| Ang |  | sī-gan | —I | become wet, |
| fi sī-gan | shall make wet, soak, immerse. |
In the above it will be observed that the causal force lies in the letter f, its vowel (always a very short one) being drawn by attraction (euphonic) from that of the principal verb.
A second way of expressing causation is to combine the verb hŏ-nŏ, to give, with the infinitive mood of the principal verb, e.g.—
| Ang | | rang-ă | I learn, |
| rang-nŏ hŏ-i-ŏ | I cause to learn, teach. |
5. The distinctive vowel of the negative verb is á, which in some cases gives place to i or e, probably for reasons of euphony. Its chief forms of tense and mood, &c., may be shown thus:—
- Present, Bú-á—(I) am not beating.
- Imperfect, Bú-á-khŏi-man.
- Past
- Bú-á-man
- Bú-á-khŏi-nŏ
- Bú-á-khŏi-se.
- Future, Bú-á.
- Imperative.
- —2 Dá bú—beat
thou not.
- 3 Dá-bú-thang—let
him not beat.
- Subjunctive
- Bú-á-bá
- Bú-a-blá
- Potential, Bú-nŏ hai-á
- Participial forms:—
- Present, Bú-i—not beating
- Past, Bú-á-lábá—not having
beaten, without beating
- Past,
- ,,
- Bú-e—not beaten.
| Past |  | Bú-á-man |
| Bú-á-khŏi-nŏ |
| Bú-á-khŏi-se. |
| Imperative. | —2 Dá bú—beatthou not. |
| 3 Dá-bú-thang—lethim not beat. |
| Subjunctive | | Bú-á-bá |
| Bú-a-blá |