Hadrian, the Emperor, wall of, [17].
Halidon Hill, the Scots defeated at, [234].
Harfleur taken by Henry V., [302];
secured by the Duke of Bedford, [303].
Harold Hardrada invades England, [94];
is slain at Stamford Bridge, [96].
Harold, son of Cnut, chosen king by the Mercians, [85];
death of, [86].
Harold, son of Godwine, earl of the West Saxons, [89];
rules England under Eadward, [90];
chosen king, [91];
his oath to William, [93];
marches into the North, [94];
defeats Harold Hardrada at Stamford Bridge, [95];
defeated and slain at Senlac, [98].
Harthacnut, chosen king of the West Saxons, [85];
comes to England, and dies, [86].
Hastings, battle of, see [Senlac].
Hastings, John, claims a third of Scotland, [215].
Hastings, Lord, turns against Richard III., [339];
execution of, [340].
Heathfield, battle of, [46].
Heavenfield, battle of, [47].
Hedgeley Moor, battle of, [331].
Helie de la Flêche opposes William II., [121].
Hengist, traditional leader of the Jutes, [27].
Henry I. receives no land at his father's death, [114];
his wars with his brothers, [119];
accession and marriage of, [122];
puts down insurrections, [124];
conquers Normandy, [125];
his dispute with Anselm, ib.;
judicial reforms of, [127];
makes war in Normandy, [129];
loses his only son, [130];
death of, [131].
Henry II., early career of, [136];
marries Eleanor, [137];
character of, [138];
advances Thomas of London, [140];
administrative system of, [140]-142;
appoints Thomas archbishop, and quarrels with him, [143];
draws up the Constitutions of Clarendon, [144];
persecutes Thomas, [145];
issues the Assize of Clarendon, [146];
renews the itinerant justices, and inquires into the conduct of the sheriffs, [148];
has young Henry crowned, [149];
uses strong language against Thomas, [150];
goes to Ireland, [151];
renounces the Constitutions of Clarendon, [153];
does penance, [154];
issues the Assize of Arms, ib.;
his domestic troubles, [155];
takes the cross and dies, [157];
his weakness on the Continent and strength in England, [158];
literary vigour under, [167].
Henry III., minority of, [185];
favours Poitevins under the influence of Peter des Roches, [187];
marries Eleanor of Provence and favours Provençals, [192];
frequently renews the Great Charter, [192];
quarrels with Simon de Montfort, [193];
surrenders Poitou, [194];
is opposed by Parliament, [195];
hopes to make his second son King of Sicily, [196];
misgovernment of, [197];
consents to the Provisions of Oxford, [198];
recovers power, [200];
taken prisoner at Lewes, [201];
last years of, [204];
progress of the country in the reign of, [206].
Henry IV., (see [Derby]) Earl of, claims the throne, [286];
meets with difficulties, [289];
leans on the Church, [291];
rebellion of the Percies against, [293];
keeps James I. as a hostage, [295];
suppresses a rebellion in the North, [296];
quarrels with the Prince of Wales, [298];
death of, [299]. Henry IV., Emperor, resists Gregory VII., [108].
Henry V., career of, as Prince of Wales, [297]-299;
domestic policy of, [299];
claims the crown of France, [300];
defeats the French at Agincourt, [302];
conquers Normandy, [303];
forms an alliance with the Duke of Burgundy, and is declared heir to the French throne, [306];
marriage and death of, ib.
Henry V., Emperor, marries Matilda, [131].
Henry VI., accession of, [307];
crowned at Westminster and Paris, [312];
marriage of, [317];
supports Somerset, [323];
insanity of, ib.;
recovery and renewed insanity of, [324];
second recovery of, ib.;
attempts to reconcile the parties, [325];
declared a traitor by Edward IV., [329];
restoration of, [333];
murder of, [334].
Henry VI., Emperor, his relations with Richard I., [161], [162].
Henry VII., as Earl of Richmond, genealogy of, [334];
invades England, [343];
defeats Richard III. and becomes king, ib.;
supported by the middle classes, [345];
suppresses Lord Lovel's rising, [346];
his relations with Brittany and France, [348];
assailed by Perkin Warbeck, [350];
sends Poynings to Ireland, [352];
restores Kildare to the Deputyship, [352];
secures Warbeck, ib.;
effects an alliance with Scotland, [356];
encourages maritime enterprise, [356];
fills his treasury, [357];
his alliance with the Archduke Philip, [358];
last years and death of, [358].
Henry of Blois, Bishop of Winchester, [131];
declares against Stephen, [134].
Henry of Trastamara, [255].
Henry, son of Henry II., coronation of, [149];
rebellion of, [153];
death of, [156].
Henry the Fowler, his mode of warfare, [79].
Hereford, Duke of, see [Derby], Earl of.
Hereford, Earl of, see [Bohun], Humfrey.
Heretics, Statute for burning, [292].
Hereward, rising of, [103].
Herrings, battle of the, [309].
Hexham, battle of, [331].
Hii, see [Iona].
Hlaford, see [Lord].
Homildon Hill, battle of, [293].
Honorius III., Pope, protects Henry III., [185].
Horsa, a traditional leader of the Jutes, [27].
Horses used to carry warriors to battle, [75].
House-carls, [83], [93].
Hrolf, Duke of the Normans, [80].
Hubert, Walter, administration of, [163];
death of, [177].
Hubert de Burgh holds Dover Castle, [185];
administration of, [186]-188.
Hugh Capet, [80].
Hugh of Lusignan rises against John, [174].
Hugh the Great, Duke of the French, [63].
Hundreds, early political organisation of the, [31].
Hundred Years' War, the, [234].
Hundred-moot, the, organisation of, [31];
judicial functions of, [32];
gradual decay of, [72].
Huntingdon, David I. holds the earldom of, [132].
Hwiccas, the, split off from the West Saxons, [36].
Iberians, the, [5].
Iceni, the geographical position of, [8];
take part with the Romans, [13];
roused to insurrection by Boadicea, [15].
Ictis, probably identified with Thanet, [8].
Ida becomes king of Bernicia, [36].
Idle, the, Eadwine's victory on, [43].
Impeachment of Latimer and Lyons, [262];
of Suffolk, [322].
Inclosures, growth of, [320].
Ine, his rule in Wessex, [53].
Innocent III., Pope, influences the election of Stephen Langton, [177];
puts England under an interdict, and reduces John to submission, [178]-180;
declares against the barons, [181]-184;
establishes the Friars, [190].
Innocent IV. becomes Pope, [195];
wins over Henry III., [196].
Inquisition of the Sheriffs, the, [148].
Intercursus Magnus, the, [351].
Interdict, England under, [178].
Investiture, William I. claims the right of granting, [108];
Anselm's position with regard to, [125];
compromise on, [126].
Iona, missionaries sent forth from, [47].
Ireland, ancient language of, [7];
Druids in, [10];
Christianity introduced into, [47];
state of civilisation in, [151];
partially conquered by Henry II., [152];
results of the conquest of, [264];
weakness of the English colony in, [265];
under Lancaster and York, [346];
under Henry VII., [350], [351].
Ireland, Duke of (see [Oxford], Earl of), supports Richard II., [279];
is condemned to death, but escapes, [280].
Isabella of Angoulême marries John, [174].
Isabella of Bavaria, Queen of France, takes part against her son, [306].
Isabella of France marries Edward II., [225];
obtains the deposition of her husband, [229];
gives power to Mortimer, [231];
is placed in seclusion, [232].
Isca Silurum, Roman colony of, [14];
martyrdom of Aaron at, [23].
Isle of Wight, Jutish settlements in, [28];
plundered by the French, [234].
Itinerant justices under Henry I., [127];
under Henry II., [148].
Jacquerie, the, [252].
Jacqueline of Hainault, marriage of, [308].
James I., king of Scotland, kept in custody by Henry IV., [295];
liberation of, [307].
James IV., king of Scotland, invades England, [352];
marries the daughter of Henry VII., [356].
Jerusalem captured by the Crusaders, [121];
captured by Saladin, [157];
Richard I. refuses to look at, [161].
Jews, the, encouraged by William II., [115];
protected by Henry I., [128];
massacre of, [160];
persecuted by John, [179];
banished by Edward I., [212].
Jews' House, the so-called, [170].
John, king of England, his misconduct in Ireland, [156];
leads the opposition to William of Longchamps, [161];
joins Philip II. against Richard, [162];
accession of, [173];
loses Normandy and Anjou, [174];
appoints an Archbishop of Canterbury, [177];
quarrels with the Pope, [178];
submits to the Pope, [180];
quarrels with the barons, [181];
confirms Magna Carta, [182];
makes war with the barons, [184];
dies, [185].
John, king of France, defeated at Poitiers, [251];
brought to England, [252];
is liberated, but returns to England and dies, [254].
John Ball, [268].
Judicial system of the early English, [31];
of Eadgar, [72];
of William I., [107];
of Henry I., [127];
of Henry II., [146].
Judith accuses Waltheof, [110].
Jury of presentment, [147].
Jury system, the, germ of, [147];
completed, [321].
Justices of the peace, the, origin of, [277].
Justiciar, institution of the office of, [116];
his position under Henry I., [127].
Jutes, probably ravage Roman Britain, [24];
subdue Kent, [27];
settle in the Isle of Wight and the mainland opposite, [28].
Kemp, Bishop of London, becomes Lord Chancellor, [309].
Kenilworth, Earl, Simon's castle at, [199].
Kenneth, king of the Scots, receives Lothian from Eadgar, [68].
Kenneth MacAlpin unites the Scots and Picts, [63].
Kent, foundation of the Jutish kingdom of, [27];
its inhabitants driven back by the West Saxons, [35];
Gaulish traders in, [38];
accepts Christianity, [39];
is kept by Lawrence from relapsing, [41];
comparative weakness of, ib.
Kent, Earl of (brother of Edward II.), execution of, [231].
Kildare, Earl of, supports the Yorkists, [347];
supports Lambert Simnel, ib.;
is deprived of the Deputyship for supporting Warbeck, [350];
restored to the Deputyship, [352].
Kilkenny, Statute of, [265].
King, authority of the, origin of, [33];
effect of the enlargement of the kingdoms on, [45];
increased importance of, [69];
limitations imposed by Magna Carta on, [182];
proposed administrative restrictions on, [195];
effect of the revolution of 1399 upon, [289].
King's Bench, Court of, [212].
Knights Bachelors, the, appeal to Edward, [199].
Knights of the shire first admitted to Parliament, [196];
later elections of, [200], [201];
importance of their conjunction with borough members, [245].
Kymry, the, origin of the name, [37];
share in the defeat of the Scots at Degsastan, [42];
are defeated by Æthelfrith near Chester, [43];
geographical dismemberment of, ib.;
in alliance with Penda, [46];
weakness of, [49];
see [Welsh].
Labourers, Statute of, [248], [268].
Lambeth, ford over the Thames at, [20].
Lancaster, Duke of (John of Gaunt), makes unsuccessful war in France, [257];
heads the anti-clerical party, [260];
opposes the Black Prince, [262];
reverses the proceedings of the Good Parliament, ib.;
supports Wycliffe, [263];
takes the lead at the accession of Richard II., [266];
goes to Spain, [279];
marries Catherine Swynford, [282].
Lancaster, Earl of (Thomas), opposes Edward II., [225];
execution of, [228].
Lanfranc trusted by William I., [88];
becomes Archbishop of Canterbury, [106];
crowns William II., [114];
death of, [117].
Langland, William, [259].
Langton, Stephen, chosen Archbishop of Canterbury at Rome, [177];
allowed by John to come to England, [180];
produces a charter of Henry I., [181];
his part in obtaining the Great Charter, [182].
Latimer, Lord, impeached, [262].
Lawrence, Archbishop of Canterbury, keeps Kent Christian, [41].
Layamon's Brut, [207].
Leicester, Anglian settlement at, [36];
earldom of, inherited by Simon de Montfort, [193].
Leicester, Earl of, shares the Justiciar's office with Richard de Lucy, [140].
Le Mans, sieges of, [121].
Leo IX., Papacy of, [88].
Leofric, Earl of the Mercians, [85], [90].
Leofwine, Earl of the Mercians, [84].
Leofwine, son of Godwine, earl of the shires about the Thames, [90].
Leopold, Duke of Austria, imprisons Richard I., [161].
Lewes, battle of, [201].
Lewis III. (the Bavarian), Emperor, supports Edward III., [235].
Lilla gives his life for his lord, [44].
Limoges taken by the Black Prince, [257].
Lincoln (see [Lindum]), settlement of the Lindiswaras round, [28];
establishment of the see of, [107];
Stephen taken prisoner at, [135];
cathedral at, [171], [207].
Lincoln, Earl of, killed at Stoke, [347].
Lindiswaras, settlement of, [28];
possible advance of, [36].
Lindum, Roman city at, [20];
Anglian settlers round, [28].
Liveries, see [Maintenance and Livery].
Llewelyn, career of, [140].
Loidis conquered by Eadwine, [43].
Lollards, the, rise of, [269];
Oldcastle's leadership of, [300].
Londinium, see [London].
London, early importance of the position of, [20];
foundation of the bishopric of, [40];
its commercial position under the kings of Essex, ib.;
acquired and fortified by Ælfred, [62], [63];
attacked by Olaf Trygvasson and Svend, [79];
after the Conquest, [127];
supports Stephen, [131], [134];
submits for a time to Matilda, [135];
municipal organisation of, [169];
sends troops to the battle of Lewes, [201];
Wat Tyler in, [269];
Jack Cade in, [323];
Edward IV. in, [328].
London Bridge, building of, [272].
Long bow, the, see [Archers].
Longchamps, William of, appointed a justiciar in the absence of Richard I., [159];
is banished, [161].
Lord, devotion of Gesiths to their, [30];
is expected to marry, ib.;
growth of his jurisdiction, [72].
Lords, House of, names the Duke of York Protector, [324];
decides on his claim to the crown, [329].
Lose-coat Field, [332].
Lothian, cession of, to Scotland, [68], [84].
Louis VI., king of France, makes war with Henry I., [129].
Louis VII., king of France, divorces Eleanor of Aquitaine, [137];
supports young Henry's rebellion, [153];
takes part in the second Crusade, [157].
Louis (afterwards Louis VIII., king of France) opposes John, [184];
expelled from England, [185].
Louis IX., Saint, king of France, surrenders territory to Henry III., [200];
mediates between Henry III. and the barons, ib.
Louis X., king of France, succeeded by his brother, [232].
Louis XI., king of France, succeeds his father, [332];
buys off Edward IV., [336].
Louis XII., king of France, invades Italy, [354].
Lovel, Lord, insurrection of, [345];
supports Simnel, and is defeated at Stoke, [346], [347].
Lucy, Richard de, joint justiciar with the Earl of Leicester, [140];
makes head against young Henry's rebellion, [153].
Ludlow, break-up of the Yorkists at, [326].
Lynn supports Stephen, [134].
Lyons, Richard, impeached, [262].
Mad Parliament, the, [198].
Magna Carta, [182];
partially renewed at the accession of Henry III., [185];
attitude of Edward I. to, [288].
Magnus, king of Norway, [85].
Maiden Castle, [4].
Maine conquered by William I., [91];
failures of William II. in, [121];
conquered by Philip II., [176];
surrendered to René by Henry VI., [317];
the English driven out of, [319].
Maintenance and livery, Statute against, [281];
increase of, [321];
measures of Henry VII. against, [345].
Malcolm, king of the Scots, his alliance with Eadmund, [64].
Malcolm III., Canmore, ravages England, [103];
submits to William I., [104];
death of, [119].
Malcolm IV. loses North-humberland and Cumberland, [140].
Man, Isle of, subdued by Eadwine, [43].
Manfred, king of Sicily and Naples, [195], [197].
Manor courts, [141].
Mantes burnt by William I., [114].
Manx, a Goidelic language, [7].
March, Earl of, see [Edward IV.]
March, Edmund Mortimer, Earl of, his claim to the crown, [287];
imprisoned by Henry IV., [291];
freed by Henry V., [299].
March, Roger, Earl of, grandson of the Duke of Clarence, named heir by Richard II., [287].
Margaret, daughter of Henry VII., married to James IV., [356].
Margaret of Anjou marries Henry VI., [317];
gives birth to a son, [323];
puts herself at the head of the Northern forces, [326];
defeats the Duke of York at Wakefield, and Warwick at the second battle of St. Albans, [328];
is defeated at Towton, [329];
is defeated at Hedgeley Moor and Hexham, [331];
reconciled to Warwick, [333];
defeated at Tewkesbury, [334].
Margaret, sister of Edward IV., married to Charles the Rash, [332];
protects Lord Lovel, [346].
Margaret, the Lady, [334].
Margaret, the Maid of Norway, [214].
Margaret, first wife of Malcolm Canmore, [119].
Marlborough, Statute of, [204].
Marriages of heiresses arranged by the lord, [117].
Marshal, Richard the, [188], [189].
Marshal, William, the, guardian of Henry III., [185].
Martin, Master, his exactions, [195].
Mary, heiress of Burgundy, [336];
marries the Archduke Maximilian, and dies, [337].
Maserfield, Oswald slain at, [48].
Massalia, tin-trade of, [8].
Matilda, daughter of Henry I., married to the Emperor Henry V., and to Geoffrey of Anjou, [131];
claims the crown, [134];
fails to maintain her claim, [135].
Matilda, wife of Henry I., see [Eadgyth].
Maximilian I., Emperor, as Archduke, marries Mary of Burgundy, [337];
marries Anne of Brittany by proxy, [348].
Maximus leads an army out of Britain, [25].
Meaux besieged by Henry V., [306].
Mercenaries employed on the Continent by Henry II., [142];
temporarily brought to England, [153], [155];
employed by John, [182].
Merchant Adventurers, the, [356].
Merchant Gild, the, [169].
Mercia, first settlement of, [36];
comparative smallness of, [41];
unites with other districts under Penda, [46];
accepts Christianity, and rejects the supremacy of North-humberland, [48];
its relations with Ecgberht, [55];
its relations with Ælfred, [60];
under Leofwine, [84];
under Leofric, [85], [87];
under Ælfgar and Eadwine, [90].
Mercians, the, distinguished from the Middle English, [36].
Merciless Parliament, the, [280].
Merton College, foundation of, [207].
Middle English, the, first settlements of, [36].
Middle Saxons a branch of the East Saxons, [35].
Middlesex, Saxon settlement in, [35].
Ministerial responsibility, proposal to establish, [195].
Mirebeau, Eleanor besieged in, [174].
Mise of Amiens, the, [200].
Mohammedanism, origin and spread of, [54].
Molynes, Lord, ill-treats John Paston, [321].
Mona (Anglesey) conquered by Suetonius, [14].
Monasticism, character of early, [39];
converts made in England by, [40];
character of Irish, [47];
Benedictine, [128].
Monks contrasted with Friars, [191].
Montague, Lord, made Earl of North-humberland, [331];
is deprived of the earldom, [333];
turns against Edward IV., and is killed at Barnet, [332].
Montfort, de, see [Simon de Montfort].
Morkere, becomes Earl of North-humberland, [90];
is present at Eadgar's election, [98];
submits to William, [102];
is banished, [103].
Mortimer, Edmund, see [March], Earl of.
Mortimer, Roger, paramour of Queen Isabella, [229];
governs in the name of Edward III., [231];
is hanged, [232].
Mortimer, Sir Edmund, imprisoned by Glendower, [293].
Mortimer's Cross, battle of, [328].
Mortmain, Statute of, [212].
Morton, Thomas, Bishop of Ely, afterwards Cardinal and Archbishop of Canterbury, gives advice to Buckingham, [341], [342];
his 'fork,' [349].
Mount Badon, British victory at, [28].
Mowbray, Robert of, rebellion of, [120].
Navarrete, battle of, [255].
Navy, Ælfred's, [60].
Neolithic man, [3].
Nevill, influence of the family of, [324].
Nevill, George, Archbishop of York, deprived of the Chancellorship, [332].
Nevill's Cross, battle of, [242].
Newark, death of John at, [185].
Newcastle-on-Tyne, foundation of, [120].
New Forest, the, making of, [110];
death of William II. in, [122].
Nigel, Bishop of Ely, Treasurer of Henry I., Stephen's attack on, [134];
is reappointed Treasurer, [140].
Norfolk, origin of the name of, [28].
Norfolk, Duke of, banished by Richard II., [283].
Norfolk, Earl of, see [Bigod], Roger.
Norham, award of the crown of Scotland at, [216].
Norman Conquest, the, [96]-103.
Normandy, early dukes of, [80];
institutions of, [81];
its condition under Robert, [118];
pledged to William II., [121];
recovered by Robert, [124];
conquered by Henry I., [125];
conquered by Geoffrey, [136];
Henry, Duke of, [137];
conquered by Philip II., [174], [176];
invaded by Edward III., [240];
conquered by Henry V., [303];
reconquered by the French, [320].
Normans favoured by Eadward, [87];
their style of architecture, [89].
Northampton, Archbishop Thomas called to account at, [145];
battle of, [326].
North-humberland, component parts of, [36];
united by Æthelric, [41];
divided by Penda, and re-united under Oswald, [47];
is again divided, but re-united under Oswiu, [48];
its relations with Ecgberht, [55];
overrun by the Danes, [58];
Danish kingdom in, [62], [63];
is amalgamated with England, [64];
its condition under Cnut, [84];
under Siward, [84], [87].
Northmen, their attacks on England, [56];
religion of, [57];
see [Danes].
Northumberland invaded by Malcolm Canmore, [119];
given to Henry, son of David I. [133];
recovered by Henry II., [140].
Northumberland, the Earl of, assists Henry IV., [284];
quarrels with Henry IV., [293];
imprisoned and pardoned, [294];
defeated and slain, [296].
Norwich, establishment of the see of, [107].
Nottingham, Anglian settlement at, [56];
seizure of Mortimer at, [232].
Nottingham, Earl of, opposes Richard II., [279];
is made Duke of Norfolk and banished, [283].
Oda, Archbishop, advocates the celibacy of the clergy, [65];
separates Eadwig and Ælfgifu, [67].
Odo oppresses the English, [102];
is banished by William II., [115].
Offa, king of the Mercians, defeats the West Saxons at Bensington, [53];
his dyke, [54].
Olaf Trygvasson, [79], [80].
Oldcastle, Sir John, burnt as a Lollard, [300].
Old Sarum, earthworks of Sorbiodunum at, [34].
Ordainers, the Lords, [226].
Ordeal, system of, [32];
continued by Henry II., [146].
Ordovices, the, resist the Romans, [14].
Orleans, siege of, [309].
Orleans, Duke of, Charles, captured at Agincourt, [303];
ransomed, [315].
Orleans, Duke of, Louis, makes an alliance with Glendower, [295];
murdered, [296].
Ormond, Earl of, supports the Lancastrians, [346].
Osric governs Deira, [48].
Ostorius Scapula arrives in Britain, [13];
conquests of, [14].
Oswald, bishop of Worcester, [68].
Oswald, King of North-humberland, his greatness and piety, [47];
is slain at Maserfield, [48].
Oswini, his relations with Aidan, [48];
is murdered, ib.
Oswiu unites North-humberland, [48];
defeats Penda, ib.;
decides for Wilfrid against Colman, [50].
Otho, Cardinal, legate of Gregory IX., [194].
Otto I., Emperor, [63].
Otto IV., Emperor, supports John, [179];
defeated at Bouvines, [181].
Over-lordship, character of, [38].
Oxford, growth of the University of, [167];
the so-called Mad Parliament meets at, [198];
thronged with scholars, [207].
Oxford, Earl of (Robert de Vere), made Duke of Ireland, [298];
see [Ireland], Duke of.
Palæolithic man, 1.
Pandulf receives John's submission, [180].
Papacy, influence of, in the time of Gregory I., [39];
strength of, in the eleventh century, [88];
its position in the time of Gregory VII., [107];
in the time of Innocent III., [178];
Babylonian captivity of, [257];
England relieved of tribute to, [258];
great schism of, [266].
Paris, the capital of Hugh Capet's duchy, [80];
rising against the Armagnacs in, [304];
Henry VI. crowned at, [312];
lost to the English, [313].
Parliament (see [Great Council], the), germ of representation in, [180];
first use of the name of, [195];
scheme of administrative reform proposed in, ib.;
knights of the shire elected to, [196];
relations between the clergy and the barons, [197];
insists on the Provisions of Oxford, [197];
representatives of towns admitted by Earl Simon to, [201];
growth of, under Edward I., [210], [218];
Scottish representatives in, [222];
acknowledgment of the legislative power of the Commons in, [228];
finally separated into two Houses, [244];
opposition to the clergy in, [259];
Richard II. invites complaints in, [280].
Paston, John, attacked by Lord Molynes, [321];
domestic life of, [330].
Patay, battle of, [311].
Patrick, St., introduces Christianity into Ireland, [47].
Paulinus effects conversions in Deira, [46].
Peasants' Revolt, the, [268].
Pedro the Cruel, [255].
Pembroke, Earl of, see [William the Marshal].
Penda defeats Eadwine at Heathfield, [46];
splits up North-humberland, [47];
is defeated and slain, [48].
Penitential system, the, introduced by Theodore, [50].
Percies, the, territorial influence of, [293].
Percy, Henry (Hotspur), [293], [294].
Perpendicular style, the, [247].
Perrers, Alice, [260], [262].
Peter des Roches influences Henry III., [188];
is dismissed, [189].
Peter the Hermit, [120].
Pevensey, landing of William at, [96].
Philip I., king of France, makes war with William I., [114].
Philip II., king of France, stirs up enmity between Henry II. and his sons, [156];
quarrels with Richard I., [161];
stirs up John against Richard, [162];
supports Arthur against John, [174];
wins Normandy and Anjou from John, [175];
prepares an invasion of England, [179];
wins a victory at Bouvines, [181].
Philip IV., king of France, his relations with Edward I. and with Scotland, [218].
Philip V., king of France, succeeds in virtue of the so-called Salic law, [232].
Philip VI., king of France, succeeds in virtue of the so-called Salic law, and receives the homage of Edward III., [232];
protects David Bruce, [234];
defeats the Flemings at Cassel, [235];
avoids fighting the English, [239];
is defeated at Creçy, [242];
death of, [251].
Philip, the Archduke, birth of, [337];
marries Juana, [352];
dies, [358].
Philippa of Hainault marries Edward III., [231];
begs the lives of the burgesses of Calais, [243].
Phœnicians, the, supposed visits to Britain of, [7].
Picts, the, ravages of, [23], [26];
unite with the Scots, [63].
Piers the Plowman, [259].
Pippin becomes king of the Franks, [54].
Plautius, Aulus, subdues south east Britain, [13].
Poitevins, favour of Henry III. to, [187], [194].
Poitiers, battle of, [251].
Poitou, John's attack on the barons of, [174];
submission to Philip II. of part of, [176];
John attempts to recover, [180];
Henry III. surrenders, [194].
Poll-taxes, [267], [268].
Poor priests sent out by Wycliffe, [268].
Posidonius visits Britain, [8].
Poynings' Acts, [350].
Præmunire, Statute of, [258];
re-enacted, [282].
Printing press, the, [358].
Prisons, condition of, [275].
Provençals favoured by Henry III., [192].
Provisions of Oxford, the, [198].
Provisors, Statute of, [258];
re-enacted, [282].
Puiset, Hugh de, appointed a justiciar in the absence of Richard I., [159].
Punishments, early English, [32];
mediæval, [275].
Purveyors, [274].
Pytheas opens a trade-route to Britain, [8].
Quia emptores, Statute of, [212].