[25] [They were organized in mercantile guilds and trade-unions and formed the estate of burghers, called in Polish mieszczanie—pronounced myeshchanye—and in Latin oppidani, "town-dwellers," thus standing midway between the nobility, or Shlakhta (see p. [58], n. 1), and the serfs, or khlops.]
[26] [The word, spelled in Polish wojewoda, signifies, like the corresponding German Herzog, military commander. The voyevoda was originally the leader of the army in war and the representative of the king in times of peace. After the unification of Poland, in 1319, the voyevodas became the administrators of the various Polish provinces (or voyevodstvos) on behalf of the king. Later on their duties were encroached upon by the starostas (see below, p. [60], n. 1). With the growth of the influence of the nobility, which resented the authority of the royal officials, their functions were limited to the calling of the militia in the case of war and the exercise of jurisdiction over the Jews of their province. They were members of the Royal Council, and as such wielded considerable influence. Their Latin title was palatinus.]
[27] [Judex Judaeorum. He was a Christian official, generally of noble rank. See p. [52].]
[28] [In Polish, Wladyslaw. The name is also found in the forms Wladislaus and Ladislaus.]
[29] [I. e. "Span-long," so called because of his diminutive stature.]
[30] A privilege denied to them by the canons of the Church.
[31] [Lvov, written in Polish Lwów, is used by the Poles and Russians; Lemberg is used by the Germans.]
[32] [Before Casimir the Great Red Russia formed an independent Principality (see p. [42], n. 1). The identity of Red Russia with Galicia has been assumed in the text for the sake of convenience. In reality Red Russia corresponds to present-day Eastern Galicia, in which the predominating population is Little Russian or Ruthenian, while Western Galicia, with Cracow, formed part of Little Poland. In addition Red Russia included a part of the present Russian Government of Podolia.]
[33] Jan Dlugosz, called in Latin Johannes Longinus [author of Historia Polonica. He died in 1480].
[34] The recently published records of the court proceedings in the Cracow pogrom of 1407 show that its principal instigators were German artisans and merchants who resided in that city.