The Vertebrate Skeleton

by Sidney H. Reynolds

Every reference is to the page: words in italics are names of genera or species; figures in italics indicate that the reference relates to systematic position; figures in thick type refer to an illustration; f. = and in following page or pages; n. = note.

• Aard Vark, [44], [352];
• femur, [517];
• sacrum, [452];
• teeth, [425];
• see Orycteropus
• Aard wolf, [48];
• see Proteles
• Abdominal ribs, crocodile, [260];
• reptiles, [286]
• Abdominal shield, turtle, [215]
• Acanthias, [32];
• calcification of vertebrae, [114];
• pectoral fins, [130]
• Acanthodes, [32], [64]
• Acanthodii, [32];
• general characters, [64];
• spines, [106]
• Acanthomys, [47];
• spines, [417]
• Acanthopterygii, [34]
• Accipitres, [41]
• Acetabular bone, [25], [513];
• dog, [409] f.;
• frog, [165]
• Acetabulum, [25];
• crocodile, [266];
• dog, [409];
• duck, [324];
• frog, [165];
• newt, [149];
• turtle, [235]
• Acipenser, [32], [117];
• exoskeleton, [67];
• distribution, [66];
• pectoral fins, [131];
• plates, [104];
• skull, [121], [122];
• spinal column, [112]
• Acipenseridae, [32]
• Acrodont, defined, [199];
• teeth of reptiles, [273]
• Acrodus, [32];
• teeth, [109]
• Acromion, dog, [405]
• Actinotrocha, [30];
• organ regarded as double notochord, [51]
• Ad-digital quill, duck, [303]
• Adjutant, [41];
• clavicles, [338]
• Ægithognathous, [335]
• Æluroidea, [48], [369];
• teeth, [437]
• Æpyornis, [40];
• tibio-tarsus, [341]
• Æpyornithes, [40], [299]
• Aftershaft, [328]
• Agama, [38];
• teeth, [273]
• Agamidae, [38];
• premaxillae, [284]
• Aglossa, [36]
• Agouti, [48];
• see Dasyprocta
• Agriochoeridae, [45]
• Agriochoerus, [45];
• pes, [525]
• Ala spuria, duck, [304]
• Alcidae, [42];
• see Auks
• Alisphenoid, [19];
• crocodile, [247];
• duck, [317];
• dog, [386]
• Alligator, [39], [210], [212];
• hyoid, [285];
• limbs, [264];
• pectoral girdle, [262];
• pelvis and sacrum, [267];
• scutes, [271];
• skull, [245], [248], [253]
• Alligatoridae, [39]
• Alytes, [36];
• fronto-parietal fontanelle, [179];
• vertebrae, [172]
• Amblypoda, [47];
• general characters, [363];
• manus, [510];
• pes, [525];
• skull, [473];
• teeth, [433];
• thigh and shin, [519]
• Amblystoma, [35];
• skull, [175]
• American monkeys, [373];
• see Cebidae
• American vultures, [41];
• vomers, [335]
• Amia, [33];
• distribution, [66];
• exoskeleton, [67];
• pectoral fin, [131];
• scales, [105];
• skull, [123];
• tail, [115], [117];
• vertebrae, [114]
• Amiidae, [33]
• Ammocoetes, [31], [55]
• Amphibia, [35];
• anterior limb, [185];
• exoskeleton, [168];
• general characters, [133];
• hyoid apparatus, [180];
• pectoral girdle, [184];
• pelvic girdle, [187];
• posterior limb, [188];
• ribs, [182];
• skull, [173];
• sternum, [182];
• teeth, [169];
• vertebral column, [170]
• Amphicoelous, defined, [14]
• Amphioxus, [30];
• skeleton, [51] f.;
• spinal column, [112]
• Amphisbaena, [38], [272];
• loss of limbs, [289]
• Amphisbaenidae, [38], [200];
• pectoral girdle, [288];
• skull, [277];
• vertebral column, [275]
• Amphitheriidae, [43]
• Amphiuma, [35], [135];
• manus, [187];
• pes, [188];
• skull, [174]
• Amphiumidae, [35]
• Anacanthini, [33]
• Anal shield, turtle, [215]
• Anas, [41];
• A. boschas, see Duck
• Ankylosis, defined, [12]
• Angel fish, [32]
• Angler, attachment of teeth, [107]
• Anguidae, [38]
• Anguilla, [33];
• see Eel
• Anguis, [38];
• loss of limbs, [289];
• scutes, [271]
• Angular, [22];
• cod, [100];
• crocodile, [258];
• duck, [319];
• salmon, [94];
• turtle, [231]
• Angulo-splenial, frog, [161]
• Ankle joint, duck, [327];
• reptiles, [294]
• Anomodontia, [36]
• Anoplotheriidae, [45]
• Anoplotherium, [45];
• manus, [506];
• pes, [523];
• tail, [454];
• teeth, [428]
• Anser, [41]
• Anseres, [41];
• aftershaft, [329];
• claws, [330]
• Anseriformes, [41]
• Anteaters, [352];
• absence of teeth, [424];
• manus, [505];
• pectoral girdle, [495];
• pelvis, [513];
• skull, [458];
• thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, [447];
• Spiny —, [43];
• Great and Two-toed —, [44]
• Antelope, [359];
• manus, [507];
• Four-horned A., [46]
• Anterior limb, [26];
• Amphibia, [185];
• birds, [338];
• crocodile, [263];
• dog, [405];
• duck, [322];
• frog, [164];
• newt, [147];
• reptiles, [290];
• turtle, [232]
• Anthropoid apes, [373];
• arm-bones, [503];
• pelvis, [515]
• Anthropoidea, [49];
• general characters, [372];
• sacrum, [452];
• skull, [482];
• teeth, [441]
• Anthropopithecus, [49];
• ribs, [493]
• Antiarcha, [31];
• general characters, [55]
• Antibrachium, see fore-arm
• Antilocapra, [46];
• horns, [417]
• Antilocapridae, [46]
• Antitrochanter, duck, [325]
• Antlers, [8], [358];
• Cervidae, [469]
• Antorbital process, [18]
• Anura, [36];
• general characters, [136];
• hyoid apparatus, [180];
• pelvis, [187];
• posterior limb, [188];
• skull, [179];
• sternum, [182];
• vertebrae, [172]
• Apatornis, [40];
• vertebrae, [332]
• Apteria, [328]
• Apteryges, [40]
• Apteryx, [40], [299];
• aftershaft, [329];
• anterior nares, [333];
• claws, [330];
• foot, [342];
• manus, [338];
• pectineal process, [341];
• pectoral girdle, [338];
• pneumaticity of skeleton, [331];
• A. oweni, pelvic girdle and sacrum, [340]
• Aqueductus vestibuli, dogfish, [74]
• Arcade:
• infratemporal—, crocodile, [255];
• Sphenodon, [283];
• inner —, duck, [318];
• outer —, duck, [318];
• supratemporal —, crocodile, [257];
• reptiles, [281]
• Archaeoceti, [44];
• general characters, [356];
• skull, [461];
• teeth, [426]
• Archaeopteryx, [40], [297];
• claws, [330];
• fibula, [341];
• mandible, [335];
• metatarsals, [342];
• pelvis, [341];
• ribs, [336];
• sacrum, [333];
• skull, [333];
• tail, [333];
• teeth, [330];
• wing, [338]
• Archaeornithes, [40];
• characters, [297]
• Archegosaurus, [35], [136];
• palatines, [177]
• Archipterygium, Ceratodus, [127];
• Ichthyotomi, [62]
• Arcifera, [36], [185]
• Arctoidea, [48], [369];
• teeth, [438]
• Ardea, [41];
• see Heron
• Ardeae, [41]
• Arm, see fore-arm and upper arm
• Armadillo, [44], [352];
• cervical vertebrae, [443];
• femur, [517];
• humerus, [501];
• lumbar vertebrae, [447];
• manus, [505];
• pectoral girdle, [495];
• pelvis, [513];
• ribs, [491];
• sacrum, [452];
• scales, [417];
• scutes, [419];
• skull, [459];
• teeth, [424]
• Armour plates, [8]
• Arthrodira, [34];
• characters, [70]
• Articular, [22];
• cod, [100];
• crocodile, [258];
• duck, [319];
• newt, [144];
• salmon, [94];
• turtle, [231]
• Artiodactyla, [45];
• characters, [358];
• manus, [506];
• odontoid process, [445];
• pes, [522];
• ribs, [491];
• skull, [465];
• teeth, [427];
• thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, [448]
• Asses, [360]
• Asterolepis, [31], [55]
• Asterospondyli, [114]
• Astragalus, [27];
• crocodile, [268];
• dog, [414];
• mammals, [521]
• Astrapotheriidae, [46]
• Astrapotherium, [46], [361];
• dental formula, [432];
• femur, [519];
• pes, [525]
• Ateles, [49];
• pollex, [512];
• tail, [454]
• Atlantosauridae, [38]
• Atlas, [15];
• crocodile, [240];
• dog, [379], [380];
• duck, [309];
• ox, [445];
• turtle, [219]
• Attachment of teeth, [4];
• in fish, [107]
• Auchenia, [45];
• see Llama
• Auditory aperture or meatus:
• external —, crocodile, [250];
• dog, [402];
• turtle, [228];
• internal —, crocodile, [246], [251];
• dog, [392];
• turtle, [228]
• Auditory capsule, [20];
• cod, [96];
• crocodile, [250];
• dog, [390];
• dogfish, [74];
• frog, [156];
• newt, [143];
• turtle, [227]
• Auditory ossicles, crocodile, [251];
• dog, [393];
• duck, [320];
• mammals, [485] f.;
• turtle, [228]
• Auks, [42];
• thoracic vertebrae, [332]
• Autostylic, [61], [119]
• Aves, [40];
• characters, [295];
• see Birds
• Axial skeletal rods, [50]
• Axial skeleton, crocodile, [239];
• cod, [83];
• dog, [377];
• dogfish, [72];
• duck, [307];
• frog, [152];
• newt, [138];
• turtle, [218]
• Axis vertebra, crocodile, [241];
• dog, [380];
• duck, [309];
• turtle, [220]
• Axolotl, [35];
• see Siredon
• Aye Aye, [49];
• see Chiromys
• Babirussa, [45];
• dental formula, [428]
• Baboon, [49];
• see Cynocephalus
• Balanoglossus, [30], [50]
• Balaena, [44], [357];
• scapula, [495];
• B. mysticetus baleen, [419]
• Balaenidae, [44]
• Balaenoidea, [44];
• general characters, [356]
• Balaenoptera, [44], [357];
• manus, [506];
• thoracic vertebrae, [448];
• scapula, [495];
• B. musculus, cervical vertebrae, [444]
• Baleen, [3], [418]
• Balistes, [33];
• teeth, [111]
• Balistidae, [33]
• Ball and socket joints, [13]
• Bandicoot, [43]
• Barb, [302]
• Barbule, [303]
• Barramunda, [34];
• see Ceratodus
• Basalia, dogfish, [79]
• Basibranchial, dogfish, [78];
• cod, [101];
• duck, [320];
• newt, [145];
• salmon, [95]
• Basi-branchiostegal, cod, [101];
• salmon, [95]
• Basicranial axis, [19];
• dog, [384]
• Basidorsalia, dogfish, [72]
• Basi-hyal, dogfish, [78];
• dog, [399];
• duck, [320]
• Basilar plate, [17]
• Basilingual plate, Anura, [180];
• crocodile, [259];
• frog, [161];
• turtle, [231]
• Basi-occipital, [19];
• crocodile, [246];
• cod, [97];
• dog, [386];
• duck, [315];
• salmon, [89];
• turtle, [224]
• Basipterygium, cod, [103];
• dogfish, [82]
• Basisphenoid, [19];
• crocodile, [247];
• dog, [386];
• salmon, [91];
• turtle, [225]
• Bastard wing, duck, [304]
• Bathyerginae, palate, [366]
• Bathyergus, [47];
• auditory ossicles, [488];
• manus, [511]
• Batoidei, [32], [64]
• Batrachoseps, [35];
• teeth, [169]
• Bats, claws, [418];
• Horseshoe bats, [49];
• see Chiroptera
• Bdellostoma, [31], [55];
• teeth, [57]
• Beak, [3];
• birds, [329];
• duck, [302];
• Siren, [168];
• tadpoles of Anura, [168];
• turtle, [215]
• Bears, [48], [369];
• manus, [511];
• pes, [526];
• sacral vertebrae, [452];
• skull, [479];
• Isabelline — mandible, [438]
• Beaver, [47];
• fibula, [520];
• humerus, [502];
• pes, [526];
• sacrum, [452];
• tail, [454]
• Belodon, [39], [211];
• frontals, [277];
• palate, [281];
• vertebrae, [275]
• Bichir, [33];
• see Polypterus
• Bicipital groove, dog, [405]
• Bilophodont, defined, [345];
• teeth of Tapiridae, [429]
• Bipes, [38];
• limbs, [289]
• Birds, anterior limb, [338];
• endoskeleton, [331] f.;
• exoskeleton, [328] f.;
• general characters, [295];
• hyoid, [336];
• pectoral girdle, [336];
• pelvic girdle, [339];
• posterior limb, [341];
• ribs, [336];
• skull, [333];
• sternum, [336];
• teeth, [330];
• vertebral, [332]
• Bison, [46];
• occipital crest, [468]
• Blind snake, [38];
• see Typhlops
• Blind worm, [38];
• see Anguis
• Boidae, [38]
• Bombinator, [36];
• vertebrae, [172]
• Bone, development of, [10] f.
• Bone cells, [10]
• Bony Ganoids, fins, [105];
• pelvic fin, [132];
• ribs, [126];
• skull, [123];
• vertebral column, [114];
• see Holostei
• Border:
• alveolar —, of dog's jaw, [398];
• coracoid, glenoid, and suprascapular — of dog's scapula, [405]
• Bos, [46];
• occipital crest, [468];
• ribs, [491];
• see Ox
• Bottlenose, [44];
• see Hyperoödon
• Bovidae, [46];
• pes, [523];
• skull, [468]
• Bow-fin, [33];
• see Amia
• Brachial ossicles, cod, [103]
• Brachium; see upper arm
• Brachydont, defined, [345];
• teeth of Ungulates, [429] f.
• Brachycephalus, [36];
• bony plates of, [168]
• Brain case, crocodile, [245];
• dog, [384];
• duck, [314];
• frog, [154];
• newt, [140];
• turtle, [224]
• Bradypodidae, [43];
• see Sloths
• Bradypus, [43];
• cervical vertebrae, [443];
• pectoral girdle, [495];
• skull, [457];
• thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, [447]
• Branchial arches, Amphibia, [180] f.;
• cod, [101];
• dogfish, [78];
• fish, [120] f.;
• newt, [145];
• salmon, [95];
• — basket, Marsipobranchii, [38];
• — skeleton, Amphioxus, [52];
• Balanoglossus, [50]
• Branchiosaurus, [35];
• branchial arches, [180]
• Branchiostegal rays, cod, [100]
• Brontops, [46];
• see Titanotherium
• Brontosaurus, [38], [207];
• sternum, [288]
• Bubalus, [46];
• ribs, [491];
• see Buffalo
• Buccal skeleton, Amphioxus, [52]
• Buceros, [42];
• see Hornbill
• Buckler, of Labyrinthodonts, [168], [184]
• Buffalo, [46];
• Cape —, skeleton of, [492]
• Bufo, [36];
• hyoid, [182];
• jaws, [169];
• B. viridis, carpus, [186]
• Bufonidae, [36]
• Bunodont, defined, [345];
• teeth of Ungulata, [427] f.
• Buno-selenodont, defined, [432]
• Caeciliidae, [35]
• Caiman, [39];
• C. latirostris hyoid, [285],
• limbs, [264],
• lateral view of skull, [248],
• palatal view of cranium and mandible, [245],
• longitudinal section of skull, [253],
• pectoral girdle, [262],
• pelvic girdle and sacrum, [267];
• C. sclerops, scutes, [271]
• Ca'ing whale, [45];
• see Globicephalus
• Calamoichthys, [33];
• distribution, [66]
• Calamus, [302]
• Calcaneum, [27];
• crocodile, [268];
• dog, [414]
• Calcar, of frog, [167]
• Callorhynchus, [32], [66];
• teeth, [110]
• Camel, [45], [359];
• manus, [507];
• teeth, [428]
• Camelidae, [45]
• Camelus, [45];
• see Camel
• Camptosauridae, [39]
• Canal:
• alisphenoid —, dog, [402];
• carotid —, duck, [315];
• Eustachian —, crocodile, [247];
• dog, [402];
• duck, [316];
• interorbital —, dogfish, [76]
• Canaliculi, [10]
• Canidae, [48];
• humerus, [502];
• skull, [479];
• see Dog
• Canine, [344];
• dog, [376] f.
• Canis, [48];
• thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, [450];
• see Dog
• Capitosaurus, [35];
• skull, [176]
• Capybara, [48];
• manus, [511];
• pes, [526];
• skull, [476];
• tail, [454]
• Carapace, Chelonia, [271];
• Dermochelys, [272];
• Glyptodonts, [419];
• Green turtle, [215];
• Loggerhead turtle, [216]
• Carcharidae, [32]
• Carina sterni, duck, [321]
• Carinatae, [40];
• general characters, [300];
• quadrate, [334]
• Carnassial teeth, [368];
• carnivora, [436];
• dog, [376] f.
• Carnivora, [48];
• arm bones, [502];
• auditory ossicles, [488];
• cervical vertebrae, [446];
• general characters, [367];
• manus, [511];
• pelvis, [515];
• pes, [526];
• ribs, [493];
• sacral vertebrae, [452];
• skull, [478];
• sternum, [490];
• tail, [454];
• teeth, [437];
• thigh and shin, [520];
• thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, [450]
• Carnivora vera, [48];
• general characters, [368];
• scapula, [497]
• Carp, [33];
• pharyngeal teeth, [111]
• Carpo-metacarpus, duck, [324]
• Carpus, [26];
• crocodile, [265];
• dog, [408];
• duck, [323];
• frog, [164];
• newt, [147];
• turtle, [233]
• Cartilage, structure of, [10]
• Cartilaginous ganoids, cranium, [121];
• pelvic fin, [132];
• spinal column, [112];
• see Chondrostei
• Cassowary, [40], [299];
• aftershaft, [328];
• bony crest, [334];
• claws, [330];
• pelvic girdle and sacrum, [340];
• secondaries, [329]
• Castor, [47];
• see Beaver
• Castoridae, [47]
• Casuarius, [40];
• see Cassowary
• Cataphracti, [34]
• Cat, [48], [369];
• hallux, [526];
• manus, [511];
• skull, [479]
• Cat-fish, [33]
• Cathartae, [41]
• Cathartes, [41];
• see American vulture
• Caudal fin, Cetacea, [453];
• fish, [116];
• — vertebrae, crocodile, [243];
• cod, [85];
• dog, [383];
• duck, [312];
• general characters, [16];
• newt, [140];
• turtle, [222]
• Cavia, [48];
• tail, [454]
• Caviidae, [48]
• Cebidae, [49], [373];
• ribs, [493];
• skull, [484];
• teeth, [441]
• Coenolestes, [43], [424]
• Cement, [5]
• Centetes, [49];
• caudal vertebrae, [454];
• pelvic symphysis, [515];
• spines, [417];
• teeth, [440];
• thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, [450]
• Centetidae, [49];
• auditory ossicles, [488];
• skull, [480]
• Centrale, [27];
• see Carpus and Tarsus
• Centre of motion, [448]
• Centrum, [14]
• Cephalaspis, [31], [55]
• Cephalic shield, armadillos, [419]
• Cephalochordata, [30], [51]
• Cephalodiscus, [30], [50]
• Ceratodus, [34], [70];
• branchial arches, [124];
• cranium, [125];
• skeleton, [128];
• skull, [117], [124];
• spinal column, [113];
• teeth, [111]
• Cerato-branchial, cod, [101];
• dogfish, [78];
• duck, [320];
• salmon, [95]
• Cerato-hyal, [23];
• cod, [100];
• dog, [399];
• dogfish, [78];
• salmon, [95]
• Ceratophrys, [36];
• bony plates of, [168];
• teeth, [170]
• Ceratops, [39];
• see Polyonax
• Ceratopsia, [39];
• characters, [209];
• premaxillae, [284]
• Ceratopsidae, [39]
• Ceratosaurus, [38], [208];
• supratemporal fossae, [283];
• C. nasicornis, skeleton, [206]
• Cercopithecidae, [49], [373]
• Cervical ribs, crocodile, [260];
• reptiles, [285]
• Cervical vertebrae, crocodile, [239];
• dog, [380];
• duck, [307];
• general characters, [15];
• mammals, [442];
• turtle, [219]
• Cervidae, [46];
• skull, [469]
• Cervulus, [46];
• pes, [523]
• Cervus, [46];
• C. megaceros, antlers, [469]
• Cestracion, [32];
• calcification of vertebrae, [114];
• external branchial arches, [121];
• pectoral fin, [130];
• skull, [118];
• suspensorium, [119];
• teeth, [109];
• vertebral column, [114]
• Cestraciontidae 32
• Cetacea 44, [522];
• arm bones, [501];
• auditory ossicles, [487];
• caudal vertebrae, [453];
• cervical vertebrae, [444];
• characters, [353];
• exoskeleton, [416] f.;
• hind limb, [518];
• manus, [505];
• pectoral girdle, [495];
• pelvis, [514];
• position of limbs, [28];
• ribs, [491];
• skull, [461] f.;
• sternum, [489];
• teeth, [426];
• thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, [448]
• Cetiosauridae, [38]
• Chalcides, [38];
• limbs, [289]
• Chalicotheriidae, [46];
• femur, [519];
• manus, [509]
• Chalicotherium, [46];
• femur, [360];
• pes, [508], [525];
• teeth, [432]
• Chamaeleon, [38], [199] f.;
• epipubis, [293];
• ilia, [291];
• manus, [291];
• skull, [278]
• Chamaeleonidae, [38]
• Charadriidae, [42]
• Charadriiformes, [42]
• Chauna, [41];
• interorbital septum, [333];
• ribs, [336];
• C. derbiana, spurs, [330]
• Chelone, [37], [194];
• plastron, [271], [218];
• see Turtle
• Chelonia, [37];
• beaks, [271];
• carapace, [271];
• general characters, [193];
• humerus, [290];
• limbs, [290];
• palate, [281];
• pectoral girdle, [288];
• pelvic girdle, [291];
• skull, [277] f.;
• tarsus, [293];
• vertebrae, [275] f.
• Chelonidae, [37]
• Chelydae, [37]
• Chelydra, [37];
• carpus, [26], [291]
• Chelydridae, [37]
• Chelys, [37], [195]
• Chersidae, [37]
• Chevron bones, [16];
• crocodile, [243];
• mammals, [453] f.;
• reptiles, [276]
• Chevrotain, [45], [359];
• teeth, [429]
• Chimaera, [32],, [66];
• attachment of fins, [130];
• pelvic girdle, [127];
• skull, [65];
• teeth, [110]
• Chimaeridae, [32]
• Chimaeroidei, general characters, [65]
• Chimpanzee, [49];
• carpus, [512];
• ribs, [493];
• thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, [450]
• Chinchilla, [47];
• auditory ossicles, [488]
• Chinchillidae, [47]
• Chiromyidae, [49]
• Chiromys, [49],, [372];
• manus, [512];
• pes, [527];
• teeth, [441]
• Chiroptera, [49];
• auditory ossicles, [488];
• arm bones, [503];
• cervical vertebrae, [446];
• general characters, [370];
• manus, [512];
• pelvis, [515];
• pes, [527];
• sacrum, [452];
• shoulder girdle, [499];
• skull, [481];
• sternum, [490];
• tail, [454];
• teeth, [440];
• thigh and shin, [520];
• thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, [450]
• Chirotes, [38];
• limbs, [289]
• Chlamydophorus, [44],, [272];
• scutes, [419];
• skull, [459]
• Chlamydoselache, [31];
• branchial arches, [121]
• Choeropus, [43];
• manus, [504];
• pes, [522]
• Choloepus, [43];
• ribs, [491];
• shifting of pelvis, [451];
• skull, [458];
• sternum, [489];
• thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, [447];
• C. hoffmanni cervical vertebrae, [443]
• Chondrocranium, salmon, [87]
• Chondroid tissue, Balanoglossus, [50]
• Chondrostei, [32];
• fins, [105];
• general characters, [67];
• teeth, [110];
• see Cartilaginous ganoids
• Chordal sheath, Amphioxus, [52]
• Chrysochloridae, [49]
• Chrysochloris, [49];
• auditory ossicles, [488];
• claws, [418];
• teeth, [440]
• Ciconia, [41];
• see Stork
• Ciconiiformes, [41]
• Cingulum, [376]
• Civet, [48],, [369];
• teeth, [437]
• Cladoselache, [31],, [63]; fin, [129]
• Clasper, [132];
• dogfish, [82]
• Clavicle, [25];
• birds, [338];
• cod, [102];
• duck, [322];
• dog, [405];
• fish, [126];
• frog, [163];
• mammals, [494] f.;
• reptiles, [289]
• Claws, [3];
• birds, [330];
• crocodile, [237];
• dog, [374];
• duck, [302];
• mammals, [417];
• turtle, [215]
• Clupeidae, [33]
• Clupeus, [33]
• Cnemial crest, dog, [412];
• duck, [326]
• Coccosteus, [34], [70]
• Coccyx, man, [454]
• Cochliodontidae, [31]
• Cochliodus, [31];
• dental plates, [109]
• Cod, [33];
• appendicular skeleton, [101] f.;
• cranium, [96];
• mandibular and hyoid arches, [99];
• median fins, [86];
• pectoral girdle and fin, [102];
• ribs, [86];
• skull, [96] f.;
• vertebral column, [83] f.
• Coelogenys, [48];
• zygomatic arch, [477]
• Coenolestes, [43], [424]
• Coffer-fish, [33];
• see, Ostracion
• Colobus, [49];
• pollex, [512]
• Colubridae, [38]
• Columbae, [42]
• Columbidae, [42]
• Columella, crocodile, [251];
• duck, [320];
• frog, [157];
• turtle, [228]
• Columella cranii, [200] n;
• see epipterygoid
• Colymbi, [40]
• Colymbiformes, [40]
• Compsognathidae, [38]
• Compsognathus, [38], [208]
• Condylar ridge, duck, [326]
• Condyle of humerus, dog, [406];
• of mandible, dog, [398]
• Condylarthra, [47];
• femur, [519];
• general characters, [361];
• manus, [509];
• skull, [472];
• teeth, [432]
• Contour feather, duck, [303]
• Copula, [23]
• Coracias, [42];
• see Roller
• Coraciae, [42]
• Coraciiformes, [42]
• Coracoid, [25];
• cod, [103];
• crocodile, [263];
• duck, [322];
• frog, [163];
• Monotremata, [493];
• newt, [147];
• reptiles, [288];
• turtle, [232]
• Coracoid groove, duck, [321]
• Cormorant, [41];
• foot, [342];
• skull, [335]
• Cornu, see hyoid
• Cornua trabeculae, [18]
• Coryphodon, [47];
• femur, [519];
• manus, [510];
• pes, [525];
• skull, [473];
• teeth, [433];
• C. hamatus, manus, [510]
• Coryphodontidae, [47]
• Costal plate, turtle, [215];
• — process, duck, [321];
• — shield, turtle, [214]
• Cotyloid bone, [25], [513];
• see Acetabular bone
• Cotylopidae, [45]
• Cotylops, [45];
• pollex, [506];
• skull, [468]
• Coverts, [306], [328]
• Cranium, [18];
• cod, [96] f.;
• crocodile, [244] f.;
• development of, [16] f.;
• dog, [384] f.;
• dogfish, [73] f.;
• duck, [314];
• frog, [154] f.;
• newt, [140] f.;
• turtle, [222] f.
• Cranio-facial axis, dog, [384]
• Creodonta, [48];
• carpus, [512];
• femur, [520];
• general characters, [368];
• skull, [479];
• teeth, [439]
• Cribriform plate, dog, [388], [400]
• Crocodile, [210], [212];
• anterior limb, [263];
• exoskeleton, [237];
• pectoral girdle, [262];
• pelvic girdle, [266];
• posterior limb, [268];
• ribs and sternum, [259];
• skeleton, [237] f.;
• skull, [243] f.;
• tarsus, [293];
• teeth, [238];
• vacuities in surface of cranium, [256];
• vertebral column, [239]
• Crocodilia, [39];
• general characters of, [210];
• palate, [281];
• skull, [277] f.;
• succession of teeth, [274];
• teeth, [273]
• Crocodilidae, [39]
• Crocodilus, [39];
• C. palustris, sternum and associated bones, [261];
• late thoracic and first sacral vertebrae, [242];
• C. vulgaris, cervical vertebrae, [239]
• Crossopterygii, [33];
• general characters, [68]
• Crotalidae, [38]
• Crotalus, [38];
• jaws, [280];
• see Rattlesnake
• Crows, [42]
• Crura of stapes, dog, [393]
• Cruro-tarsal, ankle joint, [345]
• Crus, [26];
• crocodile, [268];
• dog, [412];
• duck, [326];
• frog, [166];
• newt, [149];
• turtle, [235]
• Crusta petrosa, [5]
• Cryptobranchus, [35], [135];
• skull, [175];
• C. lateralis, sacral vertebrae, [171]
• Cryptodira, [37];
• characters, [194]
• Ctenoid scales, [8], [60], [105]
• Cubitals, [303] f.
• Cuboid, [27];
• dog, [415]
• Cuckoo, foot, [342]
• Cuculi, [42]
• Cuculiformes, [42]
• Cuneiform bones, [27];
• dog, [414] f.
• Cyclodus, [38];
• see Tiliqua
• Cycloid scales, [8], [60], [105];
• cod, [83]
• Cyclopidius, [45];
• skull, [468]
• Cyclospondyli, [114]
• Cyclostomata, [31];
• general characters, [53]
• Cycloturus, [44];
• hallux, [522];
• manus, [505]
• Cygnus, [41];
• see Swan
• Cynocephalus, [49];
• cervical vertebrae, [446];
• skull, [482]
• Cynoidea, [48], [369];
• dental formula, [437]
• Cynognathus, [36];
• occipital condyle, [277];
• teeth, [273]
• Cyprinidae, [33]
• Cyprinus, [33];
• see Carp
• Cypseli, [42]
• Cypselidae, [42];
• see Swifts
• Cystignathidae, [36]
• Dactylopterus, [34];
• pectoral fins, [131]
• Dasypodidae, [44]
• Dasyprocta, [48];
• auditory ossicles, [488];
• thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, [450]
• Dasyproctidae, [48]
• Dasypus, [44];
• manus, [505];
• skull, [459];
• stapes, [487];
• teeth, [424]
• Dasyuridae, [43], [350];
• dentition, [423];
• pes, [521];
• skull, [456]
• Deer, [359];
• manus, [507];
• pes, [523];
• Chinese water —, [46],
• see Hydropotes;
• Musk —, [46],
• see Moschus;
• Red — fibula, [519]
• Delphinidae, [45]
• Delphinus, [45], [357];
• lumbar vertebrae, [448];
• skull, [462] f.
• Deltoid ridge, crocodile, [263];
• dog, [406];
• frog, [164]
• Dendrohyrax, [363]
• Dental formula, regular, [344], [422];
• Anthropoidea, [441];
• Astrapotherium, [432];
• Babirussa, [428];
• Camel, [428];
• Chiromys, [441];
• Chiroptera (many), [440];
• Cynoidea, [437];
• Dinotherium, [434];
• Dog, [376];
• Duplicidentata, [435];
• Elephas, [434];
• Erinaceus, [440];
• Felis, [437];
• Galeopithecus, [440];
• Hippopotamus, [427];
• Horse, [430];
• Hydromys, [436];
• Hyracoidea, [362];
• Macropodidae, [423];
• Manatus, [425];
• Notoryctes, [423];
• Otaria, [439];
• Procavia, [432];
• Pteropus, [441];
• Rodentia (most), [435];
• Ruminantia, [429];
• Squalodon, [427];
• Sus, [428];
• Tapiridae, [429];
• Thylacinus, [423];
• Uintatherium, [433];
• Ursus, [439];
• Zeuglodon, [426]
• Dentary, [22];
• crocodile, [258];
• cod, [100];
• duck, [320];
• frog, [161];
• newt, [144];
• salmon, [94];
• turtle, [230]
• Dentine, [5]
• Derbian Screamer, spurs, [330]
• Dermal exoskeleton, crocodile, [237];
• fish, [105];
• mammals, [419];
• reptiles, [271];
• turtle, [215]
• Dermo-supra-occipital, Labyrinthodontia, [177];
• Polypterus, [122]
• Dermochelydidae, [37]
• Dermochelys, [37], [194], [214], [270];
• carapace and plastron, [272]
• Dermoptera, [48];
• general characters, [370]
• Derotremata, [35]
• Desmodus, [49];
• teeth, [441]
• Desmognathous, [319], [335]
• Development of bone, [10];
• of cranium, [16];
• of teeth, [7]
• Dicynodon, [36], [192];
• beak, [271];
• supratemporal fossa, [283];
• teeth, [273]
• Didelphia, [43];
• general characters, [349]
• Didelphyidae, [43], [350];
• auditory ossicles, [486];
• pes, [521];
• teeth, [423]
• Didelphys, [43];
• atlas, [443];
• teeth, [422]
• Didus, [42];
• see Dodo
• Digitigrade, defined, [358] n.
• Digits, [26];
• see Manus and Pes
• Dimetrodon, [36];
• thoracic vertebrae, [276]
• Dinichthys, [34], [70]
• Dinocerata, [364];
• see Uintatheriidae
• Dinornithes, [40], [299];
• see Moas
• Dinosauria, [38];
• general characters, [204];
• humerus, [290];
• ischium, [291];
• pectoral girdle, [288];
• pes, [293];
• pre-orbital vacuity, [284];
• ribs, [285];
• vertebrae, [275] f.
• Dinotheriidae, [47]
• Dinotherium, [47], [365];
• dental formula, [434];
• teeth, [345]
• Diodon, [33];
• beaks, [111];
• D. hystrix, scales, [105]
• Diphycercal tail, [60], [116]
• Diphyodont, defined, [7], [344]
• Diplacanthus, [32], [64]
• Dipneumona, [34]
• Dipnoi, [34];
• general characters, [69];
• pelvic fins, [131];
• skull, [124];
• spinal column, [113];
• tail, [116];
• teeth, [111]
• Dipodidae, [47]
• Diprotodont, [423]
• Diprotodontia, [43];
• characters, [350]
• Dipteridae, [34], [70];
• cranium, [124];
• tail, [117];
• teeth, [111]
• Dipus, [47];
• cervical vertebrae, [446];
• pes, [526]
• Discoglossidae, [36]
• Discoglossus, [36];
• ribs, [182];
• vertebrae, [172]
• Distal, defined, [23] n.
• Divers, [40];
• thoracic vertebrae, [332]
• Docidophryne, [36];
• shoulder girdle and sternum, [183]
• Dodo, [42];
• wing, [338]
• Dog, [48];
• arm bones, [407];
• anterior limb, [405];
• atlas and axis, [379];
• cranium, [384], [389], [396];
• dentition, [375];
• innominate bone, [410];
• leg bones, [411];
• manus, [408], [413], [511];
• pectoral girdle, [404];
• pelvic girdle, [409];
• pes, [413], [414];
• posterior limb, [412];
• ribs, [402];
• second lumbar vertebra, [382];
• second thoracic vertebra, [382];
• skull, [383], [387];
• sternum, [403], [404];
• vertebral column, [378]
• Dogfish, [64];
• cranium, [73];
• exoskeleton, [71];
• median fins, [79];
• pectoral girdle and fin, [79];
• pelvic girdle, [81];
• pelvic fin, [81];
• ribs, [73];
• skull, [73], [75];
• vertebral column, [72];
• visceral skeleton, [77];
• Spotted and Spiny —, [32]
• Dolphin, [45], [357];
• lumbar vertebrae, [448];
• Gangetic —, [45],
• see Platanista
• Donkey, skull, [431]
• Dorcatherium, [45];
• manus, [507]
• Dorsal vertebra, [16]
• Dorsal shield, crocodile, [238]
• Down feathers, [306]
• Draco, [38];
• ribs, [286]
• Dromaeognathous, [335]
• Dromaeus, [40], [299];
• see Emeu
• Duck, [41], [334];
• beak, [329];
• claws, [330];
• cranium, [313];
• exoskeleton, [302];
• pectoral girdle, [321];
• pelvic girdle, [324], [311], [325];
• pes, [327];
• posterior limb, [326];
• ribs, [320];
• skull, [312], [312], [313];
• sternum, [321];
• vertebral column, [307];
• wing, [322], [304], [305]
• Duckbill, [43];
• see Ornithorhynchus
• Dugong, [44];
• humerus, [501];
• pelvis, [514];
• thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, [448];
• see Halicore
• Duplicidentata, [48], [366];
• dental formula, [435];
• skull, [478]
• Eagles, [335]
• Eared Seals, [369];
• scapula, [498];
• see Otariidae
• Echidna, [43];
• caudal vertebrae, [453];
• manus, [504];
• pelvis, [513];
• sacral vertebrae, [451];
• shoulder-girdle and sternum, [494];
• skull, [455];
• spines, [417];
• spur, [418];
• thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, [447]
• Echidnidae, [43];
• pes, [521]
• Ectethmoid, [21] n.
• Ectocondylar ridge, dog, [406]
• Edentata, [43];
• auditory ossicles, [487];
• arm bones, [500];
• caudal vertebrae, [453];
• cervical vertebrae, [443];
• manus, [504];
• pectoral girdle, [495];
• pes, [522];
• pelvis, [513];
• ribs, [491];
• sacrum, [452];
• skull, [457];
• sternum, [489];
• teeth, [424];
• thigh and shin, [517];
• thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, [447]
• Eel, [33];
• scales, [105]
• Elasmobranchii, [31];
• cranium, [118] f.;
• clasper, [132];
• general characters, [61];
• pelvic fins, [131];
• ribs, [125];
• teeth, [109];
• vertebral column, [113] f.;
• visceral arches, [120]
• Elasmotherium, [46];
• mesethmoid, [470]
• Elephant, [47];
• auditory ossicles, [487];
• caudal vertebrae, [453];
• ribs, [491];
• skull, [473] f., [474] and, [475];
• tusks, [420];
• see also Proboscidea
• Elephantidae, [47]
• Elephas, [47], [364];
• dental formula, [434];
• E. planifrons, [435];
• see Elephant
• Elginia, [36];
• skull, [191], [283]
• Embolomerous, [172]
• Emeu, [40], [299];
• aftershaft, [328];
• claws, [330]
• Enamel, [4];
• — cap, [7];
• — organ, [7]
• Endochondral ossification, [11]
• Endoskeleton, Amphibia, [170];
• birds, [331] f.;
• cod, [83] f.;
• crocodile, [239], f.;
• dog, [377] f.;
• dogfish, [71] f.;
• duck, [306] f.;
• fish, [112] f.;
• frog, [151] f.;
• mammals, [442] f.;
• newt, [138] f.;
• reptiles, [275] f.;
• turtle, [218] f.
• Engystomatidae, [36]
• Entoplastron, turtle, [217]
• Epanorthidae, [43], [350]
• Epi-branchial, cod, [101];
• dogfish, [78];
• salmon, [94]
• Epicoracoid, [25];
• frog, [163];
• turtle, [232];
• Monotremes, [493];
• vestiges of in Rodentia, [497]
• Epicrium, [35];
• orbit, [179]
• Epidermal exoskeleton, birds, [328];
• crocodile, [237];
• dog, [374];
• duck, [302];
• mammals, [416];
• reptiles, [270];
• turtle, [214]
• Epi-hyal, cod, [100];
• dog, [399];
• salmon, [94]
• Epi-otic, [20];
• cod, [96];
• crocodile, [250];
• Labyrinthodontia, [177];
• reptiles, [278];
• salmon, [89];
• turtle, [227]
• Epiphysis, [11]
• Epiplastron, turtle, [217]
• Epiprecoracoid, Amphibia, [184];
• turtle, [232]
• Epipterygoid, Lacertilia, [200];
• reptiles, [278]
• Epipubis, crocodile, [267];
• newt, [149];
• turtle, [235]
• Episternum, [217];
• frog, [163]
• Equidae, [46];
• mane, [416];
• scapula, [496];
• skull, [471]
• Equus, [46];
• see Horse
• Erinaceidae, [49]
• Erinaceus, [49];
• dental formula, [440];
• pelvic symphysis, [515];
• presternum, [490];
• see Hedgehog
• Esocidae, [33]
• Esox, [33];
• attachment of teeth, [107]
• Ethmoid, [394];
• see median ethmoid
• Ethmoidal plane, [390];
• — region, [21]
• Ethmo-palatine ligament, dogfish, [77]
• Ethmo-turbinal, dog, [395]
• Euchirosaurus, [35];
• vertebrae, [171]
• Eustachian canal, see Canal
• Eusuchia, [39];
• general characters, [212]
• Eutheria, [43];
• general characters, [351]
• Exocaetus, [33];
• pectoral fins, [131]
• Exoccipital, [19];
• cod, [97];
• crocodile, [246];
• dog, [386];
• duck, [314];
• frog, [154];
• newt, [141];
• salmon, [89];
• turtle, [224]
• Exoskeleton, [2];
• Amphibia, [168];
• birds, [328];
• crocodile, [237];
• dog, [374];
• dogfish, [71];
• duck, [302];
• fish, [104];
• ganoids, [66];
• mammals, [442];
• reptiles, [270];
• turtle, [214]
• Extensor side, defined, [29]
• Extra-branchial, dogfish, [79]
• Extra-columella, crocodile, [251];
• turtle, [228]
• Fabella, dog, [412]
• Falco, [41]
• Falcon, [41], [335]
• Falconiformes, [41]
• Feathers, [3], [328];
• duck, [302]
• Felidae, [48];
• claws, [418]
• Felis, [48];
• dental formula, [437];
• thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, [450]
• Femoral shield, turtle, [215]
• Femur, [26];
• crocodile, [268];
• dog, [412];
• duck, [326];
• frog, [166];
• mammals, [517] f.;
• newt, [149];
• ox and rhinoceros, [518];
• turtle, [235]
• Fenestra ovalis, crocodile, [250] f.;
• dog, [392];
• duck, [316];
• frog, [157];
• turtle, [228];
• — rotunda, dog, [392];
• duck, [316]
• Fenestral recess, duck, [316]
• Fibula, [26];
• crocodile, [268];
• dog, [412];
• duck, [327];
• frog, [166];
• newt, [149];
• turtle, [235]
• Fibulare, [27];
• see Tarsus
• File-fish, [33];
• see Balistes
• Filoplume, [306]
• Finches, [42]
• Fins, fish, [115];
• caudal —, Cetacea, [453];
• cod, [87];
• fish, [116];
• Ichthyosauria, [195];
• median —, cod, [86];
• dogfish, [79];
• pectoral —, cod, [103];
• dogfish, [79];
• pelvic —, cod, [103];
• dogfish, [81]
• Fin-rays, [105], [115];
• cod, [83], [103];
• dogfish, [79]
• Firmisternia, [36], [185]
• Fish, appendicular skeleton, [126];
• endoskeleton, [112] f.;
• exoskeleton, [104];
• general characters, [60] f.;
• paired fins, [127] f.;
• ribs, [125] f.;
• skull, [117] f.;
• spinal column, [112] f.;
• teeth, [106] f.
• Fissipedia, [48];
• general characters, [368]
• Flamingo, [335]
• Flexor side, defined, [29]
• Floating ribs, dog, [402];
• mammals, [490]
• Flower, Sir W.H., on succession of teeth in elephants, [434]
• Flying-fish, [33];
• — fox, [49], [371],
• skull, [481],
• see Pteropus;
• — gurnard, [34],
• see Dactylopterus;
• — lemur, [48],
• see Galeopithecus;
• — lizard, [38],
• see Draco
• Fontanelle, salmon, [89];
• anterior —, dogfish, [74];
• frog, [154];
• posterior —, frog, [154]
• Foot, crocodile, [269];
• dog, [414];
• frog, [167];
• newt, [149] f.;
• turtle, [236]
• Foramen:
• anterior palatine —, dog, [401];
• condylar —, dog, [401];
• — cordiforme, reptiles, [292];
• ect-epicondylar —, Sphenodon, [290];
• ent-epicondylar —, [191] n.;
• Carnivora vera, [502];
• Cebidae, [503];
• Choloepus, [500];
• Condylarthra, [362], [502];
• Creodonta, [368];
• Insectivora, [503];
• Lemurs, [503];
• Marsupials, [500];
• reptiles, [290];
• external mandibular —, crocodile, [258];
• inferior dental —, dog, [399];
• infra-orbital —, dog, [401];
• Rodents, [477];
• ilio-sciatic —, duck, [325];
• internal mandibular —, crocodile, [258];
• internal orbital —, dog, [401];
• interparietal —, Labyrinthodontia, [173], [177];
• reptiles, [277];
• — lacerum anterius, dog, [388], [400];
• — lacerum medium, dog, [402];
• — lacerum posterius, dog, [392], [401];
• lachrymal —, dog, [394], [401];
• — magnum, cod, [97];
• crocodile, [257];
• dog, [386], [402];
• dogfish, [76];
• duck, [314];
• frog, [154];
• newt, [141];
• salmon, [89];
• turtle, [224];
• mental —, dog, [399];
• obturator —, duck, [326];
• dog, [410];
• ophthalmic —, dogfish, [74];
• optic —, dog, [400];
• dogfish, [74];
• orbitonasal —, dogfish, [74];
• — ovale, crocodile, [249];
• dog, [400];
• pneumatic —, duck, [323];
• pneumogastric —, dogfish, [76];
• posterior palatine —, dog, [401];
• postglenoid —, dog, [402];
• pre-acetabular —, Chiroptera, [515];
• — rotundum, dog, [400];
• stylomastoid —, dog, [392] f., [400];
• thyroid —, dog, [410];
• trigeminal —, duck, [316];
• — triosseum, duck, [322]
• Fore-arm, [26];
• crocodile, [265];
• dog, [406];
• duck, [323];
• frog, [164];
• newt, [147];
• turtle, [233]
• Fossa:
• cerebellar —, dog, [392];
• cerebral —, dog, [392];
• digital —, dog, [412];
• floccular —, dog, [392];
• infratemporal —, see lateral temporal —;
• lachrymal —, Ruminants, [469];
• lateral temporal —, crocodile, [257];
• Sphenodon, [283];
• olecranon —, dog, [406];
• prescapular —, dog, [405];
• postscapular —, dog, [405];
• post-temporal —, Sphenodon, [283];
• pterygoid —, crocodile, [257];
• suborbital —, Ruminants, [469];
• supra-acetabular —, Ruminants, [514];
• supratemporal —, crocodile, [249], [256];
• reptiles, [283];
• supra-trochlear —, dog, [406];
• temporal —, dog, [398];
• trochanteric —, dog, [412]
• Fowl, [41], [335];
• claws, [330];
• skeleton, [301]
• Fox, [48]
• Frigate bird, [41];
• clavicles, [338]
• Frog, anterior limb, [164];
• cranium, [155], [157];
• hyoid apparatus, [161];
• pelvic girdle, [165];
• posterior limb, [166];
• shoulder-girdle and sternum, [183];
• skull, [154] f., [155], [159];
• teeth, [151];
• vertebral column, [152];
• Common —, Edible —, Fire-bellied —, Green-tree —, Horned —, Midwife —, Painted — and Toad —, [36];
• Frontal, [19];
• cod, [96];
• crocodile, [249];
• dog, [388];
• duck, [314];
• newt, [141];
• salmon, [91];
• turtle, [225];
• — segment, crocodile, [249];
• dog, [388];
• turtle, [225]
• Fronto-parietal, frog, [156]
• Frugivorous bats, manus, [512];
• see Pteropidae
• Fulcra, [67];
• Polypterus, [106]
• Furcula, [296]; duck, [322]
• Gadidae, [33]
• Gadus, [33];
• see Cod
• Galeopithecidae, [48]
• Galeopithecus, [48], [370];
• dental formula, [440];
• inter centra, [450];
• pelvic symphysis, [515];
• skull, [480]
• Galesaurus, [36], [192]; teeth, [273]
• Galeus, [32];
• occipital joint, [118]
• Galli, [41]
• Galliformes, [41]
• Gallus, [41];
• G. bankiva skeleton, [301]
• Gannet, [41]; wing, [339]
• Ganoid scales, [8], [60], [104]
• Ganoidei, [32];
• general characters and distribution, [66];
• pectoral girdle, [126];
• pelvic fins, [132];
• teeth, [110];
• skull, [121] f.;
• spinal column, [112] and, [114]
• Garialidae, [39]
• Garialis, [39], [212]
• Garial, [210]
• Gar pike, [33];
• see Lepidosteus
• Gavialis, [39]
• Gazella, [46]
• Gazelle, [46];
• skull, [468]
• Geckonidae, [37];
• see Gecko
• Gecko, [37];
• epipubis, [293];
• parietals, [277];
• supratemporal fossa, [283];
• vertebrae, [275]
• Gibbon, [49];
• ribs, [493];
• skull, [482]
• Gill-rays, dogfish, [78];
• salmon, [95]
• Giraffa, [46]
• Giraffe, [46], [359];
• cervical vertebrae, [445];
• manus, [507];
• pes, [523];
• ulna, [501]
• Giraffidae, [46]; skull, [469]
• Girdle bone, frog, [156]
• Glenoid cavity, [25];
• crocodile, [263];
• dog, [405];
• duck, [322];
• frog, [162];
• newt, [146];
• turtle, [232];
• —fossa, dog, [394]
• Globe-fish, [33]
• Globicephalus, [45];
• cervical vertebrae, [354];
• manus, [506];
• skull, [463]
• Gluteal surface of ilium, dog, [410]
• Glyptodon, [44];
• carapace, [419];
• cervical vertebrae, [443];
• caudal vertebrae, [453];
• manus, [505];
• pelvis, [513];
• pes, [522];
• teeth, [425];
• thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, [447]
• Glyptodontidae, [44], [352];
• skull, [459];
• see also Glyptodon
• Gnathostomata, [31], [59]
• Golden mole, [49];
• see Chrysochloris
• Goniopholidae, [39]
• Goniopholis, [39];
• vertebrae, [275]
• Goose, [334];
• beak, [329];
• Spur-winged—41
• Gorilla, [49];
• carpus, [512];
• ribs, [493];
• scapula, [499];
• skull, [483];
• thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, [450]
• Gruidae, [41];
• see Cranes
• Gruiformes, [41]
• Guinea-pig, [48];
• tail, [454]
• Gular shield, turtle, [215]
• Gulls, [42], [335];
• aftershaft, [328]
• Gymnodontidae, [33];
• beaks, [111]
• Gymnophiona, [35];
• branchial arches, [180];
• general characters, [136];
• ribs, [182];
• scales, [168];
• skull, [177];
• teeth, [169];
• vertebrae, [172]
• Gymnura, [49];
• teeth, [440];
• zygomatic arch, [481]
• Gypogeranus, [41];
• claws, [330]
• Gyrinophilus, [35];
• vertebral column, [171]
• Haddock, [33]
• Hadrosauridae, [39]
• Hadrosaurus, [39];
• skull, [284]
• Hag or hag-fish, [31], [54] f.
• Hair, [3];
• dog, [374];
• mammals, [416]
• Halicore, [44], [352];
• manus, [505];
• skull, [460];
• teeth, [425];
• see Dugong
• Halicoridae, [44]
• Halitheriidae, [44]
• Halitherium, [44], [352];
• femur, [518];
• pelvis, [514];
• teeth, [425]
• Hallux, [26];
• dog, [415];
• duck, [327];
• frog, [167]
• Hamular process, dog, [397]
• Hand, crocodile, [266];
• dog, [408] f.;
• duck, [324];
• frog, [165];
• newt, [147];
• turtle, [233]
• Hapale, [49]
• Hapalidae, [49], [372] f.;
• teeth, [441]
• Hare, [48], [366];
• acetabular bone, [515];
• dental formula, [435];
• femur, [520];
• humerus, [502];
• pelvis, [515];
• scapula, [497];
• skull, [476];
• tail, [454];
• thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, [449];
• Cape jumping —, [47];
• see Pedetes
• Harpagus, [41];
• serrated beak, [334]
• Harriotta, [32], [66]
• Hatteria, [37], [197];
• see Sphenodon
• Haversian canals, [10];
• — system, [10]
• Hawks, beak of, [330]
• Hedgehog, [49], [370];
• auditory ossicles, [488];
• humerus, [503];
• presternum, [490];
• skull, [480];
• spines, [417];
• see Erinaceus
• Hemichordata, [30], [50]
• Heptanchus, [31];
• branchial arches, [63], [120];
• vertebrae, [114]
• Herbivorous dentition, [427], [430]
• Heron, [41], [335];
• interorbital septum, [333];
• powder down feathers, [329]
• Herring, [33]
• Hesperornis, [40], [299];
• caudal vertebrae, [333];
• clavicles, [338];
• teeth, [330];
• wing, [338]
• Heterocercal tail, [60], [116]
• Heterodont, [7]
• Heterostraci, [31];
• general character, [54]
• Hexanchus, [31];
• branchial arches, [63], [121]
• Hinge joint, [13]
• Hipparion, [46];
• manus, [508];
• pes, [524]
• Hippopotamidae, [45]
• Hippopotamus, [45], [359];
• dental formula, [427];
• hair, [416];
• mandible, [467];
• manus, [506];
• pes, [523];
• scapula, [496];
• skull, [467];
• teeth, [345]
• Hoatzin, [41];
• see Opisthocomus
• Holocephali, [32], [65], [104];
• clasper, [132];
• spinal column, [113];
• tail, [116];
• teeth, [109]
• Holoptychiidae, [33]
• Holoptychius, [33];
• scales, [105]
• Holostei, [33];
• general characters, [68];
• teeth, [110];
• see Bony Ganoids
• Hominidae, [49], [373]
• Homo, [49];
• see Man
• Homocercal tail, [60], [69], [117];
• codfish, [87]
• Homodont, defined, [7]
• Hoofs, [3], [418]
• Hoopoe, [42], [335]
• Hoplopterus, spur, [330]
• Hornbill, [42], [331];
• bony crest, [334];
• interorbital septum, [333]
• Horns, [3], [417]
• Horny plates on palate, [418];
• — teeth, Lampreys, [4];
• Myxinoids, [57];
• Ornithorhynchus, [4]
• Horse, [46], [360];
• fibula, [519];
• malleus, [487];
• manus, [507];
• pes, [524];
• skull, [471];
• teeth, [345], [430];
• ulna, [501]
• Howling monkey, [49];
• see Mycetes
• Humerals, duck, [303] f.
• Humeral shield, turtle, [215]
• Humerus, [26];
• crocodile, [263];
• dog, [405];
• duck, [323];
• frog, [164];
• newt, [147];
• turtle, [232];
• wombat, [500]
• Humming-birds, [42], [335]
• Humpbacked whale, [44], [357]
• Hyaena, [48], [369];
• hallux, [526];
• pollex, [511];
• sacral vertebrae, [452];
• teeth, [437]
• Hyaenidae, [48];
• humerus, [502]
• Hyaenodon, [48], [368]
• Hyaenodontidae, [48]
• Hyaline cartilage, [10]
• Hydrochaerus, [48];
• teeth, [437];
• see Capybara
• Hydromys, [47];
• dental formula, [436]
• Hydrophidae, [38];
• scales, [270]
• Hydropotes, [46];
• canines, [429]
• Hyla, [36];
• fronto-parietal fontanelle, [179];
• sternum, [184]
• Hylidae, [36]
• Hylobates, [49];
• ribs, [493];
• skull, [482]
• Hyoid, [21];
• alligator, [285];
• Amphibia, [180];
• birds, [336];
• cod, [100];
• crocodile, [259];
• dogfish, [77];
• dog, [399];
• duck, [320];
• frog, [161];
• newt, [144];
• reptiles, [284];
• salmon, [94];
• turtle, [231], [285]
• Hyomandibular, [23];
• cod, [100];
• dogfish, [78];
• salmon, [94]
• Hyomoschus, [45]
• Hyoplastron, turtle, [217]
• Hyostylic, [61], [119]
• Hyotherium, [45];
• teeth, [427]
• Hyperodapedon, [37], [198];
• premaxillae, [284]
• Hyperoödon, [44];
• skull, [464];
• sternum, [489];
• thoracic vertebrae, [448]
• Hypo-branchial, cod, [101];
• dogfish, [78]
• Hypo-hyal, cod, [100];
• salmon, [95]
• Hypo-ischium, Lacertilia, [292]
• Hypoplastron, turtle, [217]
• Hyporachis, [328]
• Hypsilophodon, [39];
• predentary bone, [284]
• Hypsodont, defined, [345], [429]
• Hypural bone, cod, [85]
• Hyracidae, [47]
• Hyracoidea, [47];
• femur, [519];
• general characters, [362];
• manus, [510];
• nails, [418];
• skull, [472];
• teeth, [432]
• Hyracotherium, [46];
• manus, [508];
• scapula, [496]
• Hyrax, [47], [363];
• see Procavia
• Hystricidae, [47]
• Hystricomorpha, [47];
• auditory ossicles, [488]
• Hystrix, [47];
• auditory ossicles, [488];
• see Porcupine
• Ichthyodorulites, [106]
• Ichthyoidea, [35];
• general characters, [134]
• Ichthyopsida, [31];
• general characters, [59]
• Ichthyopterygium, [130]
• Ichthyornis, [40];
• mandible, [335];
• pelvis, [341];
• teeth, [330];
• vertebrae, [332]
• Ichthyornithiformes, [40], [300]
• Ichthyosauria, [37];
• general characters, [195];
• ribs, [285]
• Ichthyosauridae, [37]
• Ichthyosaurus, [37], [197];
• limbs, [290];
• palatines, [281];
• pectoral girdle, [288];
• position of limbs, [28];
• skull, [196];
• teeth, [273];
• vertebral column, [275]
• Ichthyotomi, [31];
• general characters, [62];
• fins, [130] f.;
• tail, [116]
• Iguana, [38];
• teeth, [273]
• Iguanidae, [38];
• zygosphenes, [200], [276]
• Iguanodon, [39], [208] f.;
• jaws, [292];
• predentary, [284];
• sternum, [288];
• teeth, [272] f.;
• vertebrae, [275]
• Iguanodontidae, [39]
• Iliac surface of ilium, dog, [410]
• Ilium, [25];
• crocodile, [266];
• dog, [409];
• duck, [325];
• frog, [165];
• mammals, [513] f.;
• newt, [149];
• reptiles, [291];
• turtle, [235]
• Incisors, dog, [376] f.;
• mammals, [344]
• Incus, dog, [393];
• man, dog and rabbit, [485]
• Infra-marginal shield, turtle, [215]
• Infra-pharyngeal bone, cod, [101]
• Inia, [45];
• cervical vertebrae, [444];
• lumbar vertebrae, [448]
• Innominate bone, dog, [409];
• mammals, [513]
• Insectivora, [48];
• arm bones, [503];
• auditory ossicles, [488];
• cervical vertebrae, [446];
• general characters, [369] f.;
• manus, [512];
• pelvis, [515];
• pes, [527];
• sacrum, [452];
• shoulder-girdle, [499];
• skull, [480];
• sternum, [490];
• tail, [454];
• teeth, [440];
• thigh and shin, [520];
• thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, [450]
• Insectivora vera, [49];
• general characters, [370]
• inter centra, [15];
• Galeopithecus, [370];
• Ichthyosauria, [195];
• Labyrinthodontia, [172];
• Sphenodon, [198];
• Talpa, [450]
• Interclavicle, [25];
• crocodile, [263];
• Monotremata, [494];
• reptiles, [289]
• Intercondylar notch, dog, [412]
• Intergular shield, turtle, [215]
• Interhyal, cod, [100]
• Intermedium, [27];
• see Carpus and Tarsus
• Intermuscular bones, cod, [86]
• Internasal septum, dogfish, [76]
• Interorbital septum, birds, [333];
• crocodile, [247];
• duck, [317];
• reptiles, [277]
• Interspinous bones, cod, [86]
• Intertarsal ankle joint, [190]
• Intervertebral discs, [15], [378]
• Ischial tuberosity, dog, [411]
• Ischium, [25];
• crocodile, [266];
• dog, [410];
• duck, [325];
• frog, [165];
• newt, [149];
• turtle, [235]
• Ischyodus, [32], [66]
• Ivory, [5]
• Jacana, [42];
• see Parra
• Jacare, [39];
• scutes, [271]
• Jaws, [21];
• cod, [98] f.;
• crocodile, [252] f.;
• dog, [395] f.;
• dogfish, [77];
• duck, [317] f.;
• frog, [158] f.;
• newt, [143] f.;
• salmon, [93] f.;
• turtle, [229] f.
• Jerboa, [47];
• cervical vertebrae, [446];
• pes, [526]
• Joints, kinds of, [13]
• Jugal, [22];
• crocodile, [255];
• dog, [398];
• duck, [318];
• turtle, [229]
• Jugulares, [132]
• Kangaroo, [43];
• dental formula, [423];
• lumbar vertebrae, [447];
• pectineal process, [513];
• pes, [522];
• tail, [453];
• teeth, [345]
• Kestrel, claws, [330]
• Killer, [45];
• see Orca
• Kiwi, [40];
• see Apteryx
• Knee-cap, see patella
• Koala, [43];
• lumbar vertebrae, [447];
• pes, [522];
• tail, [453]
• Kükenthal, W., on teeth of Cetacea, [426];
• on teeth of Marsupials, [422]
• Labial cartilage, dogfish, [77];
• Squatina, [119]
• Labridae, [33]
• Labrus, [33];
• see Wrasse
• Labyrinthodontia, [35];
• buckler, [168];
• general characters, [135];
• interparietal foramen, [173];
• pelvis, [187];
• ribs, [182];
• skull, [176];
• teeth, [169]
• Lacertilia, [37];
• general characters, [199];
• pectoral girdle, [288];
• skull, [277];
• vertebrae, [275]
• Lachrymal, [20];
• cod, [97];
• crocodile, [251];
• dog, [394];
• duck, [317];
• salmon, [93]
• Lacunae, [10]
• Lagenorhynchus, [45];
• skull, [462]
• Lagostomus, [47];
• maxillae, [477]
• Lambdoidal crest, duck, [315]
• Lamella of malleus, dog, [393]
• Lamnidae, [32]
• Lamprey, [31], [55] f.
• Lancelet, [30];
• see Amphioxus
• Laridae, [42];
• see Gulls
• Larks, [42]
• Larvacea, [30];
• notochord, [51]
• Latax, [48];
• pes, [526]
• Lateral ethmoid, [21];
• cod, [97];
• salmon, [89] f.
• Leathery turtle, [37];
• see Dermochelys
• Lemuroidea, [49];
• caudal vertebrae, [454];
• general characters, [372];
• nails, [418];
• ribs, [493];
• sacrum, [452];
• skull, [482];
• thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, [450];
• see Lemurs
• Lemurs, carpus, [512];
• pes, [527];
• teeth, [441];
• see Lemuroidea
• Lenticular, [485];
• dog, [393]
• Lepidosiren, [34], [70];
• branchial arches, [125];
• fins, [130]
• Lepidosteidae, [33]
• Lepidosteus, [33];
• attachment of teeth, [108];
• distribution, [66];
• pectoral fins, [131];
• scales, [67], [104];
• skull, [123];
• tail, [117];
• vertebrae, [68]
• Lepidotus, [33];
• teeth, [110]
• Leporidae, [48]
• Lepospondyli, [35]
• Lepus, [48];
• see Hare
• Leptoptilus, [41];
• see Adjutant
• Lialis, [37], [289]
• Limbs, general account, [26];
• modifications in position of, [28];
• reptiles, [289]
• Llama, [45], [359];
• cervical vertebrae, [445];
• skeleton, [496];
• teeth, [428]
• Limicolae, [42]
• Lingual apparatus, lampreys, [58];
• myxinoids, [57]
• Lion, [48]
• Loemanctus longipes, shoulder girdle and sternum, [287]
• Loggerhead turtle, carapace, [216]
• Lophiodon, [46];
• teeth, [345], [429]
• Lophiodontidae, [46]
• Lophiomyidae, [47]
• Lophiomys, [47];
• pes, [526];
• skull, [476]
• Lophius, attachment of teeth, [107]
• Lower jaw, see Mandible
• Lumbar vertebrae, [16];
• crocodile, [242];
• dog, [378] f.;
• duck, [311]
• Lunar, [27];
• dog, [408]
• Macacus, [49];
• cervical vertebrae, [446]
• Machaerodus, [48];
• upper canines, [437]
• Macrauchenia, [46], [358];
• calcaneum, [360];
• cervical vertebrae, [445];
• fibula, [519];
• tarsus, [523];
• ulna, [501]
• Macraucheniidae, [46], [509]
• Macropodidae, [43], [350];
• dental formula, [423];
• pes, [522]
• Macropus, [43];
• see Kangaroo
• Macroscelidae, [49]
• Macroscelides, [49];
• skull, [480]
• Magnum, [27];
• see Carpus
• Malar, [22];
• see jugal
• Malleus, dog, [393];
• man, dog and rabbit, [485]
• Mammalia, [42];
• auditory ossicles, [485];
• cervical vertebrae, [442];
• exoskeleton, [416];
• general characters, [343];
• manus, [503];
• Mesozoic —, [348];
• pectoral girdle, [493];
• pelvic girdle, [512];
• pes, [521];
• ribs, [490];
• sacral and caudal vertebrae, [451];
• skull, [455];
• sternum, [489];
• thigh and shin, [517];
• thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, [447]
• Man, [49];
• arm bones, [503];
• auditory ossicles, [488];
• caudal vertebrae, [454];
• cervical vertebrae, [446];
• pelvis, [515];
• pes, [527];
• ribs, [493];
• scapula, [499];
• skull, [483];
• sternum, [490];
• teeth, [441]
• Manatee, [44];
• see Manatus
• Manatidae, [44]
• Manatus, [44];
• cervical vertebrae, [444];
• dental formula, [425];
• humerus, [501];
• manus, [505];
• pelvis, [514];
• skull, [460];
• sternum, [489];
• teeth, [345];
• thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, [448]
• Mandible, birds, [335];
• cod, [100];
• crocodile, [258];
• dog, [398];
• duck, [319];
• frog, [160];
• Hippopotamus, [467];
• Isabelline bear, [438];
• newt, [144];
• salmon, [94];
• turtle, [230]
• Manidae, [44];
• see Manis
• Manis, [44];
• auditory ossicles, [487];
• manus, [504];
• scales, [3], [417];
• skull, [459];
• M. macrura xiphisternum, [489];
• see Pangolin
• Manubrium of malleus, [486];
• dog, [393];
• — sterni, dog, [404]
• Manus, [26];
• crocodile, [265];
• dog, [408], [413];
• duck, [323];
• frog, [164];
• mammalia, [503];
• newt, [147];
• Perissodactyles, [508];
• turtle, [233]
• Marginal plate, turtle, [216];
• — ray, [131];
• — shield, turtle, [214]
• Marmoset, [49], [372] f.
• Marmot, frontals, [476]
• Marsipobranchii, [31], [53];
• spinal column, [56]
• Marsupial bones, [513]
• Marsupial mole, [43];
• see Notoryctes
• Marsupialia, [43];
• arm bones, [499];
• auditory ossicles, [486];
• cervical vertebrae, [443];
• caudal vertebrae, [453];
• general characters, [349];
• manus, [504];
• pectoral girdle, [494];
• pelvis, [513];
• pes, [521];
• ribs, [491];
• sacral vertebrae, [451];
• skull, [456];
• teeth, [422];
• thigh and shin, [517];
• thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, [447]
• Mastodon, [47], [365];
• teeth, [434]
• Mastodonsaurus, [35], [136];
• pelvis, [187]
• Mastoid portion of periotic, dog, [391]
• Maxilla, [22];
• cod, [98];
• crocodile, [254];
• dog, [397];
• duck, [318];
• frog, [159];
• newt, [144];
• turtle, [229]
• Maxillo-mandibular arch, [21]
• Maxillo-palatine, duck, [318]
• Maxillo-turbinal, dog, [395]
• Meatus, external auditory —, crocodile, [250];
• dog, [393];
• turtle, [228];
• internal auditory —, crocodile, [251];
• dog, [392], [400];
• turtle, [228]
• Meckel's cartilage, [22];
• cod, [100];
• dogfish, [77];
• salmon, [94]
• Median ethmoid, [21];
• cod, [98];
• Gymnophiona, [179];
• salmon, [91];
• — fin, Amphibia, [52];
• cod, [86];
• dogfish, [79]
• Megachiroptera, [49];
• general characters, [371]
• Megalobatrachus, [35], [135];
• carpus, [186];
• skull, [175]
• Megalosauridae, [38]
• Megalosaurus, [38], [208]
• Megapodius, spur, [330]
• Megaptera, [44], [357]
• Megatheriidae, [44], [352];
• humerus, [501];
• leg bones, [517];
• pelvis, [513];
• sacrum, [452];
• teeth, [424];
• thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, [447]
• Megatherium, [44];
• femur, [517];
• manus, [505];
• pectoral girdle, [495];
• pes, [522];
• skull, [458]
• Megistanes, [40], [299]
• Membranous cranium, [17]
• Menobranchidae, [35]
• Menobranchus, [35], [135];
• carpus, [185];
• pes, [188];
• skull, [174];
• teeth, [169]
• Menopoma, [35];
• see Cryptobranchus
• Mento-meckelian, [22];
• frog, [161];
• reptiles, [284]
• Merganser, [41];
• beak, [329]
• Mergus, [41]
• Merrythought, duck, [322]
• Mesethmoid, [20];
• dog, [390];
• duck, [317]
• Mesoplodon, [44];
• teeth, [427]
• Mesopterygium, [79]
• Mesosauridae, [37]
• Mesosaurus, [37]
• Mesosternum, dog, [404]
• Metacarpal quill, duck, [303]
• Metacarpo-digital, duck, [303]
• Metacarpus, [26];
• see Manus
• Metacromion, hares and rabbits, [497]
• Meta-pterygium, [79]
• Metatarsus, [26];
• see Pes
• Metatheria, [43];
• general characters, [349]
• Metriorhynchus, [39], [278]
• Microchiroptera, [49];
• general characters, [371]
• Microgale, [49];
• caudal vertebrae, [454]
• Mid-digital quill, duck, [303]
• Milk-teeth, [344];
• dog, [377];
• horse, [430]
• Moa, [40], [299];
• aftershaft, [328];
• pectoral girdle, [336];
• wing, [338]
• Molar teeth, [344];
• dog, [376] f.
• Mole, [49], [370];
• auditory ossicles, [488];
• cervical vertebrae, [446];
• humerus, [503];
• manus, [512];
• presternum, [490];
• shoulder girdle, [499];
• skull, [481];
• teeth, [440];
• Golden —, [49];
• see Chrysochloris;
• Marsupial —, [43];
• see Notoryctes
• Molge, [35], [135];
• see Newt
• Monitor, [38];
• see Varanus
• Monkey, [49], [373];
• see under Primates
• Monodelphia, [43];
• characters of, [351]
• Monodon, [45], [357];
• see Narwhal
• Monophyodont, defined, [7], [344]
• Monopneumona, [34]
• Monotremata, [42];
• arm bones, [499];
• auditory ossicles, [486];
• caudal vertebrae, [453];
• cervical vertebrae, [443];
• general characters, [346];
• manus, [504];
• pectoral girdle, [493];
• pelvis, [513];
• pes, [521];
• ribs, [490];
• sacral vertebrae, [451];
• skull, [455];
• sternum, [489];
• teeth, [422];
• thigh and shin, [517];
• thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, [447]
• Morosaurus, [38], [207];
• pes, [294]
• Mosasaurus, [38], [204]
• Moschus, [46];
• canines, [429]
• Mouse, [47];
• teeth, [437];
• see Mus
• Mud-fish, [34]
• Multituberculata, [43], [348]
• Muntjac, [46];
• see Cervulus
• Muraenidae, [33]
• Muridae, [47]
• Mus, [47];
• M. musculus, teeth, [437];
• M. sylvaticus, sternum and shoulder girdle, [498]
• Musk deer, [46];
• canines, [429]
• Mustelidae, [48];
• teeth, [439]
• Mycetes, [49];
• hyoid, [485];
• mandible, [484];
• skull, [482]
• Myliobatidae, [32];
• teeth, [109]
• Myomorpha, [47]
• Myrmecobius, teeth, [423]
• Myrmecophaga, [44];
• manus, [505];
• pectoral girdle, [495];
• skull, [458]
• Myrmecophagidae, [44], [424];
• see Anteaters
• Mystacoceti, [44];
• general characters, [356];
• hind limb, [518];
• manus, [505];
• pectoral girdle, [495];
• skull, [461];
• teeth, [426]
• Myxine, [31], [55];
• fins, [115];
• notochordal sheath, [9]
• Myxinoidei, [31], [55]
• Nails, [3];
• Amphibia, [168];
• mammals, [417]
• Nares:
• anterior —, crocodile, [252], [257];
• dog, [401];
• duck, [317];
• newt, [143];
• turtle, [225], [229];
• posterior —, crocodile, [257];
• dog, [402];
• duck, [318];
• frog, [158];
• newt, [143];
• turtle, [230]
• Narial cavity, salmon, [89];
• — passage, crocodile, [254];
• dog, [395];
• — septum, dog, [401]
• Narwhal, [45], [357];
• teeth, [427]
• Nasal, [21];
• crocodile, [252];
• dog, [394];
• duck, [317];
• frog, [158];
• newt, [143];
• turtle, [228];
• — capsule, [20];
• cod, [97];
• crocodile, [252];
• dog, [394];
• dogfish, [74];
• frog, [158];
• newt, [143];
• turtle, [228];
• — cavity, dog, [388];
• — fossae, salmon, [89];
• — horns, rhinoceros, [3]
• Navicular, [27];
• dog, [414]
• Neornithes, [40];
• general characters, [298]
• Nesodon, [46], [361];
• pes, [525];
• teeth, [432]
• Nesodontidae, [46]
• Neural arch, [14];
• — plate, turtle, [215];
• — spine, [14]
• Neuromere, defined, [112]
• Newt, [35];
• anterior limb, [147];
• hyoid apparatus or visceral arches, [144], [181];
• pelvic girdle, [149];
• ribs, [145];
• shoulder girdle, [146];
• skull, [140];
• sternum, [145];
• vertebral column, [138]
• Notidanidae, [31];
• calcification of vertebrae, [114];
• pectoral fins, [130];
• vertebral column, [113];
• visceral arches, [63], [119] f.
• Notochord, Amphioxus, [52];
• Balanoglossus, [50];
• dogfish, [72];
• Tunicates, [51]
• Nothosaurus, [37], [193];
• supratemporal fossae, [283]
• Nothosauridae, [37]
• Notoryctes, [43];
• arm bones, [500];
• caudal vertebrae, [453];
• cervical vertebrae, [443];
• claws, [418];
• dental formula, [423];
• manus, [504];
• pelvis, [513];
• pectoral girdle, [494];
• pes, [521];
• ribs, [491];
• sacrum, [452];
• skull, [457];
• sternum, [489];
• thigh and shin, [517]
• Notoryctidae, [43], [350]
• Nuchal plate, turtle, [215];
• — shield, crocodile, [238];
• turtle, [214]
• Nyrania, [35];
• palatines, [177]
• Occipital condyle, crocodile, [246];
• dog, [386];
• duck, [315];
• frog, [154];
• turtle, [224];
• — crest, dog, [386];
• — segment, crocodile, [246];
• dog, [384];
• turtle, [224]
• Odontaspis, [32];
• succession of teeth, [107]
• Odontoblast, [7]
• Odontoceti, [44];
• general characters, [357];
• manus, [505];
• pectoral girdle, [495];
• skull, [462];
• sternum, [489];
• teeth, [426]
• Odontolcae, [40];
• general characters, [299]
• Odontopteryx, [40];
• jaws, [334]
• Ogmorhinus, [48];
• mandibular ramus, [439]
• Olecranon process, dog, [406];
• duck, [323];
• frog, [164]
• Olfactory capsule, see nasal capsule;
• — cavity, dog, [388];
• — chamber, dog, [395];
• — fossa, dog, [390]
• Olm, [35]
• Omosaurus, exoskeleton, [272]
• Omosternum, frog, [163]
• Onychodactylus, [35];
• nails, [168]
• Operculum, cod, [101];
• salmon, [95]
• Ophidia, [38];
• general characters, [202];
• jaw bones, [280];
• scales, [270];
• skull, [277] f.;
• vertebral column, [275]
• Ophisaurus, [38];
• limbs, [289];
• pectoral girdle, [289]
• Opisthocoelous, defined, [14]
• Opisthocomus, [41];
• skull, [334]
• Opisthotic, [20];
• cod, [96];
• crocodile, [250];
• salmon, [89] f.;
• turtle, [227]
• Opossum, [43];
• caudal vertebrae, [453];
• teeth, [423]
• Optic capsule, [20];
• crocodile, [251];
• dog, [394];
• turtle, [228]
• Orang, [49];
• carpus, [512];
• ribs, [493];
• thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, [450]
• Orbit, crocodile, [257];
• dogfish, [74];
• duck, [317]
• Orbital ring, cod, [97];
• salmon, [93]
• Orbitosphenoid, [19];
• dog, [388];
• duck, [317];
• newt, [141]
• Orca, [45];
• teeth, [427]
• Oreodon, [45];
• see Cotylops
• Ornithodelphia, [42];
• general characters, [346]
• Ornithosauria, [212]
• Ornithorhynchidae, [43]
• Ornithorhynchus, [43];
• beak, [3], [418];
• caudal vertebrae, [453];
• manus, [504];
• pelvis, [513];
• sacral vertebrae, [451];
• shoulder girdle, [347];
• skull, [455];
• spur, [418];
• tarsus, [27] n.;
• teeth, [4], [346], [422];
• thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, [447]
• Ornithopoda, [39];
• general characters, [209]
• Orthopoda, [39];
• general characters, [208];
• pubes, [292]
• Orycteropodidae, [44];
• teeth, [425]
• Orycteropus, [44];
• hair, [416];
• manus, [505];
• pectoral girdle, [495];
• pelvis, [513];
• skull, [459];
• see Aard Vark
• Osborn, H.F., on Mesozoic Mammals, [348]
• Os entoglossum, duck, [320]
• Osteoblast, [11]
• Osteoclast, [11]
• Osteodentine, [108]
• Osteostraci, [31];
• general characters, [54]
• Ostracion, [33], [69];
• plates, [105]
• Ostracionidae, [33]
• Ostracodermi, [31];
• general characters, [54]
• Ostrich, [40], [299];
• aftershaft, [329];
• cervical vertebrae, [331];
• claws, [330];
• foot, [342];
• manus, [338];
• pelvic girdle and sacrum, [340];
• pubis, [341];
• tibio-tarsus, [341];
• wing, [339]
• Otaria, [48];
• dentition, [439];
• tympanic bulla, [480]
• Otariidae, [48], [369];
• auditory ossicles, [488];
• scapula, [498];
• skull, [480]
• Owen's apteryx, pelvic girdle and sacrum, [340]
• Owen's chameleon, epidermal horns, [271]
• Owls, [42], [335];
• aftershaft, [329];
• foot, [342]
• Owl-parrot, [42];
• see Stringops
• Ox, [46], [359];
• atlas and axis, [445];
• three cervical vertebrae, [15];
• femur, [518];
• manus, [507];
• teeth, [345];
• two thoracic vertebrae, [449]
• Paca, [48]
• Paired fins, [127]
• Palaeoniscidae, [32]
• Palaeoniscus, [32];
• scales, [67]
• Palaeospondylidae, [31]
• Palaeospondylus, [31], [58]
• Palaeosyops, [46];
• teeth, [432]
• Palaeotheriidae, [46]
• Palaeotherium, [46];
• skull, [471];
• teeth, [430]
• Palamedea, [41];
• spur, [330], [338]
• Palamedeae, [41]
• Palate, reptiles, [280] f.
• Palatine, cod, [98];
• crocodile, [254];
• dog, [397];
• duck, [318];
• frog, [160];
• salmon, [93];
• turtle, [230]
• Palato-pterygo-quadrate bar, [22];
• dogfish, [77];
• fish, [120] f.;
• salmon, [93]
• Palm civet, [48]
• Pangolin, [44];
• pectoral girdle, [495];
• pelvis, [513];
• caudal vertebrae, [453];
• see Manis
• Parachordals, [17]
• Paradoxurus, [48];
• tail, [454]
• Parasphenoid, [21];
• cod, [97];
• frog, [156];
• newt, [141];
• reptiles, [278];
• salmon, [93]
• Parasuchia, [39];
• general characters, [211]
• Parethmoid, [21] n.
• Pariasauria, [36]
• Pariasaurus, [36], [192];
• pectoral girdle, [289];
• pelvis, [292];
• supratemporal fossa, [283];
• teeth, [273]
• Parietal, [19];
• cod, [96];
• crocodile, [247];
• dog, [386];
• duck, [314];
• newt, [141];
• salmon, [91];
• turtle, [225];
• — segment, crocodile, [247];
• dog, [386];
• turtle, [225]
• Paroccipital process, dog, [386]
• Parra, [42];
• spur, [330]
• Parrots, [335];
• aftershaft, [328];
• beak, [330];
• epiphyses of centra, [332];
• foot, [342];
• powder-down feathers, [329];
• skull, [334]
• Parrot fish, [33];
• see Scarus
• Passeres, aftershaft, [328]
• Passeriformes, [42]
• Patella, dog, [412];
• duck, [327]
• Pavo, [41];
• P. cristatus, shoulder girdle and sternum, [337]
• Peacock, [41];
• see Pavo
• Peccary, pes, [523]
• Pecora, [46], [359];
• teeth, [429]
• Pectinated incisors, Galeopithecus, [370], [440];
• Procavia, [362]
• Pectineal process, duck, [326]
• Pectoral fins, cod, [103];
• dogfish, [79];
• — girdle, [24];
• Amphibia, [184];
• birds, [336];
• cod, [101];
• crocodile, [262];
• dog, [404];
• dogfish, [79];
• duck, [321];
• fish, [126];
• frog, [162];
• mammalia, [493];
• newt, [145];
• reptiles, [288];
• turtle, [231];
• — shield, turtle, [215]
• Pedetes, [47];
• manus, [511];
• tail, [454]
• Pelican, [41], [335];
• clavicles, [338]
• Pelicanus, [41];
• P. conspicillatus shoulder girdle and sternum, [337]
• Pelobates, [36];
• vertebrae, [172];
• P. cultripes teeth, [169]
• Pelobatidae, [36]
• Pelvic fins, cod, [103];
• dogfish, [82];
• fish, [131];
• — girdle, [25];
• Amphibia, [187];
• birds, [339];
• crocodile, [266];
• dog, [409];
• dogfish, [81];
• duck, [324];
• fish, [127];
• frog, [165];
• mammals, [512];
• newt, [149];
• Ratitae, [340];
• Reptilia, [291];
• turtle, [235]
• Penguin, [40];
• distribution of feathers, [328];
• fibula, [341];
• foot, [342];
• manus, [338];
• metatarsus, [342];
• pneumaticity of skeleton, [331];
• skull, [333];
• sternum, [336];
• thoracic vertebrae, [332];
• wing, [329], [339]
• Penna, duck, [303]
• Pentedactylate, defined, [26]
• Perameles, [43];
• atlas, [443];
• pectoral girdle, [494]
• Peramelidae, [43], [350];
• auditory ossicles, [486];
• pes, [522]
• Perca, [34]
• Perch, [34];
• pelvic fin, [132];
• urostyle, [117]
• Percidae, [34]
• Perennibranchiata, [35];
• characters, [135]
• Perichondrium, [10]
• Perichordal sheath, [16]
• Periosteal ossification, [10]
• Periosteum, [10]
• Periotic, dog, [390];
• — capsule, see Auditory capsule
• Perissodactyla, [46];
• cervical vertebrae, [445];
• general characters, [359];
• manus, [507];
• pes, [523];
• ribs, [491];
• scapula, [496];
• skull, [470];
• teeth, [429];
• thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, [448]
• Persistent pulps, [5]
• Pes, [26];
• crocodile, [268];
• dog, [413], [414];
• duck, [327];
• frog, [166];
• mammals, [521];
• reptiles, [293];
• turtle, [236];
• of Tapir, Rhinoceros, Hipparion and Horse, [524]
• Petromyzon, [31], [55] f.;
• notochordal sheath, [9]
• Petromyzontidae, [31], [55]
• Petrous portion of periotic, dog, [391]
• Pezophaps, [42];
• see Solitaire
• Phacochaerus, [45];
• teeth, [428]
• Phaëthon, [41];
• metatarsals, [342]
• Phalacrocorax, [41]
• Phalangeridae, [43], [350]
• Phalanges, [26];
• see Manus and Pes
• Phaneroglossa, [36]
• Pharyngo-branchial, cod, [101];
• dogfish, [78];
• salmon, [95]
• Pharyngognathi, [33]
• Phascolarctus, [43];
• see Koala
• Phascolomyidae, [43], [350]
• Phascolomys, [43], [349];
• see Wombat
• Phascolotherium, [43], [348]
• Phenacodontidae, [47]
• Phenacodus, [47], [362];
• caudal vertebrae, [454];
• manus, [510];
• pes, [525];
• scapula, [497];
• skull, [472];
• thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, [449]
• Phocaena, [45], [357];
• skull, [462];
• thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, [448];
• P. phocaenoides, ossicles, [420]
• Phocidae, [48], [369];
• scapula, [497];
• tympanic bulla, [480]
• Phoronis, [30], [50] f.
• Phororhacos, [41];
• anterior nares, [333];
• ischia, [341]
• Physeter, [44];
• cervical vertebrae, [444];
• manus, [505];
• skull, [464];
• teeth, [426]
• Physeteridae, [44];
• ribs, [491];
• thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, [448]
• Physodon, [44];
• teeth, [426]
• Physodontidae, [44]
• Physostomi, [33]
• Phytosauridae, [39]
• Phytosaurus, [39];
• see Belodon
• Pici, [42]
• Picus, [42];
• see Woodpecker
• Pig, [45], [359];
• skull, [465] f., [466];
• teeth, [345], [427]
• Pigeons, [42], [334] f.;
• aftershaft, [329];
• pneumaticity of skeleton, [331]
• Pike, [33];
• pelvic fin, [132];
• teeth, [107], [110]
• Pinnipedia, [48];
• arm bones, [502];
• auditory ossicles, [488];
• general characters, [369];
• manus, [511];
• pelvis, [515];
• pes, [526];
• skull, [480];
• teeth, [439];
• thigh and shin, [520];
• thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, [450]
• Pipa, [36];
• hyoid apparatus, [182];
• jaws, [169];
• skull, [180];
• sternum, [184];
• vertebrae, [172]
• Pipidae, [36]
• Pisces, [31];
• general characters, [60]
• Piscivorous dentition, [426], [440]
• Pisiform, [345], [504];
• crocodile, [265];
• dog, [408];
• turtle, [233]
• Pituitary fossa, crocodile, [247];
• — space, [17]
• Placodontia, [36]
• Placodus, [36], [192];
• teeth, [273]
• Placoid scale, [4], [60], [104]
• Plantigrade, defined, [358] n.
• Plastron, Dermochelys, [272];
• Chelone midas, [217], [218], [271]
• Platanistidae, [45]
• Platanista, [45];
• cervical vertebrae, [444];
• skull, [464]
• Plectognathi, [33];
• vertebrae, [115]
• Plectropterus, [41];
• P. gambensis, spur, [330]
• Plesiosauridae, [37];
• limbs, [193];
• parasphenoid, [192];
• skull, [278]
• Plesiosaurus, [37], [193];
• position of limbs, [28]
• Pleuracanthidae, [63];
• fins, [115]
• Pleurodira, [37];
• general characters, [195]
• Pleurodont, [159], [199], [273]
• Pleuronectidae, [33]
• Pleuropterygii, [31], [63]
• Pliosaurus, [37], [193]
• Plovers, [42], [334];
• thoracic vertebrae, [332]
• Pneumaticity of bird's skeleton, [331]
• Polacanthus, [39];
• exoskeleton, [272]
• Pollex, [26];
• see Manus
• Polyodon, [32], [104];
• distribution, [66];
• pectoral fins, [131];
• skull, [122];
• spinal column, [112];
• teeth, [110]
• Polyodontidae, [32]
• Polyonax, [39], [209];
• beak, [271];
• frontals, [277];
• jaw, [274];
• predentary, [284]
• Polyprotodont, [423]
• Polyprotodontia, [43];
• general characters, [350]
• Polypteridae, [33]
• Polypterus, [33], [68];
• distribution, [66];
• exoskeleton, [67];
• pectoral fins, [131];
• pelvic fins, [132];
• pelvis, [127];
• scales, [104];
• skull, [122];
• tail, [116]
• Pontoporia, [45];
• cervical vertebrae, [444];
• teeth, [426]
• Porcupine, [47];
• pes, [526];
• skull, [476], [477];
• spines, [417]
• Porpoise, [45], [357];
• thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, [448]
• Postaxial, [28]
• Posterior cornu, duck, [320];
• turtle, [231];
• — limb, [26];
• Amphibia, [188];
• birds, [341];
• dog, [412];
• duck, [326];
• frog, [166];
• newt, [149], [148];
• reptiles, [293];
• turtle, [235], [234]
• Postfrontal, [21];
• crocodile, [250];
• turtle, [225]
• Postorbital bar, crocodile, [250], [255] f.;
• Hatteria, [283];
• — groove, dogfish, [76]
• Post-temporal, cod, [102];
• reptiles, [283];
• — bar, crocodile, [256];
• Hatteria, [283]
• Potamogale, [49], [367], [370];
• shoulder girdle, [499];
• teeth, [440]
• Potamogalidae, [49]
• Powder-down feathers, [329]
• Pre-axial, [28]
• Precoracoid, [25];
• frog, [163];
• newt, [147];
• reptiles, [288];
• turtle, [232]
• Predentary, reptiles, [284]
• Predigital quill, duck, [303]
• Prefrontal, [21];
• crocodile, [249];
• reptiles, [278];
• turtle, [225]
• Prefronto-lachrymal, newt, [141]
• Prehallux, frog, [167] f.
• Premaxilla, [22];
• cod, [98];
• crocodile, [252];
• dog, [398];
• duck, [314], [318];
• frog, [158];
• newt, [143];
• salmon, [94];
• turtle, [230]
• Premolar, dog, [370], [377];
• mammals, [344]
• Prenasal process, frog, [158]
• Pre-orbital vacuity, reptiles, [283]
• Presphenoid, [19];
• dog, [388]
• Prespiracular ligament, dogfish, [77]
• Presternum, dog, [404]
• Primaries, duck, [303]
• Primates, [49];
• arm bones, [503];
• auditory ossicles, [488];
• cervical vertebrae, [446];
• general characters, [372];
• manus, [512];
• pelvis, [515];
• pes, [527];
• ribs, [493];
• sacrum, [452];
• shoulder girdle, [499];
• skull, [482] f.;
• sternum, [490];
• tail, [454];
• teeth, [441];
• thigh and shin, [520];
• thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, [450]
• Priodon, [44];
• caudal vertebrae, [453];
• manus, [505];
• stapes, [487];
• sternum, [489];
• teeth, [424]
• Pristidae, [32]
• Pristis, [32];
• snout or rostrum, [109], [119]
• Proboscidea, [47];
• arm bones, [502];
• cervical vertebrae, [445];
• general characters, [364];
• femur, [519];
• manus, [511];
• pelvis, [514];
• pes, [526];
• scapula, [497];
• skull, [473];
• teeth, [433];
• thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, [449]
• Procavia, [47], [363];
• auditory ossicles, [487];
• caudal vertebrae, [453];
• dental formula, [432];
• humerus, [502];
• manus, [510];
• pelvis, [514];
• pes, [525];
• ribs, [491];
• scapula, [497];
• skull, [433], [472];
• tarsus, [27];
• thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, [449]
• Process, alinasal —, frog, [158];
• basi-pterygoid —, birds, [334];
• coracoid —, dog, [405];
• coronoid — (of mandible), dog, [398];
• duck, [319];
• coronoid — (of ulna), dog, [408];
• pectineal —, duck, [326];
• postfrontal —, duck, [316];
• postglenoid —, dog, [394];
• postorbital — (of frontal), dog, [388];
• postorbital — (of jugal), dog, [398];
• posterior articular —, duck, [319];
• zygomatic —, dog, [394]
• Processus brevis, [486];
• — gracilis, [486];
• — longus, [486];
• dog, [393]
• Procoelous, defined, [14]
• Prodelphinus, [45];
• skull, [462]
• Proganosauria, [37]
• Prone position, [29]
• Prongbuck, [46];
• horns, [417]
• Pro-otic, [20];
• frog, [157];
• turtle, [227]
• Pro-pterygium, dogfish, [79]
• Proteidae, [35]
• Proteles, [48];
• teeth, [437]
• Protelidae, [48]
• Proterosauridae, [37]
• Proterosaurus, [37];
• teeth, [198], [274];
• vertebrae, [197]
• Proteus, [35], [135], [182];
• branchial arches, [180];
• digits, [187];
• pes, [188];
• skull, [174]
• Protopterus, [34], [70], [117];
• branchial arches, [121], [124];
• fins, [130];
• skull, [124];
• vestigial gill on pectoral girdle, [129]
• Prototheria, [42];
• general characters, [346]
• Proximal, defined, [23] n.
• Psephurus, distribution, [66]
• Pseudopus, [38];
• limbs, [289]
• Psittaci, [42];
• see Parrots
• Pteranodon, [39], [274];
• pectoral girdle, [289]
• Pteranodontidae, [39]
• Pteraspis, [31], [54]
• Pterichthys, [31], [55]
• Pterocles, [42];
• see Sandgrouse
• Pteroclidae, [42]
• Pterodactylidae, [39]
• Pterodactylus, [39], [213]
• Pteropidae, [49];
• skull, [481]
• Pteropus, [49];
• dental formula, [441];
• tail, [454]
• Pterosauria, [39];
• general characters, [212];
• ischia, [292];
• limbs, [291];
• pre-orbital vacuity, [284];
• ribs, [285];
• sternum, [287];
• vertebrae, [275] f.
• Pterotic, [20];
• cod, [96];
• salmon, [90] f.
• Pterygoid, cod, [98];
• crocodile, [255];
• dog, [397];
• duck, [318];
• frog, [160];
• newt, [144];
• salmon, [93];
• turtle, [230];
• — fossa, crocodile, [255];
• — plate, dog, [388]
• Pterylae, [328]
• Pubis, [25];
• crocodile, [266] f.;
• duck, [325];
• dog, [411];
• frog, [165];
• newt, [149];
• reptiles, [292];
• turtle, [235]
• Pygal plate, turtle, [217];
• — shield, turtle, [214]
• Pygopodidae, [37]
• Pygostyle, duck, [307], [312]
• Python, [38];
• ischio-pubis, [292];
• jaws, [280];
• vestiges of limbs, [289], [293]
• Pythonomorpha, [38];
• general characters, [204];
• limbs, [290];
• teeth, [273]
• Quadrate, [22];
• cod, [98];
• crocodile, [255];
• duck, [319];
• frog, [160];
• newt, [144];
• salmon, [93];
• turtle, [229]
• Quadratojugal, [22];
• crocodile, [255];
• duck, [318];
• frog, [160];
• turtle, [229]
• Quill, duck, [302]
• Rabbit, [48], [366];
• pollex, [511]
• Raccoon, [369]
• Rachis, duck, [302]
• Rachitomous, defined, [171]
• Radiale, [27];
• see Carpus
• Radialia, [115];
• dogfish, [79] f.
• Radio-ulna, frog, [164]
• Radius, [26];
• crocodile, [265];
• dog, [406];
• duck, [323];
• newt, [147];
• turtle, [233]
• Raia, [32];
• calcification of vertebrae, [114]
• Raiidae, [32]
• Rana, [36];
• see Frog
• Ranidae, [36];
• shoulder girdle, [185]
• Rat, pes, [526]
• Ratitae, [40];
• caudal vertebrae, [333];
• clavicles, [338];
• foot, [342];
• general characters, [298];
• skull, [333];
• sternum, [336];
• vomers, [334];
• wing, [338]
• Rattlesnake, [38];
• rattle, [3], [270]
• Ray, pectoral fin, [130];
• Eagle —, Electric — and Sting —, [32]
• Rectrices, [303], [329]
• Reed-fish, [33]
• Reindeer, antlers, [469]
• Remicle, duck, [304]
• Remiges, [303], [329]
• Reptiles, anterior limb, [290];
• exoskeleton, [270];
• fossae in skull, [281];
• pectoral girdle, [288];
• pelvic girdle, [291];
• posterior limb, [293];
• ribs, [285];
• skull, [276];
• sternum, [287];
• teeth, [272];
• vertebral column, [275]
• Reptilia, [36];
• general characters, [190];
• see Reptiles
• Rhabdopleura, [30], [50]
• Rhamphastos, [42];
• see Toucan
• Rhamphorhynchidae, [39]
• Rhamphorhynchus, [39], [213], [274]
• Rhea, [40];
• aftershaft, [329];
• claws, [330];
• ischia, [341];
• manus, [338];
• R. macrorhyncha, pelvic girdle and sacrum, [340]
• Rheornithes, [40]
• Rhina, [32];
• see Squatina
• Rhinal process, frog, [158]
• Rhinoceros, [46], [360], [419];
• femur, [518];
• fibula, [519];
• malleus, [487];
• manus, [508];
• nasal horns, [3], [417];
• pes, [525];
• skull, [421], [470];
• teeth, [430];
• ulna, [501];
• R. antiquitatis, [470]
• Rhinocerotidae, [46]
• Rhinolophidae, [49]
• Rhiptoglossa, [38]
• Rhizodontidae, [33]
• Rhizodus, [33];
• teeth, [110]
• Rhynchocephalia, [37];
• general characters, [197];
• humerus, [290];
• teeth, [273] f.;
• vertebrae, [275]
• Rhynchosauridae, [37];
• maxillae, [198]
• Rhytina, [44], [352], [425];
• humerus, [501];
• skull, [460]
• Rhytinidae, [44]
• Ribs, [23];
• Amphibia, [182];
• birds, [336];
• cod, [86];
• crocodile, [259];
• dog, [402];
• dogfish, [73];
• duck, [320];
• fish, [125];
• frog, [153];
• mammalia, [490];
• newt, [145];
• reptiles, [285]
• Ridge, supra-orbital and suborbital, dogfish, [74]
• Rodentia, [47];
• auditory ossicles, [488];
• cervical vertebrae, [446];
• dental formula, [435];
• general characters, [365];
• pelvis, [515];
• pes, [526];
• humerus, [502];
• manus, [511];
• ribs, [493];
• sacrum, [452];
• shoulder girdle, [497];
• skull, [476];
• sternum, [489];
• tail, [454];
• teeth, [421];
• thigh and shin, [520];
• thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, [449]
• Roller, [42], [335]
• Rooted teeth, defined, [5]
• Rorqual, [44], [357];
• cervical vertebrae, [444]
• Rostrum, crocodile, [247];
• dogfish, [74];
• duck, [316];
• Pristis, [119];
• — of sternum, duck, [321]
• Röse, C., on teeth of Marsupials, [422]
• Ruminantia, [46], [359];
• auditory ossicles, [487];
• fibula, [519];
• horny plates on palate, [418];
• hyoid, [470];
• manus, [507];
• odontoid process, [445];
• pes, [523];
• scapula, [495];
• teeth, [420], [429]
• Sabre-toothed lion, [48];
• see Machaerodus
• Sacral ribs, crocodile, [243];
• — surface of ilium, dog, [409];
• — vertebrae, [16];
• crocodile, [243];
• dog, [383];
• duck, [312];
• frog, [153];
• newt, [140];
• turtle, [222]
• Sacrum, duck, [310];
• see Sacral vertebrae
• Sagittal crest, dog, [386]
• Saiga, skull, [468]
• Salamander, [35]
• Salamandra, [35], [135];
• antibrachium and manus of larva, [186];
• manus of larva, [185];
• tarsus, [27]
• Salamandrina, [35], [135];
• skull, [175];
• sternum, [182]
• Salmo, [33]
• Salmon, [33];
• branchial arches, [95];
• chondrocranium, [87];
• opercular bones, [95];
• pectoral fins, [131];
• skull, [87]
• Salmonidae, [33]
• Sandgrouse, [42], [335]
• Sarcophilus, [43];
• teeth, [423]
• Sauropoda, [38];
• general characters, [205];
• teeth, [273];
• vertebrae, [276]
• Sauropsida, [36];
• general characters, [189]
• Sauropterygia, [37];
• general characters, [192];
• limbs, [290];
• palate, [281];
• pectoral girdle, [288];
• vertebrae, [276]
• Saw-fish, [32];
• see Pristis
• Scales, cod, [83];
• crocodile, [237];
• ctenoid, [8];
• cycloid, [8];
• duck, [302];
• ganoid, [8];
• Gymnophiona, [168];
• mammals, [417]
• Scale-foot, [37]
• Scalpriform, [366]
• Scaphirhynchus, [32], [104];
• distribution, [66];
• exoskeleton, [67];
• spinal column, [112]
• Scaphoid, [27];
• mammals, [504] f.
• Scapho-lunar, dog, [408]
• Scapula, [25];
• cod, [103];
• crocodile, [263];
• dog, [404];
• duck, [322];
• frog, [162];
• newt, [146];
• turtle, [232]
• Scapular shield, armadillo, [419]
• Scapus, duck, [302]
• Scarus, [33];
• beaks, [111]
• Scelidosauridae, [39]
• Schizognathous, defined, [335]
• Scincidae, [38]
• Scincus, [38];
• scutes, [271]
• Sciuromorpha, [47]
• Sclerotic, turtle, [228]
• Screamer, [41];
• spurs, [330]
• Scutes, armadillos, [419];
• crocodile, [237];
• reptiles, [271]
• Scylliidae, [32]
• Scyllium, [32];
• calcification of vertebrae, [114];
• pectoral fins, [130];
• suspensorium, [119];
• see Dogfish
• Scymnus, [32], [118];
• calcification of vertebrae, [114];
• mandibular arch, [120];
• pectoral fins, [130]
• Scythrops, [42];
• interorbital septum, [333]
• Sea leopard, [48];
• see Ogmorhinus;
• — lion, [48];
• manus, [511];
• pes, [526];
• position of limbs, [29];
• — otter, [48];
• pes, [526]
• Seal, [369];
• manus, [511];
• pes, [526];
• sacral vertebrae, [452];
• scapula, [497]
• Secondaries, duck, [303] f.
• Secretary-bird, [41];
• claws, [330]
• Selachii, [31];
• general characters, [63];
• teeth, [108]
• Selenodont, defined, [345], [428]
• Sella turcica, crocodile, [247];
• dog, [386]
• Semionotidae, [33]
• Semiplumae, [328]
• Sense capsules, see Auditory, Nasal and Optic capsule
• Seps, [38];
• limbs, [289]
• Shagreen, [61]
• Shaft of feather, [302]
• Shark, [64];
• Frill-gilled —, [31];
• see Chlamydoselache;
• Port Jackson —, [32];
• see Cestracion
• Sheep, [359];
• manus, [507];
• teeth, [345]
• Shields of turtle, [214]
• Shin, [26];
• see Crus
• Shoulder girdle, see Pectoral girdle
• Shrew, [49], [370];
• auditory ossicles, [488];
• cervical vertebrae, [446];
• presternum, [490];
• skull, [481]; teeth, [440]
• Sigmoid notch, dog, [406]
• Siluridae, [33];
• plates, [105]
• Simia, [49];
• ribs, [493];
• skull, [484];
• thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, [450]
• Simiidae, [49], [373]
• Simplicidentata, [47], [366]
• Siphonops, [35];
• S. annulatus, skull, [178]
• Siredon, [35];
• skull, [175];
• teeth, [169];
• visceral arches, [181]
• Siren, [35], [135], [188];
• beaks, [168];
• branchial arches, [180];
• digits, [187];
• skull, [174];
• teeth, [169]
• Sirenia, [44], [522];
• arm bones, [501];
• caudal vertebrae, [453];
• cervical vertebrae, [443];
• general characters, [352];
• hair, [416];
• horny plates, [418];
• manus, [505];
• pectoral girdle, [495];
• pelvis, [514];
• ribs, [491];
• skull, [459];
• sternum, [489];
• teeth, [425];
• thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, [448]
• Sirenidae, [35]
• Sirenoidei, [34];
• general characters, [70]
• Sivatherium, [46];
• skull, [469]
• Skate, [32]
• Skeletogenous layer, [14], [16];
• Amphioxus, [52], [112]
• Skeleton, defined, [1];
• Cape Buffalo, [492];
• Ceratodus, [128];
• cod, [83] f.;
• crocodile, [237] f.;
• dog, [374] f.;
• duck, [302] f.;
• frog, [151] f.;
• llama, [496];
• newt, [138] f.;
• turtle, [214] f.
• Skink, [38];
• see Tiliqua
• Skull, [16] f.;
• Amphibia, [173] f.;
• Anura, [179] f.;
• birds, [333] f.;
• cod, [96] f.;
• crocodile, [243] f.;
• diagram of Mammalian, [385];
• Dipnoi, [124];
• dog, [383] f.;
• dogfish, [73] f.;
• donkey, [431];
• duck, [312] f.;
• fish, [117];
• frog, [154] f., [159];
• Globicephalus, [463];
• Gymnophiona, [177];
• Indian elephant, [474];
• Mammalia, [455];
• Marsipobranchii, [57];
• pig, [466];
• Procavia, [433];
• reptiles, [276] f.;
• Rhinoceros, [421];
• Rhytina, [460];
• sloth, [458];
• Tasmanian wolf, [456];
• Teleostei, [124];
• turtle, [222] f.;
• wombat, [456]
• Sloth, [43], [352];
• auditory ossicles, [487];
• arm bones, [500];
• claws, [418];
• leg bones, [517];
• manus, [505];
• pectoral girdle, [495];
• pelvis, [513];
• pes, [522];
• ribs, [491];
• sacrum, [452];
• skull, [457];
• sternum, [489];
• teeth, [424];
• thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, [447]
• Snake, [38];
• see Ophidia
• Sole, [33]
• Solea, [33]
• Solenodon, [49];
• teeth, [440]
• Solenodontidae, [49]
• Solitaire, [42], [330];
• wing, [338];
• wrist, [330]
• Sorex, [49];
• pelvis, [515];
• see Shrew
• Soricidae, [49];
• skull, [481]
• Spalacidae, [47]
• Spatularia, [32];
• distribution, [66]
• Spelerpes, [35];
• branchial arches, [180];
• ribs, [182];
• S. belli teeth, [169]
• Sperm whale, [44], [357];
• see Physeter
• Sphargis, [37];
• see Dermochelys
• Sphenethmoid, frog, [156]
• Sphenisci, [40];
• see Penguins
• Sphenisciformes, [40]
• Sphenodon, [37], [197] f.;
• carpus, [291];
• cervical vertebrae, [275];
• fossae in skull, [281];
• humerus, [290];
• interparietal foramen, [277];
• ribs, [286];
• skull, [282];
• tarsus, [293];
• teeth, [274]
• Sphenodontidae, [37]
• Sphenoidal fissure, dog, [388]
• Sphenotic, [20];
• cod, [97];
• salmon, [89]
• Spider monkey, [49];
• see Ateles
• Spinacidae, [32]
• Spinal column, [13];
• Dipnoi, [113];
• fish, [112];
• Holocephali, [113];
• Marsipobranchii, [56]
• Spines, Elasmobranchs, [61];
• mammals, [417]
• Spiny ant-eater, [43];
• see Echidna;
• — mouse, [47];
• see Acanthomys
• Splenial, [22];
• crocodile, [258];
• duck, [320];
• turtle, [231]
• Spurs, birds, [330];
• Monotremata, [418]
• Spur-winged goose, [330];
• — plover, [330]
• Squalidae, [31], [64]
• Squalodon, [45], [357];
• dental formula, [427]
• Squalodontidae, [45]
• Squamata, [37];
• general characters, [198];
• position of teeth, [272];
• skull, [278]
• Squamosal, [21];
• crocodile, [256];
• dog, [394];
• duck, [316];
• frog, [160];
• newt, [144];
• turtle, [229]
• Squatina, [32];
• calcification of vertebrae, [114];
• labial cartilages, [119];
• tail, [63];
• vertebral column, [114]
• Squatinidae, [32]
• Squirrels, frontals, [476];
• pes, [526]
• Stapes, dog, [393];
• frog, [157];
• man, dog, rabbit, [485];
• newt, [141]
• Steganopodes, [41]
• Stegosauria, [39];
• general characters, [209]
• Stegosauridae, [39]
• Stegosaurus, [39], [208] f.;
• exoskeleton, [272]
• Steller's sea-cow, [44];
• see Rhytina
• Stereornithes, [41]
• Stereospondyli, [35]
• Sternal ribs, crocodile, [259];
• dog, [402];
• duck, [320];
• mammals, [490] f.
• Sternebra, dog, [404]
• Sternum, [24];
• Amphibia, [182];
• birds, [336];
• crocodile, [260], [261];
• dog, [403];
• duck, [321];
• frog, [163];
• Mammalia, [489];
• newt, [145];
• reptiles, [287]
• Stork, [335];
• White —, [41]
• Striges, [42];
• see Owls
• Stringops, [42];
• sternum, [336]
• Struthio, [40], [299];
• see Ostrich
• Struthiornithes, [40], [299]
• Sturgeon, [32];
• see Acipenser
• Stylo-hyal, dog, [399]
• Suborbital bar, duck, [318];
• — ridge, dogfish, [76]
• Subplantigrade, defined, [358] n.
• Subungulata, [46];
• arm bones, [502];
• general characters, [360];
• manus, [509];
• pelvis, [514];
• pes, [525];
• shoulder girdle, [497];
• skull, [471];
• teeth, [432];
• thigh and shin, [519]
• Suidae, [45]
• Suina, [45], [358] f.;
• fibula, [519];
• manus, [507];
• odontoid process, [445];
• pelvis, [514];
• pes, [523];
• ulna, [501]
• Sula, [41];
• see Gannet
• Supinator ridge, dog, [406]
• Supine position, defined, [29]
• Supra-angular, [22];
• crocodile, [258];
• duck, [319];
• turtle, [230] f.
• Supracaudal shield, turtle, [214]
• Supraclavicle, cod, [102]
• Supra-occipital, [19];
• crocodile, [247];
• dog, [386];
• duck, [315];
• turtle, [224]
• Supra-orbital, [20];
• crocodile, [251]
• Suprapharyngeal bone, cod, [101]
• Suprascapula, crocodile, [263];
• frog, [162]
• Supratemporal arcade, crocodile, [256];
• reptiles, [281]
• Surinam toad, [36];
• see Pipa
• Sus, [45];
• dental formula, [428];
• see Pig
• Suspensorium, Amphibia, [173];
• dogfish, [78];
• duck, [319];
• frog, [160];
• newt, [144];
• Pisces, [61]
• Sutures, [12]
• Swan, [41];
• cervical and thoracic vertebrae, [332]
• Swift, [42], [335];
• foot, [342]
• Symplectic, cod, [100];
• salmon, [94]
• Tails, fish, [60]
• Talpa, [49];
• pelvis, [515];
• see Mole
• Talpidae, [49]
• Tapir, [46], [360];
• malleus, [487];
• pes, [524], [525];
• teeth, [345];
• see Tapirus
• Tapiridae, [46];
• dental formula, [429]
• Tapirus, [46];
• fibula, [519];
• manus, [508];
• skull, [471];
• see Tapir
• Tarsier, [49]
• Tarsiidae, [49]
• Tarsipes, [43], [349];
• mandible, [457]
• Tarsius, [49], [372];
• pes, [527]
• Tarso-metatarsus, duck, [327]
• Tarsus, [26] f.;
• crocodile, [268];
• dog, [414];
• frog, [166];
• newt, [150];
• turtle, [236]
• Tasmanian devil, [43];
• see Sarcophilus;
• — wolf, [43];
• see Thylacinus
• Tatusia, [44];
• stapes, [487];
• teeth, [424]
• Tectospondyli, [114]
• Tectrices, duck, [306]
• Teeth, [6];
• Amphibia, [169];
• birds, [330];
• cod, [83];
• crocodile, [238];
• development, [7];
• dog, [374] f.;
• fish, [106] f.;
• frog, [158] f.;
• horses, [5];
• mammals, [344], [420] f.;
• pharyngeal, [8];
• reptiles, [272] f.;
• structure, [4];
• succession, [7]
• Teleosauridae, [39]
• Teleosaurus, [39];
• palate, [281];
• scutes, [271];
• vertebrae, [275]
• Teleostei, [33];
• general characters, [69];
• ribs, [126];
• skull, [124];
• tail, [117];
• teeth, [110];
• vertebral column, [115]
• Temnospondyli, [35]
• Tenrec, [49];
• see Centetes
• Tentorium, dog, [392]
• Terrapin, [37]
• Testudo, [37], [194]
• Tetraceros, [46];
• horns, [417]
• Thalassochelys, carapace, [216]
• Thecodont, defined, [273]
• Theriodontia, [36]
• Theromorpha, [36];
• general characters, [191];
• humerus, [290];
• pectoral girdle, [288];
• ribs, [285];
• skull, [278];
• teeth, [273];
• vertebral column, [275] f.
• Theropoda, [38];
• general characters, [207];
• teeth, [273]
• Thoracic ribs, crocodile, [259];
• see Ribs;
• — vertebrae, [16];
• crocodile, [241], [242];
• dog, [381], [382];
• duck, [310];
• turtle, [221]
• Thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, mammals, [447] f.
• Thornback skate, [104]
• Thylacinus, [43];
• atlas, [443];
• dental formula, [423];
• pelvis, [513];
• pes, [521];
• skull, [456]
• Thylacoleo, [43];
• skull, [457]
• Thyro-hyal, dog, [399]
• Tibia, [26];
• crocodile, [268];
• dog, [412];
• newt, [149];
• turtle, [235]
• Tibiale, [27];
• see Tarsus
• Tibio-fibula, frog, [166]
• Tibio-tarsus, duck, [326]
• Tichorhine Rhinoceros, [470]
• Tiger, [48]
• Tiliqua, [38];
• scutes, [200], [271]
• Tillodontia, [47], [365];
• femur, [520];
• manus, [511];
• teeth, [435]
• Tinamidae, [300];
• caudal vertebrae, [333];
• vomers, [334]
• Tinamiformes, [41]
• Tinamus, [41];
• ischia, [341]
• Titanotheriidae, [46];
• skull, [470];
• teeth, [432]
• Titanotherium, [46];
• humerus, [501];
• manus, [508];
• pes, [525]
• Toad, [36];
• shoulder girdle, [185]
• Tope, [32]
• Torpedinidae, [32]
• Torpedo, [32], [104]
• Tortoise, [37];
• position of limbs, [28]
• Tortrix, ischio-pubis, [292];
• traces of posterior limb, [293]
• Toucan, [42];
• foot, [342]
• Toxodon, [46], [361];
• femur, [519];
• pes, [525];
• teeth, [432]
• Toxodontia, [46];
• general characters, [361];
• manus, [509];
• skull, [472];
• teeth, [432]
• Toxodontidae, [46]
• Trabeculae, [11];
• — cranii, [17]
• Tragulidae, [45]
• Tragulina, [45], [359];
• fibula, [519];
• manus, [507];
• odontoid process, [445];
• pes, [523];
• skull, [468];
• teeth, [429];
• ulna, [501]
• Transpalatine, crocodile, [255];
• reptiles, [278]
• Trapezium, [27];
• dog, [408]
• Trapezoid, [27];
• dog, [408]
• Trichechidae, [48], [369]
• Trichechus, [48];
• see Walrus
• Trionychia, [37];
• general characters, [194]
• Trionychidae, [37]
• Trionyx, [37], [193] f.;
• exoskeleton, [214], [270];
• skull, [283];
• vestiges of teeth, [274]
• Trissolepis, [32];
• scales, [104]
• Tritylodon, [43];
• teeth, [348]
• Trochanter, dog, [412];
• duck, [326]
• Trochilidae, [42];
• see Humming-birds
• Trochlea, crocodile, [263];
• dog, [405] f.;
• duck, [323];
• turtle, [232]
• Trogon, [42];
• foot, [342]
• Trogonidae, [42]
• Tropidonotus, [38];
• jaws, [280];
• skull, [279]
• Trunk vertebrae, cod, [84];
• see thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
• Trygon, [32];
• calcification of vertebrae, [114];
• caudal spine, [106]
• Trygonidae, [32]
• Tuberosities of humerus, dog, [405];
• of ischium, dog, [411]
• Tunicata, [30], [51]
• Tupaia, skull, [480];
• thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, [450]
• Turbinals, dog, [395]
• Tursiops, [45];
• skull, [462]
• Turtle, [37];
• anterior limb, [232], [234];
• cranium, [222] f., [226];
• hyoid, [231], [285];
• mandible, [230];
• pectoral girdle, [231];
• pelvic girdle, [235];
• pes, [236];
• plastron, [217], [218];
• posterior limb, [234], [235];
• sense capsules, [227];
• skull, [222];
• vertebral column, [219];
• Leathery —, see Dermochelys;
• Snapping —, see Trionyx
• Tylopoda, [45], [359];
• fibula, [519];
• manus, [507];
• odontoid process, [445];
• pelvis, [514];
• pes, [523];
• skull, [468];
• teeth, [428];
• ulna, [502]
• Tympanic, dog, [392];
• — cavity, crocodile, [250];
• diagram of mammalian, [391];
• dog, [393];
• duck, [315] f.;
• turtle, [228];
• — recess, duck, [315]
• Tympano-hyal, dog, [399]
• Typhlopidae, [38];
• scales, [270];
• skull, [278]
• Typhlops, [38];
• ischio-pubis, [292];
• traces of posterior limb, [293]
• Typotheriidae, [46]
• Typotherium, [46], [358], [361];
• clavicle, [495], [497];
• femur, [519];
• pes, [525];
• skull, [472];
• teeth, [432]
• Udenodon, [36], [192];
• beak, [271]
• Uintatheriidae, [47];
• skull, [364]
• Uintatherium, [47];
• dental formula, [433];
• leg, [519];
• limbs and limb girdles, [516];
• manus, [510];
• pelvis, [514];
• skull, [473]
• Ulna, [26];
• crocodile, [265];
• dog, [406];
• duck, [323];
• frog, [164];
• newt, [147];
• turtle, [233]
• Ulnare, [27];
• see Carpus
• Umbilicus, inferior and superior, duck, [303]
• Uncinate process, [190];
• crocodile, [259];
• duck, [320]
• Unciform, [27], [345], [504];
• dog, [408]
• Ungulata, [45];
• auditory ossicles, [487];
• caudal vertebrae, [453];
• cervical vertebrae, [445];
• general characters, [357];
• manus, [506];
• pectoral girdle, [495];
• pes, [522];
• ribs, [491];
• sacrum, [452];
• skull, [464] f.;
• sternum, [489];
• teeth, [427] f.;
• thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, [448]
• Ungulata vera, [45];
• arm bones, [501];
• general characters, [358];
• manus, [506];
• pelvis, [514];
• thigh and shin, [519]
• Upper arm, [26];
• crocodile, [263];
• dog, [405];
• duck, [323];
• frog, [164];
• newt, [147];
• turtle, [232]
• Upupa, [42];
• see Hoopoe
• Urochordata, [30], [51]
• Urodela, [35];
• general characters, [134];
• pelvis, [187];
• ribs, [182];
• skull, [174]
• Urohyal, cod, [101];
• duck, [320]
• Urostyle, Anura, [172];
• cod, [85];
• frog, [153];
• Teleostei, [117]
• Ursidae, [48];
• humerus, [502]
• Ursus, [48];
• dental formula, [439];
• see Bears
• Vacuities, anterior palatine —, crocodile, [252], [258];
• — in reptilian skull, [281];
• posterior palatine —, crocodile, [254], [257];
• pre-orbital —, reptiles, [283] f.
• Vampire, [49];
• teeth, [441]
• Vane, of feather, [303]
• Varanidae, [38]
• Varanus, [38];
• shoulder girdle, [202];
• skull, [201]
• Vasodentine, [108], [272]
• Vertebral column, [14];
• Amphibia, [170];
• birds, [332];
• cod, [83];
• crocodile, [239];
• dog, [378];
• duck, [307];
• Elasmobranchs, [113];
• frog, [152];
• mammals, [442];
• newt, [138];
• turtle, [219];
• — ribs, crocodile, [259];
• dog, [402];
• duck, [320];
• — shield, turtle, [214]
• Vertebrata, general characters, [53]
• Vexillum, of feather, [303]
• Vibrissae, dog, [374]
• Viscacha, [47]
• Visceral skeleton, [21];
• dogfish, [77];
• Elasmobranchs, [119] f.
• Viverra, [48];
• acetabular bone, [515]
• Viverridae, [48]
• Vomer, [21];
• cod, [98];
• crocodile, [252];
• dog, [395];
• duck, [317];
• frog, [158];
• salmon, [93];
• turtle, [229]
• Vomero-palatine, newt, [143]
• Vultur, [41]
• Vulture, [41];
• Black —, shoulder girdle and sternum, [337]
• Waders, [335]
• Walrus, [48], [367], [369];
• canines, [420];
• manus, [511];
• pes, [526];
• position of limbs, [29];
• skull, [480];
• teeth, [440]
• Warblers, [42]
• Wart hog, [45];
• teeth, [428]
• Weasel, [369]
• Whale, baleen, [3], [418];
• Ca'ing —, [45],
• see Globicephalus;
• Humpbacked —, [44], [357];
• Right —, [44], [357];
• Sperm —, [44], [357],
• see Physeter;
• True or Whalebone —, [356]
• Whiting, [33]
• Wild duck, [41];
• see Duck
• Wing, duck, [322];
• Gannet, Ostrich, and Penguin, [339]
• Wolf, [48]
• Wombat, [43];
• atlas, [443];
• pes, [521];
• sacrum, [451];
• skull, [456];
• tail, [453];
• teeth, [423]
• Woodpecker, [42], [335];
• foot, [342];
• hyoid, [336]
• Wrasse, [33];
• teeth, [111]
• Xenacanthus, [31];
• pectoral fins, [130]
• Xenopidae, [36]
• Xenopus, [36];
• branchial arches, [182];
• nails, [168];
• pelvis, [188];
• ribs, [182]
• Xiphiplastron, turtle, [217]
• Xiphisternal horn, crocodile, [260]
• Xiphisternum, dog, [404];
• frog, [163]
• Xiphoid process, duck, [321]
• Zeuglodon, [44], [353], [356];
• dental formula, [426];
• dermal plates, [420]
• Zeuglodontidae, [44]
• Zygantra, defined, [199] n.;
• reptiles, [276]
• Zygapophyses, cod, [84];
• crocodile, [240] f.;
• dog, [379] f.;
• duck, [308] f.;
• frog, [152] f.;
• newt, [139];
• turtle, [219] f.
• Zygosphene, defined, [199] n.;
• reptiles, [276]

---

Cambridge: Printed by J. and C.F. Clay, at the University Press.

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