institutions of, [69];
Danish conquest of, [79]-83;
Norman conquest of, [96]-103;
Norman constitution of, [113];
civil war in, [134];
pacification of, [137];
administrative reforms of Henry II. in, [140];
made tributary to the Papacy, [180];
military reforms in, [154];
effect of the reign of Henry II. on, [158];
constitutional result of the administration of Hubert Walter in, [163];
growth of learning in, [167];
growth of commerce in, [168];
architectural changes in, [170];
the Barons' Wars in, [200]-203;
architectural and literary growth in, [206], [207];
complete national unity of, [208];
completion of the Parliamentary constitution of, [218], [220], [228], [243];
relieved of tribute to the Papacy, [258];
social and moral condition of, during the Wars of the Roses, [330].
England, the Church of, Wilfrid's influence on, [50];
parochial organisation of, ib.;
its close connection with the State, [52];
councils of, ib.;
organisation of, after the Norman Conquest, [106];
its relations with Stephen, [134];
and with Henry II., [149];
result of the Angevin reigns on, [166];
Papal exactions resisted by, [194];
payments exacted from, [197];
temporary Parliamentary representation of the clergy of, [219];
taxation resisted by the clergy of, [220];
social condition of, [236];
supports Henry IV., [291];
members of noble families in the episcopate of, ib.;
procures a statute for burning heretics, [292];
proposal to confiscate the property of, [294].
English, the, origin of the name of, [28];
nature of their conquest of Britain, [29];
village settlements of, ib.;
division of ranks among, ib.;
effect of the conquest of Britain on the language of, [31];
early political organisation of, ib.;
early judicial system of, [32];
position of, under William I., [104];
support William II., [115];
support Henry I. [124];
cease to be distinguished from Normans, [155];
reappearance of their language in literature, [207];
predominance of their language, [258].
Eorls, distinguished from Ceorls, [29];
their relation to Gesiths, [30].
Erse, a Goidelic language, [7].
Eskimos, compared with palæolithic men, [3].
Essex, Saxon settlement in, [28];
is dependent on Kent, and accepts Christianity, [40];
relapses into heathenism, [41];
comparative weakness of, ib.
Eustace, Count of Boulogne, visits Eadward the Confessor, [87].
Eustace, son of Stephen, death of, [137].
Evesham, battle of, [203].
Exchequer, the, organised by Roger of Salisbury, [127];
disorganised under Stephen, [134];
reorganised under Henry II., [140];
establishment of a separate Court of, [212].
Exeter taken by William I., [102].
Faddiley, battle of, [35].
Falaise, Treaty of, [154];
abandoned by Richard I., [159].
Falkirk, Wallace defeated at, [222].
Faukes de Breauté, banishment of, [187].
Ferdinand V., king of Aragon, marries Isabella of Castile, [349].
Ferry Bridge, skirmish at, [329].
Feudality, early forms of, [81];
after the Norman Conquest, [104];
organised by William I., [113];
Flambard's further organisation of, [116];
ideas of Edward I. on, [214].
Fitz-Osbern, William, oppresses the English, [102].
Five Boroughs, the, [62].
Flambard, Ranulf, tyranny of, [116];
imprisonment of, [122];
escapes, [124].
Flanders, commercial intercourse with, [211];
Edward I. in, [221];
alliance of Edward III. with, [235];
falls under the control of France, [278].
Flemings emigrate to Wales, [128];
introduced as weavers by Edward III., [236].
Folk-moot, functions of the, [33].
Fountains Abbey, [129].
France, social condition of, [235];
miserable state of, [251], [252];
friendship of Richard II. with, [282].
Francis of Assisi, St., [190].
Franciscans, the, constitution of, [190];
arrive in England, [191].
Frederick I., Barbarossa, Emperor, supports an anti-pope, [145].
Frederick II., Emperor, excommunication of, [194];
death of, [195].
Freemen, gradual disappearance of, [69].
French, the, Dukes of, [63];
Hugh Capet, king of, [80].
Friars, the, orders of, [190];
arrive in England, [191].
Fyrd, the, a general army of the villagers, [30];
Ælfred reforms, [60];
comparative disuse of, [69];
retained after the Norman Conquest, [106];
see [Assize of Arms].
Gaelic a Goidelic language, [7].
Gainas, the, settlements of, [28].
Gainsborough, origin of the name of, [28].
Garter, the order of the, institution of, [246].
Gascoigne, Chief Justice, [299].
Gaul, trade of Britain with, [8], [12];
persistency of Roman civilisation in, [37];
renewal of trade with, [38].
Gauls arrive in Britain, [8].
Gaveston, Piers, favoured by Edward II., [224];
execution of, [226].
Geoffrey, Count of Anjou, marries the Empress Matilda, [131];
conquers Normandy, [136].
Geoffrey Fitz-Peter, Justiciar, [163].
Geoffrey, son of Henry II., marries the heiress of Brittany, [155];
dies, [156].
Gesiths, the, personal devotion of, [30];
their relation to the Ceorls, ib.;
their name changed to that of Thegns, [31].
Gewissas, the, combine with Jutes, [28];
see [West Saxons].
Ghent, Jacob van Arteveldt at, [235];
Philip van Arteveldt at, [278].
Giraldus Cambrensis, [167].
Glanvile, Ranulf de, captures William the Lion, [154];
writes the first English law-book, [167].
Glastonbury, Dunstan, abbot of, [65];
proceedings of Dunstan at, [106].
Glendower, Owen, heads the Welsh, [293];
decline of the power of, [296].
Glevum (Gloucester), Saxon conquest of, [35].
Gloucester, Duke of (brother of Edward IV.), see [Richard III.]
Gloucester, Duke of, Humphrey (brother of Henry V.), appointed Protector, [307];
marries Jacqueline of Hainault, [308];
quarrels with Cardinal Beaufort, [309], [314];
his relations with Eleanor Cobham, [315];
advocates a war policy, [317];
death of, [318].
Gloucester, Duke of, Thomas, son of Edward III., heads the opposition to Richard II., [279];
driven from power, [280];
murdered, [282].
Gloucester, Earl of (Gilbert de Clare), allies himself with Earl Simon, [200];
becomes one of the three Electors, [201];
joins Edward against Simon at Evesham, [203].
Gloucester, Earl of, see [Robert].
Gloucester, Earl of (Richard de Clare), quarrels with Earl Simon, [199];
joins Earl Simon, and dies, [200].
Gloucester, see [Glevum].
Godfrey of Bouillon, [121].
Godwine becomes Earl of the West Saxons, [84];
supports Harthacnut, [85];
charged with the murder of Ælfred, [86];
governs under Eadward, [87];
outlawed, [88];
return and death of, [89].
Goidels, the, a branch of the Celts, [6];
languages spoken by the descendants of, [7].
Good Parliament, the, [262].
Granada, conquest of, [349].
Graupian Hill, the, battle of, [17].
Great Council, the, composition of, [113];
urges William to name an archbishop, [117];
summoned to Rockingham, [118];
becomes unimportant under Henry I., [126];
frequently consulted by Henry II., [141];
meets at Clarendon, [144];
remonstrates with Henry III., [188], [192];
refuses money to Henry III., [194];
begins to be known as Parliament, [195];
see [Parliament].
Gregory I., Pope, finds English slave-boys at Rome, [28];
sends Augustine to England, [39].
Gregory VII., Pope, his relations with William I., [107].
Gregory IX., Pope, demands money from England, [194].
Grey, John de, nominated Archbishop of Canterbury by John, [177];
unpopularity of, [178].
Grey, family of, favoured by Edward IV., [331].
Grey, Sir Thomas, execution of, [301].
Grossetête, Robert, Bishop of Lincoln, opposes Henry III., [194], [195];
death of, [197].
Gualo, legate of Honorius III., [185].
Guthrum defeats Ælfred, [58];
makes peace at Wedmore, [59];
cedes London to Ælfred, ib.;
extent of the kingdom of, [62].
Gwledig, British title of, [26];
title thought to have been assumed by Eadwine, [44].
Gwynnedd under Cædwalla, [46].
Gyrth, Earl of East Anglia, [89].