Radcot Bridge, the Duke of Ireland defeated at, [280].
Rædwald, king of East Anglia, [41];
Eadwine takes refuge with, [43].
Ralph de Diceto, [167].
Ralph of Wader takes part in the Rising of the Earls, [110].
Ranulph Flambard, see [Flambard].
Recognitions, [147].
Reginald elected Archbishop of Canterbury by the monks, [177].
Regni, the, join Aulus Plautius, [13].
Regular clergy, the, [65].
Rent, land let for, [321].
Representative institutions, see [Parliament].
Retainers substituted for vassals, [281];
increase of the number of, [321].
Rich, Edmund, Archbishop of Canterbury, [189].
Richard I., as Duke of Aquitaine, [155];
takes the cross, [157];
becomes King of England, [159];
sells the homage of Scotland, ib.;
his Crusade and imprisonment, [161];
is liberated, [162];
his short visit to England, ib.;
death of, [165].
Richard II., proposal to set aside, [261];
his minority, [266];
meets the insurgents, [268];
offers to head them, [269];
marries Anne of Bohemia, [278];
his favouritism, ib.;
superseded in his authority by a Commission of Regency, [279];
regains power and governs constitutionally, [280];
makes an alliance with France, and marries Isabella, [282];
makes himself absolute, ib.;
banishes Norfolk and Hereford, [283];
goes to Ireland, [284];
forced to abdicate, [285];
murdered, [291];
alleged reappearance of, [293];
buried at Westminster, [299].
Richard III. (see [Duke of Gloucester]) is created a duke, [329];
character of, [337];
becomes Protector, [338];
has Hastings executed, [340];
is crowned king, [341];
his government, [342];
defeated and slain, [343].
Richard, Earl of Cornwall, leads the barons against Henry III., [192];
deserts the barons, [195];
takes part in summoning knights of the shire to Parliament, [196];
is chosen king of the Romans, [198];
hides himself after the battle of Lewes, [201].
Richard Fitz-Nigel writes the Dialogus de Scaccario, [167].
Richard the Fearless, Duke of the Normans, [80].
Richard the Good, Duke of the Normans, [81].
Richmond, Earl of, see [Henry VII.]
Riding on horseback, [273].
Ripon, architecture of the choir of, [171].
Rising of the Earls, the, [110].
Rivers, Earl, becomes Lord Constable, [331];
imprisoned, [338];
executed, [340].
Roads, making and repair of, [272], [273].
Robert I. (Bruce), king of Scotland, allied with Edward I., [223];
slays Comyn, and is crowned King of Scotland, [224];
defeats Edward II. at Bannockburn, [226];
leprosy of, [231];
death of, [232].
Robert II., king of Scotland, [295].
Robert III., king of Scotland, [295].
Robert, Earl of Gloucester, his power in the West of England, [133];
declares for Matilda, [134];
taken prisoner, and exchanged for Stephen, [135];
death of, ib.
Robert, Duke of the Normans (father of William the Conqueror), [88].
Robert, Duke of the Normans (son of William the Conqueror), incapacity of, [114];
rebellion in England in favour of, [115];
goes on the first Crusade, [121];
fails to overthrow Henry I., [124];
defeat, imprisonment, and death of, [125].
Robert of Bellême, cruelty of, [119];
becomes Earl of Shrewsbury, [121];
expelled by Henry I., [124];
imprisonment of, [125].
Robert of Jumièges, Archbishop of Canterbury, [87].
Robin Hood, legend of, [275].
Rochester, foundation of the bishopric of, [40];
Odo besieged in, [115].
Rockingham, Council at, [118].
Roger, Archbishop of York, crowns the young Henry, [149].
Roger, Bishop of Salisbury, Minister of Henry I., [126];
quarrels with Stephen, [134].
Roger, Earl of Hereford, takes part in the Rising of the Earls, [110].
Roger of Hoveden, [167].
Roger, son of Roger of Salisbury, [134].
Roman Empire, the establishment of, [12];
continuance of, in the East after its destruction in the West, [27].
Romans, the, invasion of Gaul by, [10];
invasion of Britain by, [11];
commencement of the conquest of Britain by, [12];
massacre of, [15];
complete conquest of the greater part of Britain by, [17];
civilisation introduced into Britain by, [21];
end of their rule in Britain, [26];
persistency of their civilisation in Gaul, [37].
Romney Marsh divides Jutes from South Saxons, [27].
Roosebeke, battle of, [278].
Roses, Wars of the, see [Wars of the Roses].
Rothesay, Duke of, death of, [295].
Rouen occupied by Hrolf, [80];
surrenders to Henry V., [304];
retaken by the French, [320].
Rutland, Earl of (son of the Duke of York), accompanies his father to Ireland, [326];
murdered, [328].
St. Albans (see [Verulam]), architecture of the nave of the abbey of, [171];
meeting of a national jury at, [180];
the first battle of, [324];
the second battle of, [328].
St. John, Knights of, [157].
St. Michael's Mount, Henry besieged at, [119].
Saladin takes Jerusalem, [157].
Saladin tithe, the, [157].
Salic law, the so-called, [232].
Salisbury, great Gemot at, [113];
cathedral at, [207].
Salisbury, Richard, Earl of, his connection with the Duke of York, [324];
takes part in the battles of Blore Heath and Northampton, [326];
beheaded, [328].
Sarum, Old, [34].
Savoy, the, burnt, [269].
Saxon shore, the defence of, [25];
over run by the Jutes, [27].
Saxons, the (see [East Saxons], [South Saxons], [West Saxons]), ravage Roman Britain, [24];
settle in Britain, [27];
merge their name in that of English, [28];
are known by the Celts as Saxons, [29].
Sawtre, William, burnt as a heretic, [292].
Say, Lord, beheaded by Jack Cade, [323].
Schwartz, Martin, defeated at Stoke, [347].
Scotland, kingdom of, formed by a union of Scots and Picts, [63];
its relations with England under Eadmund, [64];
its relations with Cnut, [84];
with William I., [104];
with William II., [119];
with Stephen, [133];
with Henry II., [154];
with Richard I., [159];
disputed succession in, [214];
Edward I. acknowledged Lord Paramount of, [216];
its league with France, [218];
twice conquered by Edward I., [219], [221];
incorporated with England, [222];
conquered a third time by Edward I., [224];
independence of, [226];
first war of Edward III. with, [231];
struggle between Edward Balliol and David Bruce in, [232], [234];
accession of the Stuarts to the throne of, [295];
assists France in its wars with England, [307].
Scots, the ravages of, [23];
abode of, in Ireland, [23];
renewed ravages of, [26];
settle in Argyle, and are defeated at Degsastan, [42];
their relations with Eadward the Elder, [63];
see [Scotland].
Scrope, Archbishop of York, executed, [296].
Scrope, Lord, execution of, [301].
Scutage, [141].
Secular clergy, the, [67].
Selsey, landing of the South Saxons near, [27].
Senlac, battle of, [96].
Serfs, see [Villeins].
Severn, West Saxon conquest of the Valley of, [35].
Severus fails in conquering the Caledonians, [19].
Sheriffs, their position in Eadgar's reign, [73];
weakened by Henry II., [148].
Shires, origin of, [73].
Shire-moot, the, [73];
see [County Courts].
Shore, Jane, penance of, [340].
Shrewsbury, Earl of, see [Talbot], Lord.
Shrewsbury, Parliament of, [283];
battle of, [294].
Silchester, Roman church at, [23].
Simnel, Lambert, insurrection in favour of, [347].
Simon de Montfort, early career of, [193];
takes the side of the barons, [195];
employed in Gascony, [196];
executes the Provisions of Oxford, [199];
heads the baronial party, [200];
wins the battle of Lewes, [201];
constitutional scheme of, ib.;
killed at Evesham, [203];
compared with Archbishop Thomas, [204].
Siward, Earl of North-humberland, [84], [87].
Slaves preserved alive at the English conquest, [30].
Sluys, battle of, [239].
Somerset, Welsh driven out of, [53].
Somerset, Edmund Beaufort, second Duke of, commands in Normandy, [320];
supported by Henry VI., [323];
slain at St. Albans, [324].
Somerset, Edmund Beaufort, fourth Duke of, executed, [334].
Somerset, John Beaufort, first Duke of, commands in France, [317];
kept from court by Suffolk, [318];
dies, [320].
Somerset, Henry Beaufort, third Duke of, executed, [331].
Sorbiodunum (Old Sarum), the stronghold of Ambrosius, [34].
South Saxons, the, first conquests of, [27];
destroy Anderida, [28].
Spain, union of the kingdoms of, [349];
growth of the monarchy of, [354].
Spencer, Henry, bishop of Norwich, leads an expedition to Flanders, [278].
Stamford Bridge, battle of, [95].
Standard, battle of the, [133].
Stanley, Lord, joins Henry VII., [343].
Stanley, Sir William, deserts Richard III., [343];
execution of, [351].
Star Chamber, Court of, organisation of, [348].
States-General, the French, meet during John's captivity, [252].
Statute of Wales, [210].
Stephen, accession of, [131];
makes peace with the Scots, [133];
quarrels with the barons, ib.;
quarrels with the clergy, [134];
death of, [135].
Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury, [89].
Stirling, Wallace's victory at, [221].
Stoke, battle of, [347].
Stone implements, [1]-4.
Strathclyde, formation of the kingdom of, [43];
is not dependent on Ecgberht, [55];
its relations with Eadmund, [64].
Strongbow in Ireland, [152].
Stuart, family of, inherit the throne of Scotland, [295].
Suetonius Paullinus, campaigns of, [14]-16.
Suffolk, origin of the name of, [28].
Suffolk, Michael de la Pole, Earl of, Chancellor of Richard II., [278];
driven from power, [279];
condemned to death, [280].
Suffolk, William de la Pole, Earl of, arranges a truce with France, [317];
presides over the government of England, [318];
impeached and murdered, [322].
Surrey, Earl of, governs Scotland in the name of Edward I., [219].
Sussex, conquest of, [27], [28];
weakness of, [41];
accepts Christianity, [49].
Svend attacks London, [79];
returns to Denmark, [80];
invades England, [81];
death of, [83].
Swegen, son of Godwine, misconduct of, [87];
death of, [88].
Swynford, Catherine, marries John of Gaunt, [282].
Talbot, Lord, defeats the Burgundians, [313];
becomes Earl of Shrewsbury, [320];
defeated and slain, [323].
Tallages levied by Edward I., [221];
abolished by Edward III., [243].
Taxation, see [Danegeld], [Customs].
Templars, the Knights, [157].
Tewkesbury, battle of, [334].
Thames, the, early ferry over, [20].
Thanet, probable identification of Ictis with, [8];
Jutes established in, [27].
Thegns, how distinguished from Gesiths, [31];
their devotion to their lord, [44];
growing military importance of, [69].
Theodore, Archbishop, his influence on the Church of England, [50];
assembles the first Church Council, [52].
Thetford, removal of the see from, [107].
Thomas of London (Becket), Chancellor, [140];
being appointed Archbishop of Canterbury, resists Henry II., [143];
takes refuge in France, [145];
returns to England, [149];
is murdered, [150].
Thurstan, Archbishop, leads the levies at the Battle of the Standard, [132].
Tiberias, battle of, [157].
Tin, Phœnician and Greek trade in, [8].
Tinchebrai, battle of, [125].
Tintern Abbey, [129].
Togidumnus, death of, [13].
Tostig, Earl of North-humberland, [89];
driven from his earldom, [90];
allied to Harold Hardrada, [94];
killed at Stamford Bridge, [96].
Touraine conquered by Philip II., [176].
Towns, growth of, [62], [72], [168];
condition of the outskirts of, [191].
Townships, early political organisation of, [31].
Towton, battle of, [329].
Trade, see [Commerce].
Transition from round-arched to Pointed architecture, [171].
Travelling modes of, [273].
Treasons, Statute of, [250].
Trent, the Anglian occupation of the Valley of, [36].
Tresilian, Chief Justice, hanged, [280].
Trinobantes, the geographical position of, [8];
side with Cæsar, [11];
submit to Cunobelin, [12].
Troyes, the Treaty of, [306].
Tudor, Owen, marries the widow of Henry V., [335].
Tumblers, [275].
Tyre in danger, [157].
Universities, growth of, [167].
Urban II., Pope, supported by Lanfranc, [118];
preaches a Crusade, [120].
Uriconium, see [Viriconium].
Valence, William de, resists the Provisions of Oxford, [199].
Val-ès-dunes, battle of, [88].
Verneuil, battle of, [308].
Verulamium, Roman city at, [19];
martyrdom of St. Alban at, [23].
Vicar, meaning of the term, [129].
Villages, arrangements of, [75].
Villeins, the, uncertain origin of, [31];
increase of, [69];
position of, after the Norman conquest, [102];
partial commutation of the services of, [168];
effect of the Black Death upon, [248];
insurrection of, [268];
take refuge in towns, [275];
land ceases to be cultivated by, [320], [321].
Viriconium, Roman colony at, [14].
Vortigern establishes Jutes in Thanet, [27].
Wakefield, battle of, [328].
Wales reduced by Harold, [90];
Flemish settlement in, [128];
conquered by Edward I., [210];
marches of, ib.;
supports Richard II., [285].
Wallace, William, rises against Edward I., [221];
execution of, [222].
Wallingford, Treaty of, [137].
Walls, the Roman, [17].
Walter Map, [167].
Waltheof, Earl of Northamptonshire and Huntingdonshire, [90];
is beheaded, [110].
Wanborough, Ceawlin defeated at, [36].
War-band, the, composed of Gesiths, [30].
Warbeck, Perkin, insurrection of, [350]-352;
execution of, [354].
Wardship, nature of the lord's claim to, [116];
results of the system, [330].
Wars of the Roses, origin of the name of, [324];
state of society during, [330].
Warwick, Earl of, opposes Richard II., [279];
banishment of, [282].
Warwick, Earl of (son of the Duke of Clarence), imprisonment of, [343];
execution of, [354].
Warwick, Richard Beauchamp, Earl of, regent in France, [313].
Warwick, Richard Nevill, Earl of (the King-maker), influence of, [324];
retires to Calais, and comes back and defeats the Lancastrians at Northampton, [326];
estranged from Edward IV., [332];
is reconciled to Queen Margaret, [333];
restores Henry VI., and is defeated and slain at Barnet, [334].
Wat Tyler, insurrection of, [268], [269].
Wedmore, Peace of (the so-called), [59].
Welsh, the, speak a language derived from that of the Britons, [7];
origin of their name, [31];
adopt the name Kymry, [37];
defeated by Æthelfrith near Chester, [43];
split up into three divisions, ib.;
driven out of Somerset, [53];
their relations with Ecgberht, [56];
see [Wales].
Weregild, system of, [32].
Wessex, gradual formation of, [28], [34], [35];
is weakened by internal quarrels, [41];
accepts Christianity, [48];
growing unity of, [53];
causes of the supremacy of, [55];
an earldom under Godwine and Harold, [84], [89].
West Saxons, the, first conquests of, [28];
defeated at Mount Badon, ib.;
occupy Salisbury Plain, [34];
wage war with the men of Kent and with the Britons of the Severn Valley, [35];
are defeated at Faddiley, ib.;
see [Wessex].
West Wales split off from other Welsh territory, [42].
Westminster Abbey, consecration of, [91];
coronation of William I. in, [100].
White Ship, the, wreck of, [129].
Wilfrid supports Papal authority, [50].
William I. (the Conqueror) declared heir of Eadward the Confessor, [88];
his rule in Normandy, ib.;
claims the crown from Harold, [91];
lands at Pevensey, and defeats Harold at Senlac, [96]-98;
crowned at Westminster, [100];
progress of his conquest, [101]-103;
devastates the Vale of York, [103];
subdues Hereward, and receives Malcolm's submission, [104];
his method of keeping English and Normans in subjection, [104]-106;
his relations with the Church, [106]-110;
suppresses the Rising of the Earls, [110];
lays waste the New Forest, ib.;
has Domesday Book prepared, [111];
receives oaths at Salisbury, [113];
death of, [114].
William II. (Rufus) is crowned King of England, [114];
is supported by the English against Robert, [115];
character of, ib.;
his treatment of Anselm, [117];
his quarrels with his brothers, [118];
his relations with Scotland, [119];
suppresses Mowbray's rebellion, [120];
last years of, [121];
is murdered, [122].
William, son of Henry I., wrecked, [129].
William Clito, son of Robert, [129].
William Longbeard, [169], [170].
William of Malmesbury, [129].
William of Newburgh, [167].
William the Lion, king of Scotland, acknowledges himself to be a vassal of Henry II., [154];
frees himself from vassalage, [159].
Winchelsey, Archbishop, [221].
Winchester, secular canons driven out of [68];
burial of William II. at, [122];
Stephen chosen king at, [131].
Winwæd, the battle of, [48].
Witenagemot, the, constitution of, [45];
discussion on the acceptance of Christianity in, [46];
constitutional powers of, [74];
becomes the Great Council, [113];
see [Great Council], the.
Women, education of, in the Middle Ages, [65].
Wonderful Parliament, the, [280].
Worcester, secular canons driven from, [68].
Wroxeter, see [Viriconium].
Wulfhere maintains the independence of Mercia, [48].
Wycliffe, John, his doctrines, [261];
summoned before an ecclesiastical court at St. Paul's, [262];
sends out 'poor priests,' and renounces transubstantiation, [266];
retires, and dies, [269].
Wykeham, William of, deprived of the Chancellorship, [260];
restored to the Council, and again dismissed, [262].
Yarmouth supports Stephen, [134].
York (see Eboracum) submits to Harold Hardrada, [95];
taken by William I., [102];
devastation of the Vale of, [103];
massacre of Jews at, [160].
York Archbishop of, his right to crown a king questioned, [149].
York, Archbishopric of, founded, [46].
York, Duke of Edmund (son of Edward III.), joins Henry IV., [285].
York, Richard, Duke of, (father of Edward IV.), is regent in France, [313];
governs Ireland, [319];
first Protectorate of, [323];
second Protectorate of, [324];
driven to Ireland, [326];
claims the throne, [327];
defeated and slain, [328].
York, Richard, Duke of (son of Edward IV.), lodged in the Tower, [341];
murdered, [342].
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Footnote 1: There were also four smaller divisions, ultimately increased to five. All that is known about their position is that they were not where they are placed in our atlases.[Back to Main Text]
Footnote 2: Genealogy of the principal Northumbrian kings:—[Note.—The names of kings are in capitals. The figures denote the order of succession of those who ruled over the whole of North-humberland. Those whose names are followed by a B. or D. ruled only over Bernicia or Deira respectively.]